Defunct
115-403: Pedro Calderón de la Barca (17 January 1600 – 25 May 1681) ( UK : / ˌ k æ l d ə ˈ r ɒ n ˌ d eɪ l æ ˈ b ɑːr k ə / , US : / ˌ k ɑː l d ə ˈ r oʊ n ˌ d eɪ l ə -, - ˌ d ɛ l ə -/ ; Spanish: [ˈpeðɾo kaldeˈɾon de la ˈβaɾka] ; full name: Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño )
230-599: A dynastic marriage alliance with the Spanish Habsburgs . As he continued writing verse dramas , Calderón's favorite theatrical genres included mystery plays illustrating the doctrines of Transubstantiation and the Real Presence for performance during the Feast of Corpus Christi and both comedy of intrigue and tragic theatre rooted in many of the same plot devices as Shakespeare's plays and in ethical dilemmas under
345-476: A metaphor for a fall into disgrace or dishonour. Some of the most common themes of his plays were heavily influenced by his Classical Christian education by the Jesuits . For example, as a reader and great admirer of Scholastic theologians Saint Thomas Aquinas and Francisco Suárez , Calderón liked to confront reason against emotion, intellect against instinct, love against vengeance, and understanding against
460-496: A Dream ), in which Segismundo claims: ¿Qué es la vida? Un frenesí. ¿Qué es la vida? Una ilusión, una sombra, una ficción, y el mayor bien es pequeño. ¡Que toda la vida es sueño, y los sueños, sueños son! What is life? A frenzy. What is life? An illusion, A shadow, a fiction, And the greatest good is small; For all of life is a dream, And dreams, are only dreams. According to Richard E. Chandler and Kessel Schwartz, "Calderón's 'cape and sword' plays represent
575-549: A century as Received Pronunciation (RP). However, due to language evolution and changing social trends, some linguists argue that RP is losing prestige or has been replaced by another accent, one that the linguist Geoff Lindsey for instance calls Standard Southern British English. Others suggest that more regionally-oriented standard accents are emerging in England. Even in Scotland and Northern Ireland, RP exerts little influence in
690-487: A certain degree due to the large scale fragmentation of Austria at the time, which was witnessing the birth of radical nationalism and anti-Semitism, a nation in which the progressive artist and the progressive politician were growing more different and hostile to each other by the day. The Austrian author Stefan Zweig wrote in his memoirs The World of Yesterday (1942) on Hofmannsthal's early accomplishments and their influence on Zweig's generation: The appearance of
805-914: A disguised woman reminiscent of Viola from Shakespeare's Twelfth Night , surrealist concepts, romantic complications, and the threat of a dynastic civil war, while exploring the philosophical question of whether each individual's fate has already been written without their involvement or if the future can be altered by free will . Calderón's poetry and plays have since wielded an enormous global influence upon Romanticism , symbolism , literary modernism , expressionism , dystopian science fiction , and even postmodernism . His many admirers have included August Wilhelm Schlegel , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , John Dryden , Lord Byron , Percy Bysshe Shelley , Fr. Félix Sardà y Salvany , Hugo von Hoffmannsthal , Vyacheslav Ivanov , Jorge Luis Borges , Konstantin Stanislavsky , and Boris Pasternak . Furthermore, through
920-404: A given set of theological and philosophical constructs. Calderón wrote 120 "comedias", 80 "autos sacramentales" and 20 short comedic works called entremeses . As Goethe notes, Calderón tended to take special care with the dramatic structures of his plays. He usually included fewer scenes than other contemporary playwrights (such as Lope de Vega ) so as to avoid any superfluous distractions from
1035-501: A greater movement, normally [əʊ], [əʉ] or [əɨ]. Dropping a morphological grammatical number , in collective nouns , is stronger in British English than North American English. This is to treat them as plural when once grammatically singular, a perceived natural number prevails, especially when applying to institutional nouns and groups of people. The noun 'police', for example, undergoes this treatment: Police are investigating
1150-406: A lesser class or social status and often discounted or considered of a low intelligence. Another contribution to the standardisation of British English was the introduction of the printing press to England in the mid-15th century. In doing so, William Caxton enabled a common language and spelling to be dispersed among the entirety of England at a much faster rate. Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of
1265-467: A look at drama, which in modern history has replaced the spectacles of universal and holy events as reflected in miniature and purely signifying forms on the stages of the mystery plays . We know that classical French tragedy is one of triumphs of the transformational , decisive idealistic principle. Calderón, however, is different. In him, everything is but a signification of the objective truth of Divine Providence, which governs human destiny. A pious son of
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#17328771238471380-565: A number of short verse plays, influenced by the static dramas of the Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck , the dramatic monologues of the English Romantic poet Robert Browning , and the proverbes dramatiques of the French poet Alfred de Musset . In 1911 he adapted the 15th century English morality play Everyman as Jedermann , and Einar Nilson wrote the music for it. The play later became
1495-407: A personage who methodically and in cold blood slays the one by whom his honour has been affronted . For us such an action is a perversion of the ideals of chivalry ." In contrast, Alexander A. Parker has argued, in an article of his own for Encyclopedia Britannica , that Calderón was actually a very harsh moral critic of Spanish culture at the time in which he lived, "Accepting the conventions of
