The Paulding County Carnegie Library is a historic Carnegie library in the village of Paulding , Ohio , United States . Constructed in the early twentieth century, it is a simple building that has served as the core of Paulding County 's library system since its construction, and it has been designated a historic site .
119-456: As late as the 1890s, Paulding lacked a library of any sort. Finding this situation undesirable, members of a local women's club subscribed money to establish a small collection in 1893. Ten years later, multiple groups of local citizens met to organize a public library , which began with a collection of six hundred books. In its earliest years, the library had no fixed home: it itinerated among downtown storefronts and different homes, including
238-400: A market value of $ 1.55 billion on March 31, 1999. In 1911–1912, Carnegie gave the corporation $ 125 million. At that time the corporation was the largest single philanthropic charitable trust ever established. He also made it a residual legatee under his will so it therefore received an additional $ 10 million, the remainder of his estate after had paid his other bequests. Carnegie reserved
357-574: A "Newcomers club" to ensure that the new faculty wives felt welcome and included at the university. Along with fostering relations, the various clubs volunteered their time and skills to benefit their wider community. At Emporia State University the Faculty Wives club made bandages for the Red Cross during World War I , and sewed regularly for the Red Cross during World War II . At Ball State University
476-709: A Michigan women's club, would work to reforest parts of the state. In Idaho, women's clubs helped prevent logging in national forests . GFWC had been active since 1890 in areas related to forestry and had a forestry committee. This committee also disseminated information about conservation to the 800,000 members of the group. The GFWC later sponsored "a natural scenic area survey" of the United States in 1915 in order to discover areas that needed conservation. As women saw environmentally fragile areas start to be developed, many objected. Women worked within existing clubs, and also formed new conservation-based clubs, to protect
595-623: A black member, Fannie Barrier Williams , only after a long approval process, which included the club deciding not to exclude anyone based on race. Few clubs worked together across racial boundaries, although the YWCA and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL) did sometimes welcome bi-racial collaboration. The Woman's Missionary Council for the southern Methodist church spoke out against lynching . Women's clubs, like
714-555: A certain eclectic quality and remarkable perseverance in its chosen causes. His vision for adult education drew from both Victorian values of character as well as democratic ideals of freedom of thought and reasoning. Through the Carnegie Corporation, he established the American Association of Adult Education, which focused on grant funding for adult education programs. The creation of an outside organization helped shield
833-407: A design built primarily with brick walls and elements of stone. Although the main floor is elevated above ground level, the building is a single- story structure; its full basement is elevated partially above the surface of the ground. The brickwork is primarily built in a French fashion; the gray bricks are matched by details of similarly colored limestone from Bedford, Indiana . Patrons enter
952-493: A framework and agenda for U.S. teacher education reform. These study groups drew on knowledge generated by grant programs and inspired follow-up grantmaking to implement their recommendations. During the presidency of Vartan Gregorian the corporation reviewed its management structure and grants programs. In 1998 the corporation established four primary program headings: education, international peace and security, international development, and democracy. In these four main areas,
1071-505: A literary club, women in Galveston created a scientific club, which also focused on learning. Croly notes that women's clubs were not created to copy men's groups; instead, they were often created to give women a space to share ideas as equals; these ideas often developed into practical action. As Mary I. Wood and Anna J. H. (Mrs. Percy V.) Pennybacker described it: "Very early the club women became unwilling to discuss Dante and Browning over
1190-455: A marketing venture in support of his publications, Woman's Magazine and the Woman's Farm Journal , which formed local women's "Chapter Houses". Many evolved into prominent women's clubs and the network later became a more traditional organization with dues paid to its national office, the "American Woman's Republic". Women's clubs were very active in women's suffrage (see below) and helped support
1309-446: A million and a half by 1914. The creation of an umbrella organization for the many women's clubs allowed them to work together in a more coordinated fashion. However, the GFWC excluded African-American clubs from its membership, and many white clubs during the late 1800s excluded black women as well as Jewish women from membership. White women's clubs ignored racial inequalities because of
