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25-535: The original Native American name for the river was the "Kittacuck" which meant "the great tidal river ." The "Kittacuck" used to be plentiful with salmon and lamprey in pre-colonial and colonial times. In English, the river is named after William Blackstone (original spelling William Blaxton ), who arrived in Weymouth, Massachusetts in 1623 and became the first European settler of present-day Boston in 1625. He relocated to Rhode Island in 1635 and built his home on

50-603: A " lumper " movement in Native American language classification. Sapir himself writes of his classification: "A more far-reaching scheme than Powell's [1891 classification], suggestive but not demonstrable in all its features at the present time" (Sapir 1929: 139). Sapir's classifies all the languages in North America into only 6 families: Eskimo–Aleut , Algonkin–Wakashan , Na-Dene , Penutian , Hokan – Siouan , and Aztec–Tanoan . Sapir's classification (or something derivative)

75-2276: A result of this competition, Brinton was not allowed access to the linguistic data collected by Powell's fieldworkers.   1. Adaizan   2. Algonquian   3. Athapascan   4. Attacapan   (= Atakapa )   5. Beothukan   (= Beothuk )   6. Caddoan   7. Chimakuan   8. Chimarikan   (= Chimariko )   9. Chimmesyan   (= Tsimshian ) 10. Chinookan 11. Chitimachan   (= Chitimacha ) 12. Chumashan 13. Coahuiltecan 14. Copehan   (= Wintuan ) 15. Costanoan 16. Eskimauan   (= Eskimoan ) 17. Esselenian   (= Esselen ) 18. Iroquoian 19. Kalapooian   (= Kalapuyan ) 20. Karankawan   (= Karankawa ) 21. Keresan 22. Kiowan   (= Kiowa ) 23. Kitunahan   (= Kutenai ) 24. Koluschan   (= Tlingit ) 25. Kulanapan   (= Pomoan ) 26. Kusan   (= Coosan ) 27. Lutuamian   (= Klamath-Modoc ) 28. Mariposan   (= Yokutsan ) 29. Moquelumnan   (= Miwokan ) 30. Muskhogean   (= Muskogean ) 31. Natchesan   (= Natchez ) 32. Palaihnihan 33. Piman   (= Uto-Aztecan ) 34. Pujunan   (= Maiduan ) 35. Quoratean   (= Karok ) 36. Salinan 37. Salishan 38. Sastean   (= Shastan ) 39. Shahaptian   (= Sahaptian ) 40. Shoshonean   (= Uto-Aztecan ) 41. Siouan   (= Siouan–Catawba ) 42. Skittagetan   (= Haida ) 43. Takilman   (= Takelma ) 44. Tañoan   (= Tanoan ) 45. Timuquanan   (= Timucua ) 46. Tonikan   (= Tunica ) 47. Tonkawan   (= Tonkawa ) 48. Uchean   (= Yuchi ) 49. Waiilatpuan   (= Cayuse  &  Molala ) 50. Wakashan 51. Washoan   (= Washo ) 52. Weitspekan   (= Yurok ) 53. Wishoskan   (= Wiyot ) 54. Yakonan   (= Siuslaw & Alsean ) 55. Yanan 56. Yukian 57. Yuman 58. Zuñian   (= Zuni ) Paul Rivet (1924) lists

100-710: A significant role in the ability to improve water quality in the Providence and Seekonk River system [into which the Blackstone discharges], and efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible." In September 2010, the Conservation Law Foundation , citing this report, filed a lawsuit claiming that the discharge permit issued to the UBWPAD by the Environmental Protection Agency

125-449: A total of 46 independent language families in North and Central America. Olive and Janambre are extinct languages of Tamaulipas , Mexico . Below is Edward Sapir 's (1929) famous Encyclopædia Britannica classification. Note that Sapir's classification was controversial at the time and it additionally was an original proposal (unusual for general encyclopedias). Sapir was part of

150-520: A week later. In some parts of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, these hurricanes resulted in a combined amount of more than 20 in (510 mm) of rain within a week. This led to the highest water mark on record for the Blackstone river in Woonsocket at 21.8 ft (6.6 m), a full 12.8 feet (3.9 m) above flood stage. The river, together with the Woonasquatucket River to the south,