1610-648: A process called T-glottalisation . National media, being based in London, have seen the glottal stop spreading more widely than it once was in word endings, not being heard as "no [ʔ] " and bottle of water being heard as "bo [ʔ] le of wa [ʔ] er". It is still stigmatised when used at the beginning and central positions, such as later , while often has all but regained /t/ . Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are p , as in pa [ʔ] er and k as in ba [ʔ] er. In most areas of England and Wales, outside
1725-477: A range of blurring and ambiguity". Variations exist in formal (both written and spoken) English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland, north-east England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas the adjective little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within
1840-511: A regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called Received Pronunciation (also called "the King's English", "Oxford English" and " BBC English" ), that is essentially region-less. It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period. It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. In
1955-503: A series of spectacular plays for the royal theatre in the newly built Buen Retiro palace. On 28 May 1640 he joined a company of mounted cuirassiers recently raised by Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares , took part in the Catalan campaign, and distinguished himself by his gallantry at Tarragona . His health failing, Calderón retired from the army in November 1642, and three years later
2070-540: A stage play by Calderón, La banda y la flor ( The Scarf and the Flower ), as translated by Schlegel. In subsequent decades, Calderón was repeatedly translated into German, most notably by Johann Diederich Gries and Joseph von Eichendorff , and had an enthusiastic reception on the German and Austrian stages, particularly under the direction of Goethe , and Joseph Schreyvogel . Later significant German-language adaptations include
2185-568: A staple at the Salzburg Festival . During World War I Hofmannsthal held a government post. He wrote speeches and articles supporting the war effort, and emphasizing the cultural tradition of Austria-Hungary . The end of the war spelled the end of the Habsburg monarchy in Austria; this was a blow from which the patriotic and conservative-minded Hofmannsthal never fully recovered. Nevertheless,
2300-511: A substantial portion of El Mágico prodigioso . British English British English (abbreviations: BrE , en-GB , and BE ) is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in England , or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout
2415-539: A tertiary of the order of St Francis in 1650, and then finally joined the priesthood. He was ordained in 1651 and served as a parish priest at San Salvador Church in Madrid , which was later demolished as part of the 19th-century Spanish confiscations . According to a statement Calderón made a year or two later, he decided to give up writing secular drama for the commercial theatres. Though he did not adhere strictly to this resolution, he now wrote mostly mythological plays for
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#17328771238472530-512: A toast to the religious values of Calderón's Spain and the supremacy of the Latino race over "Germanic barbarity ", by which Menéndez Pelayo meant anti-Catholic Spanish Krausist and the Hegelianist intellectuals. Félix Sardà y Salvany , the author of the book Liberalism Is a Sin , and his fellow integrists and Carlists considered Calderón de la Barca to embody the most brilliant incarnation of
2645-512: A writer of Autos Sacramentales , Calderón is supreme. The Auto , cultivated since the time of Gil Vicente , is a one act play , generally allegorical in nature, which at one time or another treats the miracle of Transubstantiation . Autos were performed in Spain's large cities during the Corpus Christi festival in the open air on temporary stages set up in some public square. Everyone, including
2760-725: Is also due to London-centric influences. Examples of R-dropping are car and sugar , where the R is not pronounced. British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are usually preserved, and in several areas also /oː/ and /eː/, as in go and say (unlike other varieties of English, that change them to [oʊ] and [eɪ] respectively). Some areas go as far as not diphthongising medieval /iː/ and /uː/, that give rise to modern /aɪ/ and /aʊ/; that is, for example, in
2875-475: Is based on British English, but has more influence from American English , often grouped together due to their close proximity. British English, for example, is the closest English to Indian English, but Indian English has extra vocabulary and some English words are assigned different meanings. Hugo von Hoffmannsthal Hugo Laurenz August Hofmann von Hofmannsthal ( German: [ˈhuːɡo fɔn ˈhoːfmanstaːl] ; 1 February 1874 – 15 July 1929)
2990-483: Is even more limited still; he is not only Spanish rather than universal, but, as a Spaniard, he typifies the sentiments and ideals of a narrowly restricted period, the seventeenth century. It may be added that in his theatre and in his daily life he was a model of the truly Christian and knightly poet of his period. The ideas most distinctive of his age which we see reflected in Calderón's dramatic works are intense devotion to
3105-769: Is included in style guides issued by various publishers including The Times newspaper, the Oxford University Press and the Cambridge University Press . The Oxford University Press guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as Hart's Rules , and in 2002 as part of The Oxford Manual of Style . Comparable in authority and stature to The Chicago Manual of Style for published American English ,
3220-511: Is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking Common Brittonic —the insular variety of Continental Celtic , which was influenced by the Roman occupation. This group of languages ( Welsh , Cornish , Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages , influence on English