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#17328952771381428-790: A movement. The first wave of the club movement during the progressive era was started by white, middle-class, Protestant women, and a second phase was led by African-American women. These clubs, most of which had started out as socialiterary gatherings, eventually became a source of reform for various issues in the U.S. Both African-American and white women's clubs were involved with issues surrounding education, temperance , child labor , juvenile justice , legal reform, environmental protection, library creation and more. Women's clubs helped start many initiatives such as kindergartens and juvenile court systems. Later, women's clubs tackled issues like women's suffrage , lynching and family planning . The clubs allowed women, who had little political standing at
1547-955: A portion of the corporation's assets for philanthropy in Canada and the then- British Colonies , an allocation first referred to as the Special Fund, then the British Dominions and Colonies Fund, and later the Commonwealth Program. Charter amendments have allowed the corporation to use 7.4 percent of its income in countries that are or once were members of the British Commonwealth . In its early years, Carnegie served as both president and trustee . His private secretary James Bertram and his financial agent, Robert A. Franks, acted as trustees as well and, respectively, corporation secretary and treasurer. This first executive committee made most of
1666-432: A relatively inactive period for the Carnegie Corporation. Dollard joined the staff in 1939 as Keppel's assistant and became president in 1948. The foundation took greater interest in the social sciences, and particularly the study of human behavior. The trust also entered into international affairs. Dollard urged it to fund quantitative, "objective" social science research like research in physical sciences, and help to diffuse
1785-671: A resource as important to the corporation as its endowment. While Gardner's opinion of educational equality was to multiply the channels through which an individual could pursue opportunity, it was during the term of long-time staff member Alan Pifer , who became acting president during 1965 and president during 1967 (again of both Carnegie Corporation and the CFAT), that the foundation began to respond to claims by various groups, including women, for increased power and wealth. The corporation developed three interlocking objectives: prevention of educational disadvantage; equality of educational opportunity in
1904-682: A series of grants for the advancement of women in academic life. Two other study groups formed to examine critical problems in American life were the Carnegie Council on Children (1972) and the Carnegie Commission on the Future of Public Broadcasting (1977), the latter formed almost ten years after the first commission. David A. Hamburg , a physician, educator, and scientist with a public health background, became president in 1982 intending to mobilize
2023-523: A trendsetter in philanthropy, often funding research or providing seed money for ideas while others financed more costly operations. For example, ideas it advanced resulted in the National Assessment of Educational Progress , later adopted by the federal government. A foundation's most precious asset was its sense of direction, Gardner said, gathering a competent professional staff of generalists that he called his "cabinet of strategy," and regarded as
2142-508: A trust. Carnegie transferred most of his remaining fortune into it, and made the trust responsible for distributing his wealth after he died. Carnegie's previous charitable giving had used conventional organizational structures , but he chose a corporation as the structure for his last and largest trust. Chartered by the State of New York as the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the corporation's capital fund, originally worth about $ 135 million, had
2261-491: A way to facilitate change in their communities. It was also one of the few ways that women were initially allowed to contribute outside of the home. Some of the earliest women-led organizations were started as religious groups in the early part of the nineteenth century. White women were involved in church charity groups as early as the 1790s. Later, women also started to become involved in antislavery groups, temperance groups and women's suffrage organizations starting in
2380-598: A women's organization, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association , began the process of restoring and preserving Mount Vernon . In addition to their preservation and conservation efforts, women's clubs in the United States (especially women in the African American Club movement) pioneered environmental activism strategies that laid the foundation for later environmental justice organizing. In fact, many black women created "redemptive spaces" for black immigrants from
2499-576: Is Janet L. Robinson . By 1911, Andrew Carnegie had endowed five organizations in the United States and three in the United Kingdom, and given more than $ 43 million to build public libraries and given another almost $ 110 million elsewhere. But ten years after he sold the Carnegie Steel Company , more than $ 150 million remained in his accounts and at 76, he wearied of philanthropic choices. Long-time friend Elihu Root suggested he establish
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#17328952771382618-481: Is one of the best examples of Bertram's guidelines: instead of ornate entryways and runaway detailing, its design maximizes the amount of space devoted to the interior, and the floor plan is designed for maximum efficiency. The library board chose a design submitted by a Columbus company, Howard and Merriam, which had already produced the design for the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center . Howard and Merriam chose
