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25-545: Pearl Petroleum ownership (2024) In April 2007, Dana Gas entered into an agreement with the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) for the appraisal and development of two major gas fields in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Khor Mor and Chemchemal . In October 2007, Dana Gas assigned 50% of its interest in the contract to Crescent Petroleum. Dana Gas and Crescent Petroleum began developing the fields together as

50-523: A US-based non-profit organization working in cooperation with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, has defined a set of standards in a regulation entitled the "Uniform Regulation for the Method of Sale of Commodities". This regulation defines a standard cubic foot, for compressed or liquefied gases in refillable cylinders other than LPG by, "A standard cubic foot of gas is defined as

75-510: A city of 2 million people they appear[ed] to have no intention of fighting for." In August 2014, ISIL attacked the Kurds . On 1 July 2014, Masoud Barzani announced that "Iraq's Kurds will hold an independence referendum within months." In September, the 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum was held regarding Kurdish independence from Iraq. 92% of Iraqi Kurds participating in the referendum voted in favor of independence. The referendum

100-566: A cubic foot at a temperature of 21 °C (70 °F) and a pressure of 101.325 kilopascals [kPa] (14.696 psia)". Yet other definitions are in use for industrial gas , where, in the US, a standard cubic foot for industrial gas use is defined at 70 °F (21.1 °C) and 14.696 psia (101.325 kPa), while in Canada, a standard cubic meter for industrial gas use is defined at 15 °C (59 °F) and 101.325 kPa (14.696 psia). An actual volume can be converted to

125-460: A joint venture company owned equally by Dana Gas and Crescent Petroleum. Later that year, OMV of Austria and MOL of Hungary, two major European energy companies, each became 10% shareholders in Pearl Petroleum. In 2015, RWE of Germany became the third member with a 10% share of the company. The project was implemented 15 months after the signature of the agreement. It involved upstream development,

150-411: A precise unit of mass, but a molecular quantity, expressed in moles . For petroleum gases, the standard cubic foot (scf) is defined as one cubic foot of gas at 60 °F (288.7 K; 15.56 °C) and at normal sea level air pressure. The pressure definition differs between sources, but are all close to normal sea level air pressure. The standard cubic meter of gas (scm) is used in the context of

175-491: Is a unit representing the amount of gas (such as natural gas ) contained in a volume of one cubic foot at reference temperature and pressure conditions. It is the unit commonly used when following the customary system , a collection of standards set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Another unit used for the same purpose is the standard cubic metre ( Sm ), derived from SI units , representing

200-456: Is the official executive body of the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq . The cabinet is selected by the majority party or list who also select the prime minister of the Iraqi Kurdish polity . The president is directly elected by the electorate of the region and is the head of the cabinet and chief of state who delegates executive powers to the cabinet. The prime minister

225-548: Is traditionally the head of the legislative body but also shares executive powers with the president. The President of Kurdistan Region is also the commander-in-chief of the Peshmerga . From mid-2013 to mid-2014, the KRG "built up their own defenses by creating a security belt stretching more than 1,000 km (600 miles) from the Iranian border all the way to Syria – skirting around Mosul,

250-467: The SI system . It is similarly defined as the quantity of gas contained in a cubic meter at a temperature of 15 °C (288.150 K; 59.000 °F) and a pressure of 101.325 kilopascals (1.0000 atm; 14.696 psi). Converting volume units between the standard cubic foot and the standard cubic meter is not exact, as the base temperature and pressure used are different, but for most practical situations

275-558: The s for "standard" is often omitted. Common units of gas volumes include ccf (hundred standard cubic feet), Mcf (thousand standard cubic feet), and MMcf (million standard cubic feet). The "M" refers to the Roman numeral for thousand, while a double "M" ("MM") represent one thousand thousands, or one million. Bcf (billion standard cubic feet), Tcf (trillion standard cubic feet), Qcf (quadrillion standard cubic feet), etc., are also used. The National Conference on Weights and Measures ,

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300-545: The KRG awarded Pearl Petroleum investment opportunities in blocks 19 and 20, which are adjacent to the Khor Mor field. Gas sales commenced in late 2018. In 2019, Pearl Petroleum signed a 20-year gas sales agreement with the KRG to enable production and sales of an additional 250 million cubic feet per day (7.1 million cubic metres per day ) at standard conditions by 2021 to further support local electricity generation. The USD 700 million expansion, currently underway at

325-524: The KRI. The daily production includes 430 million cubic feet of gas per day (12.15 MSm³/d) and 15,500 barrels of condensate, with an LPG capacity of over 1,000 tonnes per day. Pearl Petroleum’s total cumulative production from 2008 to December 2019 was more than 294 million boe, including 1,198 billion cubic feet (30 billion cubic metres) of gas, 49.2 million barrels of condensate and 1.99 million tonnes of LPG. An impact assessment report authored by PwC estimated that