3335-417: Is shown to create social disorder by breeding enmity and endangering love and friendship. No siempre lo peor es cierto (c. 1640; 'The Worst Is Not Always True') and No hay cosa como callar (1639; 'Silence Is Golden') mark the peak of this development; although the conventions of comedy remain, the overtones are tragic. Both plays also implicitly criticize the accepted code of honour . Calderón’s rejection of
3450-456: Is the case for English used by European Union institutions. In China, both British English and American English are taught. The UK government actively teaches and promotes English around the world and operates in over 200 countries . English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what
3565-417: Is the most extreme of his honor tragedies. It revolves around a point of honor and recounts how a husband, suspecting his wife of infidelity, causes her veins to be opened. She bleeds to death, washing his dishonor away with her blood." While acknowledging that the plot of the same play has caused Calderón's humanity to be questioned, Alexander A. Parker has written, "The critics who allege that he approves of
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3680-530: The Chambers Dictionary , and the Collins Dictionary record actual usage rather than attempting to prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other varieties of English, and neologisms are frequent. For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the ninth century, the form of language spoken in London and
3795-646: The Black Legend still means that even the existence of the Spanish Golden Age , let alone its literary, artistic, and cultural achievements, remain widely unknown in the English-speaking world . Both this ignorance and its cultural fallout were criticized even during the Black Legend's Elizabethan era inception by Sir Philip Sidney , whose 1580 essay An Apology for Poetry expressed very high praise for
3910-521: The British Isles taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating Scottish English , Welsh English , and Northern Irish English . Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English acknowledges that British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions [with] the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within
4025-637: The East Midlands became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education in Britain. The standardisation of British English is thought to be from both dialect levelling and a thought of social superiority. Speaking in the Standard dialect created class distinctions; those who did not speak the standard English would be considered of
4140-484: The Royal Spanish Academy with Spanish. Standard British English differs notably in certain vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features from standard American English and certain other standard English varieties around the world. British and American spelling also differ in minor ways. The accent, or pronunciation system, of standard British English, based in southeastern England, has been known for over
4255-486: The Scots language or Scottish Gaelic ). Each group includes a range of dialects, some markedly different from others. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages. Around the middle of the 15th century, there were points where within the 5 major dialects there were almost 500 ways to spell the word though . Following its last major survey of English Dialects (1949–1950),
4370-677: The Spanish Church , he was able to combine all the daring of naive individualism with the most profound realism of the mystical contemplation of divine things." Calderón's fame dwindled during the 18th-century due to the anti-religious currents of both the Bourbon Reforms and the Enlightenment in Spain and, in 1765, a law was passed forbidding the performance of Autos on the Feast of Corpus Christi , officially for being, "sacrilegious and in bad taste." Within mere decades, though, Calderón
4485-781: The Spanish Netherlands and was of either Flemish or Walloon descent. According to James Fitzmaurice-Kelly , she claimed origin from the De Mons of Hainault. His parents married in 1595. Pedro was the third of the six children that the marriage produced (three boys and three girls), of whom only four survived childhood: Diego, the first-born; Dorotea — nun in Toledo—; Pedro and Jusepe or José. These brothers were always welcome, as Diego Calderón stated in his will (1647): All three of us have always conserved ourselves in love and friendship, and without dividing up assets... we have helped each other in
4600-448: The Spanish nobility 's code of honour . Born while the unwritten rules of Spanish Golden Age theatre were still being defined by Lope de Vega , Calderón pushed their limits even further by introducing radical and pioneering innovations that are now termed metafiction and surrealism . His masterpiece, La Vida es Sueño (" Life is a Dream "), combines a beauty and the beast plotline,
4715-560: The University of Leeds has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to Leeds to study British regional dialects. The team are sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the BBC , in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout
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4830-601: The West Country and other near-by counties of the UK, the consonant R is not pronounced if not followed by a vowel, lengthening the preceding vowel instead. This phenomenon is known as non-rhoticity . In these same areas, a tendency exists to insert an R between a word ending in a vowel and a next word beginning with a vowel. This is called the intrusive R . It could be understood as a merger, in that words that once ended in an R and words that did not are no longer treated differently. This
4945-516: The clichés they are expected to slavishly follow. Most famously in his masterpiece, La Vida es Sueño , Calderón uses an astrological prophecy made decades before the beginning of the play as a way to deliberately mislead the audience about how the plot will unfold. Calderón intended to subtly defend the Catholic doctrine of free will against the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and to depict