2737-644: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT), and the Carnegie Institution for Science (CIS). According to OECD , Carnegie Corporation of New York's financing for 2019 development increased by 27% to US$ 24 million. Carnegie Corporation of New York's president is Louise Richardson and the chairman of its board of trustees
2856-890: The Crockett State School which was originally meant to help "delinquent" black girls. Women's clubs were involved in vocational training and pushing for additional educational options for all young people. The Woman's City Club worked with the Chicago Woman's Club and the Association of Collegiate Alumnae to create a Bureau of Vocational Supervision which could take a "personal interest in schoolchildren, working directly to place them in appropriate jobs when they left school". The Bureau also created scholarships for needy students. The Chicago Woman's Club raised $ 40,000 to create an industrial school for boys in Glenwood, Illinois. Hester C. Jeffrey established woman's clubs which helped raise
2975-649: The Ebell Club in Los Angeles , emphasizes what makes women's clubs unique: "It is a wondrous thing to be constantly surrounded by three generations of women." Women's clubs continue their original missions of concern for the welfare of their communities. The GFWC gives out the Croly Award for excellence in journalism on topics relating to women. The GFWC also provides scholarships for women, especially those who have survived domestic violence. The NACWC continues to be one of
3094-866: The Ford Foundation . In 1948 the trust also provided the seed money to establish the Russian Research Center at Harvard University, today known as the Davis Center for Russia and Eurasian Studies, as an organization that could address large-scale research from both a policy and educational points of view. In 1951, the Group Areas Act took effect in South Africa and effectively put the apartheid system into place, leading to political ascendancy for Afrikaners and dispossession for many Africans and colored people suddenly required to live in certain areas of
3213-554: The Great Depression , black women's clubs began to move towards "structural change and electoral politics". The National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) became a dominant group in the women's club movement in African-American circles. After World War II, working class and poor black women took the place of upper-class black women in organizing communities. Faculty Wives clubs began to be formed in many American universities in
3332-868: The Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 was the Woman's Political Council of Montgomery. Women's clubs were noted for promoting educational efforts around the country by their contemporaries. Putting women onto school boards was part of many women's club agendas in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Women's groups also influenced discussions about classroom size; the Chicago Woman's City Club asking that there be no more than thirty children per class. Chicago clubs also helped sponsor school lunches for students. Clubwomen have also protested cuts in teacher's salaries. Black women's clubs worked to create educational opportunities for their communities when these areas were ignored by white people. Kindergartens and nursery schools in
3451-539: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 and were often involved in much of the organization's local work. By 1900, almost every black community had a women's club. By 1910, in proportion to population size, African-American women's clubs outpaced white women's clubs in the number of clubs created. By 1914, the NACW had fifty-thousand members and over a thousand clubs participating in
3570-458: The Progressive era and served the same functions of community, cultural education, and service that characterized larger groups. One of the clubs' primary functions was fostering community among those affiliated with the university. The wives at Ball State University held regular dinners for their husbands, both to relieve stress and build relationships. At University of Washington the wives formed
3689-554: The Texas Association of Women's Clubs also denounced lynching. The purpose of the ASWPL was to end lynching in the United States. Women's groups, like the NACWC, began to support desegregation in the 1950s. The Montana Federation of Colored Women's Clubs led campaigns for civil rights between 1949 and 1955. They also helped draft anti-segregation legislation. The initial organizer of
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3808-736: The 1840s. African-American women helped organize many anti-slavery groups, the earliest founded in 1832, and white women followed black women's lead in creating abolition groups. As women began to have more leisure time, they started woman's clubs. Initially, most women's clubs focused on literary endeavors, self-improvement and created social opportunities for white middle-class women. These clubs allowed women to share ideas and helped them realize that their thoughts were important, and that together they could act on them. Literary women's clubs in pioneer areas gave women an outlet to explore reading and make friends. Many women's clubs maintained book collections for use by club members. Instead of forming
3927-606: The 1930s, women's clubs hosted programs in concert with the Works Progress Administration . When World War II broke out, women's clubs were involved in volunteering. In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act , then, in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed, and women's clubs again grew in size. While there were many organizations that encouraged change around child labor,
