76-503: Pedgaon may refer to: Pedgaon, Ahmednagar , a village in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra state of India Pedgaon, Parbhani , a village and railway station in Parbhani district of Maharashtra state of India [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with
152-529: A Maratha navy . Shivaji's legacy was revived by Jyotirao Phule about two centuries after his death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Indian nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and appropriated by Hindutva activists. Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri , near Junnar , which is now in Pune district . Scholars disagree on his date of birth; the Government of Maharashtra lists 19 February as
228-410: A Yadav royal family of Devagiri . His paternal grandfather Maloji (1552–1597) was an influential general of Ahmadnagar Sultanate , and was awarded the epithet of " Raja ". He was given deshmukhi rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur to provide for military expenses. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence ( c. 1590 ). At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in
304-451: A lakh (one hundred thousand) of hun, were distributed among the Brahmins. According to Sarkar, even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had killed Brahmins, cows, women, and children. He could be cleansed of these sins for a price of Rs . 8,000, which Shivaji paid. The total expenditure for feeding
380-408: A Maratha raid on Bahadurgad, intending for Bahadur Khan to become aware of it. The smaller force of 2,000 soldiers was instructed to attack the fort directly, using the main gate as their entry point. As anticipated, Bahadur Khan, having learned of the supposed Maratha attack, left the main gate of the fort open and prepared his forces for defense. When the 2,000 Maratha soldiers launched their attack,
456-473: A Maratha, not a Kshatriya. They noted that Shivaji had never had a sacred thread ceremony, and did not wear the thread, such as a kshatriya would. Shivaji summoned Gaga Bhatt , a pandit of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the Sisodias , and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank. To enforce this status, Shivaji
532-532: A contemporary work in Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax. However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of Sabhasad Bakhar , a biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death. Putalabai , the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed sati by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai,
608-513: A dagger in his right hand. What transpired is not known with historical certainty, mainly Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed that the two wound up in a physical struggle that proved fatal for Khan. Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army. In the ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh , Shivaji's forces decisively defeated
684-462: A formal title, he was still technically a Mughal zamindar or the son of a Bijapuri jagirdar , with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, who were his equals. Such a title would also provide the Hindu Marathis with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims. The preparation for
760-588: A holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth ( Shivaji Jayanti ). Shivaji was named after a local deity, the Goddess Shivai Devi. Shivaji belonged to a Maratha family of the Bhonsle clan. Shivaji's father, Shahaji Bhonsle , was a Maratha general who served the Deccan Sultanates . His mother was Jijabai , the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed , a Mughal-aligned sardar claiming descent from
836-515: A large plunder. The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent the Rajput general Jai Singh I with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji. Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with
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#1732906039528912-697: A member of the Bhonsle dynasty . Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Confederacy . Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire , the Sultanate of Golconda , the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers . Shivaji offered passage and his service to Aurangzeb to invade
988-588: A peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young Ali Adil Shah II as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji. In 1657, the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent Afzal Khan , a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple , a holy site for Shivaji's family, and
1064-532: A proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversies delayed the coronation by almost a year. One controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the kshatriya varna (warrior class) in Hindu society. Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as
1140-527: A second coronation was needed. This second coronation, on 24 September 1674, mollified those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by being a less controversial ceremony. Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding Khandesh (October), capturing Bijapuri Ponda (April 1675), Karwar (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July). In November,
1216-460: A second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from Mawara-un-Nahr , who was returning from Mecca . Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat; this force
1292-466: A strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion. Shivaji sent a letter to Prataprao, expressing his displeasure and refusing him an audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by this rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind, and
1368-452: A tributary state of the Mughal Empire . It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the Maratha uplands of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of jagir land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity. Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by
1444-646: Is a panchayat village in the state of Maharashtra , India . Administratively, Pedgaon falls under the Shrigonda Taluka of Ahmadnagar District , Maharashtra. Pedgaon is the only village within the Pedgaon Gram Panchayat . The village of Pedgaon is located on the left (north) bank of the Bhima River and the west bank of the Deo River. The Deo River is an intermittent stream, flowing only during
1520-548: The Mysore plateau . Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from his Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shahji 's tomb ( samadhi ). The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent
1596-697: The Saraswati River flows from Shrigonda through Chorachiwadi and meets the Bhima River in Pedgaon. The Bahadurgad Incident is a well-documented example of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 's military acumen and his use of deception in warfare during the establishment of the Maratha Empire. During the mid-17th century, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj received intelligence that a consignment of 200 high-quality Arab horses, along with substantial riches, had arrived at
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#17329060395281672-483: The Umbrella "). He also took the title of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (protector of the Hindu faith) and Kshatriya Kulavantas : Kshatriya being the varna of Hinduism and kulavantas meaning the 'head of the kula , or clan'. Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantric priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and
1748-505: The Vithoba temple at Pandharpur , a major pilgrimage site for Hindus. Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to Pratapgad fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender. The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting
1824-529: The Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service. The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier. In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and in a span of four months recovered a major portion of the territories that had been surrendered to them. Shivaji sacked Surat for