5060-507: The comedy of intrigue , a favourite form on the Spanish stage, he used them for a fundamentally serious purpose. La dama duende (1629; 'The Phantom Lady') is a neat and lively example. In Casa con dos puertas, mala es de guardar (1629; 'A House with Two Doors Is Difficult to Guard'), the intrigues of secret courtship and the disguises that it necessitates are so presented that the traditional seclusion of women on which these intrigues are based
5175-442: The composer Richard Strauss for the first time. He later wrote libretti for several of his operas , including Elektra (1909), Der Rosenkavalier (1911), the plot of which he developed together with Harry Graf Kessler , Ariadne auf Naxos (1912, rev. 1916), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919), Die ägyptische Helena (1928), and Arabella (1929, but first performed in 1933). Between 1891 and 1899 Hofmannsthal wrote
5290-603: The 21st century. RP, while long established as the standard English accent around the globe due to the spread of the British Empire , is distinct from the standard English pronunciation in some parts of the world; most prominently, RP notably contrasts with standard North American accents. In the 21st century, dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary , the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ,
5405-652: The Catholic Faith; absolute and unquestioning loyalty to the Spanish sovereign; and a highly developed, even much exaggerated, feeling of honour ." According to Richard E. Chandler and Kessel Schwartz, it is vital to realize, that despite the end of the Reconquista in 1492 many elements of Islamic Spain rooted in Sharia Law still persisted among the Christian population during the lifetime of Calderón; "One must understand
5520-816: The English Language (1755) was a large step in the English-language spelling reform , where the purification of language focused on standardising both speech and spelling. By the early 20th century, British authors had produced numerous books intended as guides to English grammar and usage, a few of which achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's Modern English Usage and The Complete Plain Words by Sir Ernest Gowers . Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication
5635-595: The Germanic schwein ) is the animal in the field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and pork (like the French porc ) is the animal at the table eaten by the occupying Normans. Another example is the Anglo-Saxon cu meaning cow, and the French bœuf meaning beef. Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English;
5750-749: The Holy Cross during the weekly literary salon held inside Ivanov's flat overlooking the Tauride Palace in St Petersburg . Many of the most important figures in Russian literature at the time were either present or acting in the play. Although he is best known abroad as the Nobel Prize -winning author of Doctor Zhivago , Soviet dissident intellectual and former Ivanov protege Boris Pasternak produced acclaimed Russian translations of Calderón's plays during
5865-891: The Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English that writers can turn to in the absence of specific guidance from their publishing house. British English is the basis of, and very similar to, Commonwealth English . Commonwealth English is English as spoken and written in the Commonwealth countries , though often with some local variation. This includes English spoken in Australia , Malta , New Zealand , Nigeria , and South Africa . It also includes South Asian English used in South Asia, in English varieties in Southeast Asia , and in parts of Africa. Canadian English
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#17328771238475980-701: The South East, there are significantly different accents; the Cockney accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). Cockney rhyming slang can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand, although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated. Londoners speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors. Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. Immigrants to
6095-481: The Spaniard's sense of personal dignity and his desire to protect his reputation, it became a matter of pride and self-respect to cleanse tarnished honor, which even gossip could blemish. All male members of the household were responsible for protecting the family's name, and no honorable gentleman could leave family honor unavenged. In relationships between the sexes, the code of honor became especially sinister and led to
6210-511: The Spanish Catholic literary tradition. During the pre-1917 Silver Age of Russian Poetry , highly influential Russian Symbolist poet and dramatic theorist Vyacheslav Ivanov , who was heavily influenced by German Romanticism, was accordingly an enthusiast for Calderón. On 19 April 1910, Vsevolod Meyerhold even staged Konstantin Balmont 's literary translation of Calderón's Adoration of
6325-491: The State , the expulsion of the religious orders , the ban on Classical Christian education , and the many other anti-Catholic policies of Liberal Spanish monarchs and their ministers . In 1881, during a controversial gathering at El Retiro , an urban park on the site of the demolished Royal palace where many of his plays were first performed, on the two hundredth anniversary of Calderón's death, Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo raised
6440-537: The UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country and particularly to London. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 125 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren. Notably Multicultural London English , a sociolect that emerged in the late 20th century spoken mainly by young, working-class people in multicultural parts of London . Since
6555-564: The United Kingdom , as well as within the countries themselves. The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England (which is itself broadly grouped into Southern English , West Country , East and West Midlands English and Northern English ), Northern Irish English (in Northern Ireland), Welsh English (not to be confused with the Welsh language ), and Scottish English (not to be confused with