4046-488: The 1959-60 Ashby Commission study of Nigerian needs in postsecondary education . This study stimulated aid increases from the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States to African nations' systems of higher and professional education. Gardner had a strong interest in education, but as a psychologist he believed in the behavioral sciences and urged the corporation to funded much of the US' basic research on cognition, creativity, and
4165-472: The Advancement of Science issued two reports, Science for All Americans (1989) and Benchmarks for Science Literacy (1993), which recommended a common core of learning in science, mathematics, and technology for all citizens and helped set national standards of achievement. A new emphasis for the corporation was the danger to world peace posed by the superpower confrontation and weapons of mass destruction . The foundation underwrote scientific study of
4284-416: The Carnegie Corporation from accusations of political involvement in education, which would be viewed as private influence over public education. The corporation was aiming to prevent accusations of social-engineering of citizens by creating a separate organization. The AAAE's primary focus in the 1930s was promoting a more democratic society through the education of adults. The AAAE's most notable contribution
4403-716: The Carnegie Corporation has endowed or otherwise helped establish institutions including the United States National Research Council, Harvard University 's Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies (formerly known as the Russian Research Center), the Carnegie libraries , the University of Chicago Graduate Library School , and the Children's Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop ). It also has funded
4522-538: The Children's Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop ), producer of Sesame Street and other noted children's programs. Growing belief in the power of educational television prompted creation of the Carnegie Commission on Educational Television , whose recommendations were adopted into the Public Broadcasting Act of 1968 that established a public broadcasting system. Many other reports on US education
4641-597: The Economy. Its major publication, A Nation Prepared (1986), reaffirmed the role of the teacher as the "best hope" for quality in elementary and secondary education. That report led to the establishment a year later of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, to consider ways to attract able candidates to teaching and recognize and retain them. At the corporation's initiative, the American Association for
4760-513: The Florida Federation of Women's Clubs campaigned to create Florida's first state park in 1916, Royal Palm State Park which became the nucleus of Everglades National Park ". Idaho women's clubs also helped establish some of the first national parks; and in Utah, women's clubs "were instrumental in preserving Monument Valley ". Pennsylvanian women's clubs successfully lobbied for the creation of
4879-655: The GFWC became advocates for some of the first child labor laws. Children were hired because they were cheaper and more manageable than adults. During the early 1900s, women's labor organizations were formed to protect their rights. Among them, was Lenora O'Reilly who helped develop the WTUL that supported wage requests and promoted the end of child labor. Even before African Americans were freed from slavery , black women had started to come together to create organizations which looked after their community's welfare. Black women were very quick to "organize themselves for self-help". One of
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4998-630: The Paulding County Carnegie Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , qualifying because of its historically significant architecture and its place in local history. Most important to its place in local history was its role as the first county-level Carnegie library: its establishment prompted many other small communities to apply for library grants from the Carnegie Corporation , making it an example of
5117-809: The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. In 1916, the GFWC supported the creation of the National Park Service . In the 1930s, clubwomen involved in the PEO Sisterhood , protected the Great Sand Dunes in Colorado. In New Mexico, the Valley of Fires Recreation Area was created through the work of the Carrizozo Woman's Club. Women's clubs also helped preserve historical areas. As early as 1856,
5236-605: The Primary Grades (1994). Another, the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government (1988), recommended ways that government at all levels could make more effective use of science and technology in their operations and policies. Jointly with the Rockefeller Foundation , the corporation financed the National Commission on Teaching & America's Future, whose report, What Matters Most (1996), provided
5355-488: The Progressive Era. A number of clubs, named after her, were created in large cities across the country. In Chicago, the wealthy former abolitionist Mary Jane Richardson Jones supported the development of several clubs, serving as the first chair of Wells's. Other influential woman's club organizers were Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin and Mary Church Terrell . In 1896, the National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