350-530: The Khor Mor plant, is to include two production trains in addition to the drilling of new wells to raise gas production to 900 million cu ft/d (25 million m/d) by the end of 2023. The consortium has appointed an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor to deliver the first of the two production trains at the Khor Mor plant. The first phase will increase production output by 60 percent to 650 million cubic feet per day (18 million cubic metres per day ) by Q1 2022 while

375-413: The amount of gas contained in a volume of one cubic meter at different reference conditions. The reference conditions depend on the type of gas and differ from other standard temperature and pressure conditions . The scf and the scm are units of molecular quantity for gases can be used with the ideal gas law to compute the quantity per unit of volume for other pressures and temperatures. In spite of

400-597: The construction of two liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) plants and 180 kilometres (112 mi) of pipeline in mountainous terrain. Gas deliveries to the Erbil power station commenced in October 2008. Pearl Petroleum's investment in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq's gas project is one of the largest private sector investments in the KRI's oil and gas sector and provides electricity supply to over five million people in northern Iraq. Multinational professional services firm, PwC estimated that

425-726: The difference can be ignored. Comparing the same volume between the 15 °C (288.15 K) and 101.325 kPa standard cubic meter versus the 60 °F (288.71 K) and 14.73 psi (101.56 kPa) standard cubic foot gives an error of 0.04%. A standard cubic foot in the US Customary System is approximately equivalent to 0.02833 standard cubic meters in the SI system. In the natural gas industry, where quantities are often expressed in standard cubic feet, large multiples of standard cubic feet are generally not expressed with metric prefixes , but rather with prefixes based on roman numerals, where

450-441: The label "standard", there is a variety of definitions, mainly depending on the type of gas. Since, for a given volume, the quantity is proportional to the pressure and temperature , each definition fixes base values for pressure and temperature. Since natural gas is an imprecise mix of various molecular species, chiefly methane but with varying proportions of other gases, a standard cubic foot of natural gas does not represent

475-418: The major cities of the KRI. In the first stage of the commissioning of the Khor Mor field, Crescent Petroleum and Dana Gas recommissioned existing gas wells , built gas separation and treatment facilities, and constructed 180 kilometres (112 mi) of pipeline across mountainous terrain. Crescent Petroleum and Dana Gas commenced gas deliveries to the Erbil power plant in October 2008. In the second stage of

500-610: The migration from diesel-powered electricity generation to cheaper, cleaner-burning natural gas has enabled the KRG to avoid more than 29 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent from 2008 to 2017. Moreover, as gas is more affordable than diesel, the migration to gas was estimated to have helped the KRG save USD 19.2 billion during this period. Kurdistan Regional Government Ancient Medieval Modern The Kurdistan Regional Government ( KRG ) ( Kurdish : حکوومەتی هەرێمی کوردستان , Hikûmetî Herêmî Kurdistan ; Arabic : حكومة إقليم كردستان , Ḥukūmat ʾIqlīm Kurdistān )

525-565: The operator and have remained as such ever since. The terms of the contract grant exclusive rights to appraise, develop, market, and sell petroleum products from the substantial Khor Mor and Chemchemal gas fields, and to provide natural gas supplies to fuel two major domestic electric generation plants being built in Erbil and Chemchemal as well as for local industries and export. In February 2009, Dana Gas and Crescent Petroleum transferred their participating interests to Pearl Petroleum Company Limited,

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550-423: The project commissioning, completed in 2011, Pearl Petroleum installed a two-train liquid petroleum gas (LPG) plant with current gas production capacity of 330 million cu ft/d (9.3 million m/d) at standard conditions . In 2018, Pearl Petroleum completed a plant de-bottlenecking project to increase gas output by 30%. It currently produces 100,000 barrels of oil equivalent (boe) per day in

575-546: The project contributed between USD 10.7 billion and USD 18.3 billion to the KRI’s GDP in 2017 through the delivery of electricity, with the fuel cost savings substitution by gas to the KRG from the project’s inception to 2017 amounting to USD 19.2 billion. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions following the transition from diesel to gas at both Erbil and Chemchemal power plants was estimated to be 29 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent up to 31 December 2017. In August 2017,

600-399: The second phase of the expansion will eventually bring total production to 900 million cubic feet per day (25 million cubic metres per day ). Pearl Petroleum is one of the largest private investors in the oil and gas sector of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), having invested around USD 1.76 billion from inception to December 2019. It supplies the fuel to generate electricity to

625-644: Was regarded as illegal by the federal government in Baghdad , and on 6 November, Iraq's Supreme Federal Court ruled that no Iraqi province was allowed to secede in order to preserve the unity of Iraq. On 14 November, the KRG announced it would respect the Supreme Federal Court's ruling, stating that "this decision must become a basis for starting an inclusive national dialogue between (Kurdish authorities in) Erbil and Baghdad to resolve all disputes". Standard cubic foot A standard cubic foot ( scf )

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