6670-426: The United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken and so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language. Globally, countries that are former British colonies or members of the Commonwealth tend to follow British English, as
6785-458: The West Scottish accent. Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect. Once regarded as a Cockney feature, in a number of forms of spoken British English, /t/ has become commonly realised as a glottal stop [ʔ] when it is in the intervocalic position, in
6900-460: The ability to think or to speak of anything coherently"; he has given up on the possibility of language to describe the world. This letter reflects the growing distrust of and dissatisfaction with language that so characterizes the Modern era, and Chandos's dissolving personality is not only individual but societal. Growing up the son of a wealthy merchant who was well connected with the major artists of
7015-426: The award of the grant in 2007, Leeds University stated: that they were "very pleased"—and indeed, "well chuffed"—at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been "bostin" if he had come from the Black Country , or if he was a Scouser he would have been well "made up" over so many spondoolicks, because as a Geordie might say, £460,000 is a "canny load of chink". Most people in Britain speak with
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#17328771238477130-404: The commercial theatres. Calderón served in the Spanish Royal Army in Italy and Flanders between 1625 and 1635. By the time Lope de Vega died in 1635, Calderón was recognized as the foremost Spanish dramatist of the age. Calderón had also gained considerable favour in the court, and in 1636–1637 he was made a knight of the Order of Santiago by Philip IV, who had already commissioned from him
7245-514: The country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio". When discussing
7360-434: The court of the King of Spain, he had access to the most modern techniques regarding scenography. He collaborated with Cosme Lotti in developing complex scenographies that were integrated in some of his plays, specially his most religious-themed ones such as the Autos Sacramentales , becoming extremely complex allegories of moral, philosophical and religious concepts. According to Richard E. Chandler and Kessel Schwartz, "As
7475-599: The diary of Stuart Restoration courtier Samuel Pepys describes attending stage plays in London during 1667 which were free translations from Calderón. During the same era, Calderón's many emulators in writing for the English stage included Poet Laureate of England John Dryden . Centuries later, like his German Romantic colleagues, English Romantic poet Lord Byron repeatedly referenced Calderón, whom he viewed as "a romantic figure". Byron's friend and fellow Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley similarly had very high praise in his essays for Calderón and personally translated
7590-410: The essential focus of the plays. He also worked towards a greater stylistic uniformity by reducing the number of different metres in his plays. Calderón realized that any play was a work of fiction, and that the structure of the baroque play was entirely artificial. He therefore, probably influenced by Cervantes , made regular use of metafictional techniques, such as making his characters joke about
7705-564: The eternal annals of the German language with unextinguishable verses and prose which today has still not been surpassed. His sudden beginning and simultaneous completion was a phenomenon that hardly occurs more than once in a generation. In 1901 he married Gertrud "Gerty" Schlesinger, the daughter of a Viennese Jewish banker. Gerty converted to Christianity before their marriage, and they settled in Rodaun (now part of Liesing ), not far from Vienna , and had three children: Two days after his elder son Franz committed suicide, Hugo himself died of
7820-404: The idea of two different morphemes, one that causes the double negation, and one that is used for the point or the verb. Standard English in the United Kingdom, as in other English-speaking nations, is widely enforced in schools and by social norms for formal contexts but not by any singular authority; for instance, there is no institution equivalent to the Académie française with French or
7935-436: The inter-mediation of Borges, Calderón de la Barca has also influenced Christopher Nolan 's film Inception . In 1881, the Royal Spanish Academy awarded a gold medal to Irish poet Denis Florence MacCarthy for his highly praised and accurate literary translations of Calderón's verse dramas into English. In 2021, a renewed search for Calderón's missing remains gained media attention worldwide. Pedro Calderón de la Barca
8050-403: The last southern Midlands accent to use the broad "a" in words like bath or grass (i.e. barth or grarss ). Conversely crass or plastic use a slender "a". A few miles northwest in Leicestershire the slender "a" becomes more widespread generally. In the town of Corby , five miles (8 km) north, one can find Corbyite which, unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by
8165-565: The late 1950s. According to his mistress , Olga Ivinskaya , In working on Calderón he received help from Nikolai Mikhailovich Liubumov, a shrewd and enlightened person who understood very well that all the mudslinging and commotion over the novel would be forgotten, but that there would always be a Pasternak. I took finished bits of the translation with me to Moscow, read them to Liubimov at Potapov Street, and then went back to Peredelkino, where I would tactfully ask [Boris Leonidovich] to change passages which, in Liubimov's view departed too far from
8280-508: The later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility and with a huge vocabulary . Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of
8395-452: The mass internal migration to Northamptonshire in the 1940s and given its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a transitional accent between the East Midlands and East Anglian . It is