1900-534: The Bahadurgad fort, located in Pedgaon. At the time, the fort was under the command of Bahadur Khan, a Mughal officer. Recognizing the value of these horses and riches, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj devised a strategy to seize them from the well-guarded fort. He assembled a force of 9,000 Maratha soldiers and divided them into two contingents: one comprising 2,000 soldiers and the other consisting of 7,000 soldiers. The plan involved deliberately leaking information about
1976-495: The Bijapur Sultanate's forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan, and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner. After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food, and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly. Having defeated
2052-667: The Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort. In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained Poona as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in Bangalore by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed Dadoji Kondadeo as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona. Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. One of his first acts directly challenged
2128-450: The Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji and his army marched towards the Konkan coast and Kolhapur , seizing Panhala fort , and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them, under Rustam Zaman and Fazl Khan, in 1659. In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji
2204-535: The Bijapuri government. In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji captured the Torna Fort , taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the illness of Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah , and seized the large treasure he found there. In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including Purandar , Kondhana , and Chakan . He also brought areas east of Pune around Supa , Baramati , and Indapur under his direct control. He used
2280-510: The Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: Bijapur , Ahmednagar , Golkonda , and the Mughal Empire . Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshahi of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his jagir (fiefdom) at Pune and his small army. In 1636, the Sultanate of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its south. The sultanate had recently become
2356-511: The Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan. Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near Ahmednagar . This
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2432-517: The Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force. Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude toward his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities. He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. The Bijapur Sultanate was displeased with their losses to Shivaji's forces, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions. After
2508-481: The English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the owners, imprisoning them until mid-1663. After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad; Shivaji would retake Panhala in 1673. Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh , along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to
2584-628: The Kasti railway station by road and 22 km south of Shrigonda . The village lacks hotels or lodges for visitors. Pedgaon is home to a historic fort known as the Fort of Pedgaon or Bahadurgad (also called "Dharmaveergad"). The fort is largely in ruins but includes notable structures such as the Mastani Mahal. Within the fort, there are five temples, with the Lakshmi Narayan temple and Baleshwar temple being
2660-403: The Maratha Empire. In the 2018 census, the village of Pedgaon had 8000 inhabitants, with 4500males (50.9%) and 3500females (49.1%), for a gender ratio of 964 females per thousand males. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation: [ʃiˈʋaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le] ; c. 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian ruler and
2736-640: The Maratha navy skirmished with the Siddis of Janjira , but failed to dislodge them. Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided Athani in April 1676. In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders. His appeal
2812-428: The Marathas secured a decisive victory through strategic deception, without the need for a large-scale battle. The Bahadurgad Incident is often cited as a classic example of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 's innovative military tactics. His ability to outmaneuver and outthink larger and better-equipped forces became a hallmark of the Maratha military strategy, contributing significantly to the expansion and consolidation of
2888-415: The Mughal empire for a brief duration. In 1674, Shivaji was coronated as the king despite opposition from local Brahmins. Praised for his chivalrous treatment of women, Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming
2964-407: The Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to Bengal . In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji sacked the port city of Surat , a wealthy Mughal trading centre. On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a naval raid on Portuguese -held Basrur in present-day Karnataka, and gained
3040-407: The Mughal forces responded aggressively. However, instead of engaging in a prolonged battle, the Marathas began a strategic retreat. Bahadur Khan, believing that he had gained the upper hand, ordered his troops to pursue the retreating Marathas, leaving the fort largely undefended. This maneuver was exactly what Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had intended. With Bahadur Khan and his forces in pursuit of
3116-477: The Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals. Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general Prataprao Gujar , to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam . Sambhaji
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3192-544: The Mughals in the Deccan, as a mansabdar . In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to Agra (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to Kandahar , now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at court alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle. Shivaji took offence, stormed out, and
3268-464: The Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies. At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a systematic tool of description and understanding. Shivaji's royal seal
3344-469: The advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji
3420-519: The assemblage, general almsgiving, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million rupees . On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king of the Maratha Empire ( Hindavi Swaraj ) in a lavish ceremony at Raigad fort. In the Hindu calendar it was the 13th day ( trayodashi ) of the first fortnight of the month of Jyeshtha in the year 1596. Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with
3496-492: The death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort. In the ensuing battle of Pavan Khind , the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad, signalling Shivaji had safely reached
3572-465: The declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for the north due to a war of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in the name of the Mughals. Following the Battle of Purandar , Shivaji entered into vassalage with the Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief and was conferred with the title of Raja by Aurangzeb. He undertook military expeditions on behalf of
3648-464: The emperor Shah Jahan . At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle Shaista Khan , with an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful artillery division, in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took
3724-402: The emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces. Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance. On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra. After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with
3800-535: The fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660. Ghod Khind ( khind meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there. Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to Aurangzeb , the son of the Mughal Emperor and viceroy of