5474-732: The Progressive era, many black women migrated to the Northern United States and into more urban areas . The club movement for black women in the 1890s began to focus on "social and political reform" and were more secular. Black women had to face the same issues as white women during this period but were often excluded from services and help that benefited whites only. Black women were not only excluded from white clubs but also from clubs created by black men. In addition, many black women felt as though they were defying stereotypes for their community. Woman's clubs allowed black women to combat
5593-537: The Regents Degree of the State of New York and Empire State College . The foundation's combined interest in testing and higher education resulted in establishment of a national system of college credit by examination (College-Level Entrance Examination Program of the College Entrance Examination Board ). Building on its past programs to promote the continuing education of women, the foundation made
5712-501: The United States were the creation of women's clubs. The first nursery school in the United States was created through women's clubs and club members in Chicago. The Woman's Club of El Paso started the first kindergarten in the state of Texas in 1893. Women's clubs were often involved with creating schools for delinquent boys and girls. The Texas Association of Women's Clubs (TAWC) worked for several decades to create what would later become
5831-494: The University of Washington. African-American women's clubs began to decline in the 1920s. By the 1960s, interest and membership in white women's clubs started to decline. As women had more opportunities to socialize, many clubs found their members were aging and were unable to recruit newer members. Woman's clubs began to turn over their work to city entities and became less influential. In addition, more women began to enter
5950-563: The best available knowledge from social science and education research was used to improve social policy and practice, as partner with major institutions with the capability to influence public thought and action. If "change agent" was a major term during Pifer's time, "linkage" became a byword in Hamburg's. The corporation increasingly used its convening powers to bring together experts across disciplinary and sectoral boundaries to create policy consensus and promote collaboration. Continuing tradition,
6069-421: The best scientific and scholarly talent and thinking on "prevention of rotten outcomes" - from early childhood to international relations. The corporation pivoted from higher education to the education and healthy development of children and adolescents, and the preparation of youth for a scientific and technological, knowledge-driven world. In 1984 the corporation established the Carnegie Commission on Education and
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#17328952771386188-405: The club sewed regularly at the local hospital. The Faculty Wives clubs were prominent throughout much of the 20th century. During the latter half, some of the clubs merged with other groups to form University Women's club, reflecting the change in faculty diversity and gender roles in the United States. Other wives clubs have remained independent and vibrant in their community, like the one at
6307-452: The commission made detailed suggestions for introducing more flexibility into the structure and financing of higher education. One outgrowth of the commission's work was creation of the federal Pell grants program offering tuition assistance for needy college students. The corporation promoted the Doctor of Arts "teaching" degree as well as various off-campus undergraduate degree programs, including
6426-427: The community as recently as 2007 with the creation of an evening group. Some clubs have had success with creating programs that are meant to be attractive to younger women. The Des Moines Women's Club established in 1885, continues to support the community today with scholarships, an annual art exhibition, and continued support to its historic club house and museum, Hoyt Sherman Place . Shirlee Haizlip , president of
6545-465: The controversy surrounding the issue, and even if they addressed racial inequalities, they did so "tactfully in order to gain members and support". Some white women's clubs were frankly unconcerned with issues relating to African Americans because they "supported the racist ideology and practices of their era". In 1907, magazine publisher Edward Gardner Lewis created the American Woman's League as
6664-510: The corporation continued to engage with major issues confronting higher education. Domestically, it emphasized reform of teacher education and examined the current status and future of liberal arts education in the United States. Abroad, the corporation sought to devise methods to strengthen higher education and public libraries in Sub Saharan Africa . As a cross-program initiative, and in cooperation with other foundations and organizations,
6783-637: The corporation financed at this time, included Charles E. Silberman 's acclaimed Crisis in the Classroom (1971), and the controversial Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America by Christopher Jencks (1973). This report confirmed quantitative research, e.g. the Coleman Report , showed that in public schools resources only weakly correlated with educational outcomes, which coincided with
6902-528: The corporation initiated the Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa. Better known as the "Carnegie Poor White Study" , it promoted strategies to improve the lives of rural Afrikaner whites and other poor whites in general. A memorandum sent to Keppel said there was "little doubt that if the natives were given full economic opportunity, the more competent among them would soon outstrip