175-1158: Is considered probably by many linguists: Siouan–Yuchi "probable"; Macro-Siouan likely: Natchez–Muskogean most likely of the Gulf hypothesis Hokan: most promising proposals "Unlikely" to be Hokan: Subtiaba–Tlapanec is likely part of Otomanguean (Rensch 1977, Oltrogge 1977). Aztec–Tanoan is "undemonstrated"; Mosan is a Sprachbund . (Consensus conservative classification) Families Isolates Proposed stocks Notable early classifications of classifications of indigenous South American language families include those by Filippo Salvatore Gilii (1780–84), Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1784–87), Daniel Garrison Brinton (1891), Paul Rivet (1924), John Alden Mason (1950), and Čestmír Loukotka (1968). Other classifications include those of Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño (1940–45), Antonio Tovar (1961; 1984), and Jorge A. Suárez (1974). Glottolog 4.1 (2019) recognizes 44 independent families and 64 isolates in South America. Dyes Too Many Requests If you report this error to

200-544: Is included in Hokan with "strong reservations". Tsimshian and Zuni are included in Penutian with reservations. Campbell & Mithun's 1979 classification is more conservative, since it insists on more rigorous demonstration of genetic relationship before grouping. Thus, many of the speculative phyla of previous authors are "split". (preliminary) Families Isolates Stocks The unity of Penutian languages outside Mexico

225-957: Is still commonly used in general languages-of-the-world type surveys. (Note that the question marks that appear in Sapir's list below are present in the original article.) I. Eskimo–Aleut II. Algonkin–Wakashan III. Nadene IV. Penutian V. Hokan–Siouan VI. Aztec–Tanoan The Voegelin & Voegelin (1965) classification was the result of a conference of Americanist linguists held at Indiana University in 1964. This classification identifies 16 main genetic units.  6. Penutian phylum  7. Aztec–Tanoan phylum  8. Keres  9. Yuki 10. Beothuk 11. Kutenai 12. Karankawa 13. Chimakuan 14. Salish 15. Wakashan 16. Timucua Chumashan , Comecrudan , and Coahuiltecan are included in Hokan with "reservations". Esselen

250-484: The Bureau of American Ethnology , published a classification of 58 " stocks " that is the "cornerstone" of genetic classifications in North America. Powell's classification was influenced by Gallatin to a large extent. John Wesley Powell was in a race with Daniel G. Brinton to publish the first comprehensive classification of North America languages (although Brinton's classification also covered South and Central America). As

275-671: The Hartford Treaty of 1650. In 1790, Samuel Slater opened the first successful water-powered cotton mill in America: Slater Mill , at Pawtucket Falls . This mill was powered by the waters of the Blackstone River. Many other mills appeared along the Blackstone River over time, making it a significant American industrial location and contributing to the river becoming the main cause of the Narragansett Bay pollution by

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300-551: The United States Environmental Protection Agency called the Blackstone "the most polluted river in the country with respect to toxic sediments." A 1990 Massachusetts Department of Public Health report said of the river: "...that the condition of the Blackstone River is offensive throughout its course, from Worcester to the state line at Blackstone. The condition of the stream is likely to grow worse until effective measures are completed for removing from

325-615: The basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters." In 1983, EPA identified concerns with impairment of water quality in The Blackstone River and established the Peterson/Puritan Superfund Site Despite clean up efforts, the effects of industrial wastewater discharge into the river were long-lasting: in 1990,

350-1375: The classifications by Daniel G. Brinton and John Wesley Powell . (Gallatin supported the assimilation of indigenous peoples to Euro-American culture.) Families Languages 11. Straits of Fuca   (= Makah ) 12. Natches   (= Natchez ) 13. Wakash   (= Nootka ) 14. Salish   (= Salishan ) 15. Shoshonees   (= Shoshone ) 16. Atnahs   (= Shuswap ) 17. Kinai   (= Tanaina ) 18. Koulischen   (= Tlingit ) 19. Utchees   (= Yuchi ) Families Languages   1. Adai   2. Alsean   3. Apache   4. Arapaho   5. Atakapa   6. Caddoan, Northern   7. Caddoan, Southern   8. Cayuse - Molala   9. Chinookan 10. Chitimacha 11. Comanche 12. Haida 13. Kalapuyan 14. Kiowa 15. Klamath 16. Koasati - Alabama 17. Kootenai 18. Kutchin 19. Maricopa (Yuman) 20. Natchez 21. Palaihnihan 22. Plains Apache 23. Sahaptian 24. Salishan 25. Shasta 26. Shoshone 27. Tanaina 28. Tlingit 29. Tsimshian 30. Ute 31. Wakashan, Southern 32. Wichita 33. Yuchi John Wesley Powell , an explorer who served as director of