3876-485: The fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh. In the Treaty of Purandar , signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold hun to the Mughals. Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for
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#17329060395283952-465: The latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son Rajaram I . Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née Mohite ), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions on
4028-461: The monsoon season. Three roads connect Pedgaon to nearby areas. To the east, the Anandwadi Road connects to State Highway 67 to the south and State Highway 55 to the north. To the west, a road passes through the villages of Ajnuj, Kautha, and Gar before reaching State Highway 10 and the Bhima River bridge. Another road to the west heads northwest to Kasti . Pedgaon is located 13 km east of
4104-402: The most prominent. The Lakshmi Narayan temple is an architectural example with intricately carved pillars and animal images on the walls, although the temple currently lacks any images. The Baleshwar temple, dedicated to Lord Shiv , is also in a ruined state but still features eight beautifully carved pillars. Fish farming is practiced in Pedgaon, particularly in the Bhima River . Additionally,
4180-493: The nearby fort of Chakan , besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls. He established his residence at Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal . On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp. He, along with 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers. In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed. The Khan took refuge with
4256-539: The orders of the Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji. Shahaji was released in 1649, after the capture of Jinji secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains. Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed Chandrarao More , a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized
4332-399: The retreating Marathas, the larger contingent of 7,000 Maratha soldiers swiftly attacked the now undefended Bahadurgad fort. They successfully captured the 200 Arab horses and the riches before making a rapid escape. The Mughal forces, led by Bahadur Khan, were unable to catch the retreating Marathas, who were known for their speed and the highly mobile nature of their operations. As a result,
4408-465: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedgaon&oldid=682939820 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pedgaon, Ahmednagar Pedgaon
4484-408: The treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named Rajgad . That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade. After this, Shivaji turned west to the Konkan and took possession of the important town of Kalyan . The Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under
4560-415: The two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations. The two met in a hut in the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him, wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had
4636-682: The valley of Javali , near the present-day hill station of Mahabaleshwar . The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others—including Sawant of Sawantwadi , Ghorpade of Mudhol , Nimbalkar of Phaltan , Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, and Mohite —also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with Deshmukhi rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families, such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass
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#17329060395284712-419: The waters of the seven sacred rivers— Yamuna , Indus , Ganges , Godavari , Narmada , Krishna , and Kaveri —over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before his mother, Jijabai, and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies. Shivaji was entitled Shakakarta ("founder of an era") and Chhatrapati (" Lord of
4788-631: Was also granted territory in Berar for revenue collection. Aurangzeb also permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying Adil Shahi dynasty ; the weakened Sultan Ali Adil Shah II sued for peace and granted the rights of sardeshmukhi and chauthai to Shivaji. The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji. Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting
4864-509: Was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to Panhala Fort in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala Fort. Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50, on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti . The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of bloody flux , after being sick for 12 days. In
4940-467: Was defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day Nashik . In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of
5016-504: Was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at Rajapur , and also hired some English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering
5092-447: Was followed by raids in Junnar , with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun in cash and 200 horses. Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battles with his brothers over the succession to the Mughal throne, following the illness of
5168-455: Was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya. However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput , and specifically of Sisodia ancestry, may be seen as being anything from tenuous, at best, to purely inventive. On 28 May, Shivaji did penance for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites for so long. Then he
5244-613: Was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and Arabic terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to the production of the Rājavyavahārakośa , the thesaurus of state usage in 1677. Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant. While encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments. When Aurangzeb imposed
5320-608: Was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of Raigad Fort after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July. Rajaram, his mother Soyarabai and wife Janki Bai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges of conspiracy that October. The Council of Eight Ministers, or Ashta Pradhan Mandal , was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji. It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows: Except
5396-528: Was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread. On the insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt omitted the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji into a modified form of the life of the twice-born , instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime. He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver, and several other articles, such fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these articles, along with
5472-420: Was killed in combat. Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, Rajaram , to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by Hambirrao Mohite , as the new sarnaubat . Raigad Fort was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar , as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom. Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking
5548-425: Was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682. In 1674, Prataprao Gujar , the sarnaubat (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces) and Anandrao , was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling
5624-411: Was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter. There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife Soyarabai had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son Rajaram on the throne. After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji . On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram
5700-477: Was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son. Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision. Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to
5776-522: Was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad for a month and entered into a treaty with the Qutubshah of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding. Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and Gingee ;
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