7021-403: The corporation instituted a scholars program, offering funding to individual scholars, particularly in the social sciences and humanities , in the independent states of the former Soviet Union . On November 18, 2021, the corporation announced that Louise Richardson will become its next and 13th president. She joined the foundation in January 2023 at the end of her seven-year term as head of
7140-515: The corporation joined the Ford and Rockefeller foundations and others in funding educational litigation by civil rights organizations. It also initiated a program to train black lawyers in the South for the practice of public interest law and to increase the legal representation of black people. Maintaining its commitment to early childhood education, the corporation endorsed the application of research knowledge in experimental and demonstration programs, which subsequently provided strong evidence of
7259-411: The country only, on pain of imprisonment for remaining in possession of homes in areas designated for whites. The Carnegie corporation pulled its philanthropic endeavors from South Africa for more than two decades after this political change, turning its attention from South Africa to developing East African and West African universities instead. John W. Gardner was promoted from a staff position to
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#17328952771387378-507: The country. Clubwomen would often donate art to schools. Other clubs created traveling art collections and art libraries for communities. Clubs also hosted arts exhibits. The FFWC promoted Old Folks at Home by Stephen Foster as the state song. African-American women promoted the arts, focusing on "celebrating African American traditions and culture." These included African-American music, theater and dance. Clubwomen saw themselves as carrying on both art and tradition of their lives in
7497-403: The country. Woman's clubs in the late 1800s described themselves as attempting to "exert a refining and ennobling influence" on their communities. They also saw woman's clubs as an intellectual and practical good which would create better women and a better country. Sorosis and the GFWC saw large increases in membership in 1889 and 1890. The GFWC grew to around a million women by 1910, and to
7616-423: The creation of hospitals. In Seattle, Anna Herr Clise created what later became the Seattle Children's Hospital . Other clubs helped set up health centers and clinics. Carnegie Corporation of New York The Carnegie Corporation of New York is a philanthropic fund established by Andrew Carnegie in 1911 to support education programs across the United States, and later the world. Since its founding,
7735-581: The early 20th century. They were brought together through the careers of the members' spouses. The clubs were localized around their particular affiliation and geographically restricted, thus most of their clubs did not receive the same volume of members nor the publicity of some of the earlier groups. However, their existence can still be seen in various archives at universities across the United States such as University of Washington , Kent State University , Emporia State University , and Ball State University . These Faculty Wives clubs were formed during
7854-530: The environment. Women's clubs helped in the creation of the Mesa Verde National Park . Under the direction of Virginia McClurg , women's organizations in Colorado supported the creation of the park. The Colorado Federation of Women's Clubs (CFWC) helped McClurg, and created a committee that would eventually become the Colorado Cliff Dwellings Association. In California, women's clubs helped preserve Sequoia trees and protested against "the environmentally destructive Hetch Hetchy Dam ". May Mann Jennings and
7973-428: The establishment of a library to serve the entirety of Paulding County. Built with this donation, the Paulding County Carnegie Library was the first Carnegie library to serve an entire county instead of a single city. The process of obtaining the money for the library and constructing the building with the resulting funds occupied approximately three years, beginning in 1912 and concluding in 1914. Since its completion,
8092-414: The feasibility of the proposed federal Strategic Defense Initiative and joined the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to support the analytic work of a new generation of arms control and nuclear nonproliferation experts. After the end of the USSR , corporation grants helped promote the concept of cooperative security among erstwhile adversaries and projects to build democratic institutions in
8211-427: The first African-American women's club was the Female Benevolent Society of St. Thomas, in Philadelphia, which was started in 1793. At the time, Philadelphia had numerous black organizations. After the African Benevolent Society in Newport, Rhode Island , would not allow women to be officers or vote, women created their own group. Another group, the Colored Female Religious and Moral Society in Salem, Massachusetts
8330-453: The forefront of various civil rights issues, denouncing lynching, promoting women's rights and voting rights. Women's clubs helped promote civil rights , as well as improving conditions for black women in the country. Some women's clubs also worked to understand people's fear of immigrants during the late 1900s. Settlement houses , created by woman's clubs, helped settle and integrate European immigrants. The Fannie Jackson Coppin Club