375-506: The classifications do not correspond to these divisions. Glottolog 4.1 (2019) recognizes 42 independent families and 31 isolates in North America (73 total). The vast majority are (or were) spoken in the United States, with 26 families and 26 isolates (52 total). An early attempt at North American language classification was attempted by A. A. Albert Gallatin published in 1826, 1836, and 1848. Gallatin's classifications are missing several languages which are later recorded in

400-729: The consequent flow of solid waste into the river prompted no-contact advisories for the Rhode Island portion of the river in 2022. Classification of the Indigenous languages of the Americas#North America This is a list of different language classification proposals developed for the Indigenous languages of the Americas or Amerindian languages . The article is divided into North, Central, and South America sections; however,

425-486: The economic development of the region, allowing for the efficient movement of raw materials and finished products. The Blackstone River has been significantly impacted by industrial activities and resulting pollution since the 18th century. Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river, including dyes from textile mills , heavy metals and solvents from metal and woodworking industries. Metals are still being measured in sediments near and adjacent to

450-398: The end of the 20th century. In August 1955, severe flooding on the Blackstone caused extensive damage to Woonsocket, Rhode Island . Whereas the river is usually 70 ft (21 m) wide, it swelled to over 1 mi (1.6 km) in width. The flooding of the Blackstone was the result of a succession of dam breaks, which were caused by rainfall from Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane

475-804: The river becomes tidal and flows into the Seekonk River just north of Providence . Other tributaries join the Blackstone along the way, such as the West River and Mumford River in Uxbridge , Massachusetts; and the Branch River , in North Smithfield, Rhode Island . Along with the Providence River , the Blackstone river served as the north-eastern border of Dutch claims for New Netherland from Adriaen Block 's charting of Narragansett Bay in 1614 through

500-606: The river much of the pollution which it now receives." Recent pollution can be partially traced to the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District (UBWPAD), the wastewater treatment plant for Worcester, Massachusetts and surrounding communities, which discharges into the Blackstone. A 2005 report written by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management said, "... [the] UBWPAD, North Attleboro, and Attleboro WWTFs play

525-660: The river, in what would become Cumberland . The river is formed in South-central Worcester, Massachusetts , by the confluence of the Middle River and Mill Brook. From there, it follows a rough southeast course past Worcester City and Northbridge. It then flows through Millbury , Sutton , Grafton , Northbridge , Uxbridge , Millville , and Blackstone . It continues into Rhode Island, flowing past Woonsocket , Cumberland , Lincoln , Central Falls , and Pawtucket , where it then reaches Pawtucket Falls . Following this,

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550-513: The river. The inaugural celebration of Earth Day , in 1970, increased public support for remediation projects. While environmental activists in the Blackstone River Valley were already organizing clean-up efforts locally, in 1971, a formalized plea for action was made to the then Governor of Rhode Island, Frank Licht . In December 1971, political support was pledged at the state level. The Blackstone River Watershed Association, which at

575-459: The time was two years old, was designated to lead the effort. By April 1972, support among the public for cleaning the river increased. Additionally, the 1972 federal Clean Water Act (CWA) was passed by Congress , offering a framework for more protection of the water quality of The Blackstone River. While the CWA did not specifically mention The Blackstone River by name, it stated that the act "establishes

600-467: Was designated an American Heritage River in 1998. Canal System : To further facilitate industrial growth and transportation in the region, the Blackstone Canal was constructed in the early 19th century. The canal ran parallel to the river, providing a vital transportation route for goods between Worcester, Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island. The Blackstone Canal played a significant role in

625-474: Was not "sufficient to meet state water quality standards". River clean-up is ongoing and as of 2010, the Blackstone River was rated as the worst category ("impaired") for all assessed uses ("aquatic life", "fish consumption", "primary contact" (e.g. swimming), "secondary contact" (e.g. boating) and "aesthetics") up to its beginning at Middle River. Processing problems at the Woonsocket sewage treatment plant and

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