8510-556: The minor Spanish nobility in Madrid , where he lived for most of his life. He served as soldier and a knight of the military and religious Order of Santiago , but later became a Roman Catholic priest . His theatrical debut was a history play about the life of King Edward III of England , was first performed on 29 June 1623 at the Royal Alcázar of Madrid , during the surprise visit to Spain of Charles, Prince of Wales to negotiate for
8625-539: The most barbarous cruelties. A husband was permitted to kill his wife if she was even suspected of infidelity, and her lover had to be murdered to avoid a scandal. Love was the great game, and the responsibilities of a household of an attractive woman was a terrible burden and source of worry for the husband or father. One bloody vengeance called for another, and bloody feuds raged through entire families. The ladies, especially those of Calderón and Tirso , were highly susceptible to risqué situations and quite unafraid to run
8740-490: The most profoundly Spanish poet of his epoch, speaks so intimately to the passions and ideals of the time that he often lacks the little universality which his contemporaries achieved... Although he lacked the spontaneity and variety of the Phoenix , he frequently equaled him and at times surpassed him in sheer beauty of poetry with rapturous heights which even Lope could not equal. He was more profound and philosophical than Lope. He
8855-477: The motivation of the Carnival of 1680 he wrote his last work of comedy, Hado y divisa de Leonido y de Marfisa . He died on 25 May 1681, leaving only partially complete the autos sacramentales that he had been working on for that year. His burial was austere and unembellished, as he desired in his will: "Uncovered, as if I deserved to satisfy in part the public vanities of my poorly spent life". In this manner he left
8970-520: The murder of an innocent wife because honour demands it overlook the fact that the horror one feels at this deed is precisely what he intended." In common with many writers from the Spanish Golden Age , his plays usually show his vital pessimism, that is only softened by his rationalism and his faith in the Christian God ; the anguish and distress usually found his œuvre is better exemplified in one of his most famous plays, La vida es sueño ( Life Is
9085-417: The needs and jobs we have had. However, they also had a natural brother, Francisco, who hid under the surname of "González" and was expelled from the father's house by Don Diego, although he left written in 1615 that he be recognized as legitimate unless he had married "with that woman he tried to marry", in which case he would be disinherited. His mother died when Calderón was ten years old, in 1610. Calderón
9200-571: The original. Very soon after the "scandal" was over, [Boris Leonidovich] received a first payment for the work on Calderón. Following the end of the Spanish Civil War , Calderón was embraced as a national poet by the Francoist government. This, however, has not harmed his popularity in Spain in the years since the transition back to constitutional monarchy . The persistent influence of both anti-Catholicism and anti-Spanish sentiment rooted in
9315-554: The palace theatres, and autos sacramentales —one-act allegories illustrating the Real Presence in the Eucharist —for performance during the feast of Corpus Christi . In 1662, two of Calderón's autos , Las órdenes militares and Mística y real Babilonia , were the subjects of an investigation by the Spanish Inquisition ; the former was censored, its manuscripts confiscated, and it remained banned until 1671. Even so, Calderón
9430-428: The perfection of a type introduced by Lope. They illustrate the type carried to the extreme of its possibilities, with unbelievably complicated plots worked out with mathematical precision. Lovers' intrigues, honor complications, sudden appearances, and many other tricks and devices are resorted to by the playwright to complicate and then to disentangle the story. In these plays, as well as in the honor tragedies, Calderón,
9545-544: The point of honor ( pundonor ) and resulting social complications to understand the theatre of Calderón, or, in fact, any of the Golden Age dramatists. A man's honor was a touchy point, based primarily upon a highly refined sentiment of conjugal fidelity but extended to include a man's daughters, married or unmarried, or any other woman in his household. Also, honor had to be kept inviolate -- an extremely difficult thing to accomplish -- and if sullied, had to be avenged. Arising from
9660-548: The rigid assumptions of the code of honour is evident also in his tragedies. In the famous El alcalde de Zalamea , the secrecy and the vengeance demanded by the code are rejected. This play also presents a powerful contrast between the aristocracy and the people : the degeneration of the aristocratic ideal is exposed, wealth is associated with manual labour, and honour is shown to be the consequence and prerogative of moral integrity regardless of class." According to Richard E. Chandler and Kessel Schwartz, " El médico de su honra
9775-642: The risk of a compromising and dishonoring one. Calderón was a court poet and was consequently versed in all the intricacies of the honor code." Jeremiah Ford continued, "The point of honour, often carried to morbid extremes, provides the motif in such characteristic pieces as the Alcade de Zalamea , the Pintor de su deshonra , the Médico de su honra , and A secreto agravio secreta venganza . The actuating principle in these works can hardly appeal to us; we can feel little sympathy with
9890-403: The role of the artist began to take shape as someone who created works that would inspire or inflame the instinct, rather than merely preserving it in a creative form. He also began to think that the artist should not be someone isolated and left to his art, but rather a man of the world, immersed in both politics and art. Hofmannsthal saw in English culture the ideal setting for the artist. This
10005-584: The royalty, attended the public performances, which followed the Processional of the Host through the streets to the church. Some believe that these short pieces represent the best of the Calderonian theatre where his fertile imagination had free rein and his sincere religious motives and faith found their purest expression." According to Russian Symbolist poet and dramatic theorist Vyacheslav Ivanov , "Let us take
10120-540: The theatres orphaned in which he was considered one of the best dramatic writers of his time. Calderón initiated what has been called the second cycle of Spanish Golden Age theatre. Whereas his predecessor, Lope de Vega , pioneered the dramatic forms and genres of Spanish Golden Age theatre, Calderón polished and perfected them. Whereas Lope's strength lay in the spontaneity and naturalness of his work, Calderón's strength lay in his capacity for poetic beauty, dramatic structure and philosophical and theological depth. Calderón
10235-587: The theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn. A football team can be treated likewise: Arsenal have lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City. This tendency can be observed in texts produced already in the 19th century. For example, Jane Austen , a British author, writes in Chapter 4 of Pride and Prejudice , published in 1813: All
10350-466: The time, Hofmannsthal was raised in what Carl Schorske refers to as "the temple of art". This perfect setting for aesthetic isolation allowed Hofmannsthal the unique perspective of the privileged artist, but also allowed him to see that art had become a flattened documenting of humanity, which took our instincts and desires and framed them for viewing without acquiring any of the living, passionate elements. Because of this realization, Hofmannsthal's idea of
10465-403: The traditional accent of Newcastle upon Tyne , 'out' will sound as 'oot', and in parts of Scotland and North-West England, 'my' will be pronounced as 'me'. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongised to [ɪi] and [ʊu] respectively (or, more technically, [ʏʉ], with a raised tongue), so that ee and oo in feed and food are pronounced with a movement. The diphthong [oʊ] is also pronounced with
10580-401: The unwritten nature of each individual's future based on their choices. Although his poetry and plays leaned towards culteranismo , Calderón usually reduced the level and obscurity of that style by avoiding metaphors and references that uneducated viewers would not understand. However, he had a great influence anyway in later centuries upon Symbolism , for example by making a fall from a horse
10695-626: The verse dramas he had attended during diplomatic missions in France, Spain, and Italy. Playwrights in Catholic Europe during the Counter-Reformation had revived Aristotle 's three Classical unities and Sidney for these and many other reasons considered them vastly superior to all the plays then being written and performed in England. Despite this, Calderón's plays were first translated and performed in English during his lifetime. For instance,
10810-427: The will. This is not to say, however, that Calderón has never had his critics. In an article for the 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia , Harvard University Professor Jeremiah Ford wrote, "Were one to contrast Shakespeare with Lope de Vega , he would discover that, while Shakespeare belongs to all men and all time, Lope is the particular property of Spain, and is bounded by national limitations. The character of Calderón
10925-442: The work of highly influential Austrian Symbolist poet, metafictional playwright, and Richard Strauss ' favorite opera librettist Hugo von Hofmannsthal ; who made literary translations of La vida es sueño and El gran teatro del mundo . During the 19th century in his homeland, Calderón de la Barca was embraced by adherents of Carlism and other opponents of the 1798-1924 mass confiscation and sale of Church property by
11040-560: The world are good and agreeable in your eyes. However, in Chapter 16, the grammatical number is used. The world is blinded by his fortune and consequence. Some dialects of British English use negative concords, also known as double negatives . Rather than changing a word or using a positive, words like nobody, not, nothing, and never would be used in the same sentence. While this does not occur in Standard English, it does occur in non-standard dialects. The double negation follows
11155-459: The years after the war were very productive ones for Hofmannsthal; he continued with his earlier literary projects, almost without a break. He wrote several new libretti for Richard Strauss operas. In 1920, Hofmannsthal, along with Max Reinhardt , founded the Salzburg Festival. His later plays revealed a growing interest in religious , particularly Roman Catholic , themes. Among his writings
11270-478: The young Hofmannsthal is and remains notable as one of the greatest miracles of accomplishment early in life; in world literature, except for Keats and Rimbaud , I know no other youthful example of a similar impeccability in the mastering of language, no such breadth of spiritual buoyancy, nothing more permeated with poetic substance even in the most casual lines, than in this magnificent genius, who already in his sixteenth and seventeenth year had inscribed himself in
11385-585: Was Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal , from whom his family inherited the noble title " Edler von Hofmannsthal", was a Jewish tobacco farmer ennobled by the Austrian emperor. He was schooled in Vienna at Akademisches Gymnasium , where he studied the works of Ovid , later a major influence on his work. He began to write poems and plays from an early age. Some of his early works were written under pseudonyms, such as Loris Melikow and Theophil Morren , because he
11500-520: Was notably limited . However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon , eventually came to dominate. The original Old English
11615-473: Was a Spanish dramatist, poet, and writer. He is known as one of the most distinguished poets and writers of the Spanish Golden Age , especially for the many verse dramas he wrote for the theatre . Calderón has been termed "the Spanish Shakespeare ", the national poet of Spain, and one of the greatest poets and playwrights in the history of world literature . Calderón de la Barca was born into
11730-458: Was a perfectionist who often revisited and reworked his plays, even long after they were first performed. His perfectionism was not just limited to his own work: several of his plays adapt and reimagine existing plays or scenes by other dramatists, improving their depth, complexity, and unity. Calderón excelled above all others in the genre of the "auto sacramental", in which he showed a seemingly inexhaustible capacity to giving new dramatic forms to
11845-513: Was a screenplay for a film version of Der Rosenkavalier (1925) directed by Robert Wiene . On 18 October 1902 Hofmannsthal published a fictive letter in the Berlin Daily, Der Tag ( The Day ) titled simply "Ein Brief" ("A Letter") . It was purportedly written in 1603 by Philip, Lord Chandos, to Francis Bacon . In this letter Chandos says that he has stopped writing because he has "lost completely
11960-539: Was an Austrian novelist , librettist , poet , dramatist , narrator, and essayist . Hofmannsthal was born in Landstraße , Vienna, the son of an upper-class Christian Austrian mother, Anna Maria Josefa Fohleutner (1852–1904), and a Christian Austrian–Italian bank manager, Hugo August Peter Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal (1841–1915). His grandfather was Augustin Emil Hofmann von Hofmannsthal and his great-grandfather
12075-452: Was an aristocratic poet and, unlike Lope, did not slavishly cater to the demands of the public. Lope was the improviser, Calderón was the planner." Indeed, his themes tended to be complex and philosophical, and express complicated states of mind in a manner that few playwrights have been able to manage. Like Baltasar Gracián , Calderón favoured only the deepest human feelings and moral dilemmas. Since Calderón's plays were usually produced at
12190-416: Was appointed honorary chaplain to Philip IV in 1663, and continued as chaplain to his successor. In his eighty-first year he wrote his last secular play, Hado y Divisa de Leonido y Marfisa , in honor of Charles II 's marriage to Maria Luisa of Orléans . Notwithstanding his position at court and his popularity throughout Spain, near the end of his life Calderón struggled with financial difficulties, but with
12305-446: Was awarded a special military pension in recognition of his services in the field. Calderón's biography during the next few years is obscure. His brother, Diego Calderón, died in 1647. A son, Pedro José, was born to Calderón and an unknown woman between 1647 and 1649; the mother died soon after. Calderón committed his son to the care of his nephew, José, son of Diego. Perhaps for reasons relating to these personal trials, Calderón became
12420-513: Was because the English simultaneously admired Admiral Nelson , a war hero, and John Milton , a poet, while still maintaining a solid national identity. "In [Hofmannsthal's] view, the division between artist (writer) and man of action (politician, explorer, soldier) does not exist in England. Britain provides her subjects with a common base of energy which functions as equilibrium, a force lacking in fragmented Germany" (Weiss). This singular and yet pragmatic identity must have appealed to Hofmannsthal to
12535-709: Was born in Madrid on Friday 17 January 1600, and was baptized in the parish of San Martín. His father, Diego Calderón, was a mountain hidalgo with family origins in Viveda , Cantabria and had inherited his own father's position of secretary of the Council and Chief Accounting Office of the Treasury, serving in it the Spanish Habsburg Kings Felipe II and Felipe III , died in 1615. The playwright's mother, Ana Gonzalez de Henao (or Henaut, Hainaut ), had family roots in
12650-422: Was never a truly mixed language in the strictest sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication). The more idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English is, the more it is from Anglo-Saxon origins. The more intellectual and abstract English is, the more it contains Latin and French influences, e.g. swine (like
12765-520: Was not allowed to publish as a student. He met the German poet Stefan George at the age of seventeen and had several poems published in George's journal, Blätter für die Kunst . He studied law and later philology at the University of Vienna but decided to devote himself to writing upon graduating in 1901. Along with Peter Altenberg and Arthur Schnitzler , he was a member of the avant garde group Young Vienna ( Jung–Wien ). In 1900 Hofmannsthal met
12880-416: Was performed at the Royal Alcázar of Madrid during the visit of Charles, Prince of Wales to unsuccessfully negotiate for a dynastic marriage with Infanta Maria Anna of Spain , on 29 June 1623. This was followed by two other plays that same year: La selva confusa and Los Macabeos . Over the next two decades, Calderón wrote more than 70 plays, the majority of which were secular dramas written for
12995-501: Was rediscovered in the Germanosphere by highly influential Jena Romantic poet and Indologist August Wilhelm Schlegel . Schlegel's literary translations and high critical praise rekindled interest in Calderón, who, along with Shakespeare , became a banner figure, first for German Romanticism , and then for Romanticism in many other countries and languages. E. T. A. Hoffmann based his 1807 singspiel Liebe und Eifersucht on
13110-542: Was then educated at the Jesuit Collegio in Madrid , the Colegio Imperial , with a view to taking orders; but instead, he studied law at Salamanca . Between 1620 and 1622 Calderón won several poetry contests in honor of the feast day of St. Isidore , the patron saint of Madrid. Calderón's debut as a playwright was Amor, honor y poder ("Love, honor, and power"), about the life of King Edward III of England ,
13225-521: Was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who settled in parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries; the second was the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman . These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree (though it
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