8449-420: The former Soviet Union and Central Europe . The Prevention of Proliferation Task Force, coordinated by a grant to the Brookings Institution , inspired the Nunn-Lugar Amendment to the Soviet Threat Reduction Act of 1991, intended to help dismantle Soviet nuclear weapons and reduce proliferation risks. More recently, the corporation addressed interethnic and regional conflict and funded projects seeking to diminish
8568-513: The foundation established several other major study groups, often directed by the president and managed by a special staff. Three groups covered the educational and developmental needs of children and youth from birth to age fifteen: the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development (1986), the Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Young Children (1991), and the Carnegie Task Force on Learning in
8687-555: The foundation's burgeoning interest in improved school effectiveness. Becoming involved with South Africa again during the mid-1970s, the corporation worked through universities to increase the legal representation of black people and increase the practice of public interest law. At the University of Cape Town , it established the Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa, this time to examine
8806-585: The founding of the first Progressive era women's clubs, Sorosis and the New England Women's Club , most organizations for women were auxiliaries of groups for men or were church-related. Jane Cunningham Croly of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) wrote in 1898 that women were first able to reach out of their homes through religious institutions. By becoming involved in church or charitable groups, women were able to find companionship and
8925-592: The funding decisions. Other seats on the board were held ex officio by presidents of five previously established US Carnegie organizations: After Carnegie died in 1919, the trustees elected a full-time salaried president as the trust's chief executive officer and ex officio trustee. For a time the corporation's gifts followed the patterns Carnegie had already established. Grants for public libraries and church organs continued until 1917, and also went to other Carnegie organizations, and universities, colleges, schools, and educational agencies. Carnegie's letter of gift to
9044-586: The funds for young black women to take classes at what would later become the Rochester Institute of Technology . Clubs, like the Chicago Woman's Club, taught the blind and provided job skills. Many women's clubs believed that compulsory education for young people would help solve many child labor issues. In Chicago, the Woman's City Club worked with other clubs in order to help students stay in school past age 14. The Illinois Collegiate Alumnae association helped
9163-745: The government draw up a law in 1897 to ensure that children between the ages of seven and fourteen were in school for sixteen weeks of the year. Women's clubs helped support and influence the creation of higher education. The Texas Federation of Women's Clubs "was a significant force behind the establishment of Texas Woman's University ." Women's clubs helped raise money for new college buildings. Other clubs created scholarship funds for their communities. These organizations also helped produce research showing that higher education benefited women. Women's clubs today continue to sponsor scholarships for higher education. Women's club activities were seen by contemporaries as helping to spread art appreciation across
9282-627: The house of the librarian herself. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the construction of public libraries was proceeding rapidly, due in part to the generosity of steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie . Many large and small cities, such as the Ohio communities of Columbus and East Liverpool , constructed libraries with money donated by Carnegie, but none had been built in small villages such as Paulding. Nevertheless, local residents worked to secure money from Carnegie, and their efforts succeeded where all before them had failed: his grant provided for
9401-498: The idea of municipal housekeeping , women were also able to justify their involvement in government. Later, in 1921, Alice Ames Winter describes how women had begun to see "their homes as the units out of which society was built", and that home life and public life were linked. Women's clubs "established the idea that women had a moral duty and responsibility to transform, define and shape public policy". Women's clubs were also "training schools" for women who wanted to get involved in
9520-533: The isolation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States . Women's clubs, especially during the Progressive era , helped shape their communities and the country. Many progressive ideals were pressed into action through the resources of women's clubs, including kindergartens, juvenile courts, and park conservation. Women's clubs, many with their literary backgrounds, helped promote and raise money for schools, universities and libraries. Women's clubs were often at
9639-547: The key early experiments in continuing education for women, with major grants to the University of Minnesota (1960, co-directors Elizabeth L. Cless and Virginia L. Senders), Radcliffe College (1961, under President Mary Bunting ), and Sarah Lawrence College (1962, under Professor Esther Raushenbush). Gardner's interest in leadership development led to the White House Fellows program in 1964. Notable grant projects in higher education in sub-Saharan Africa include
9758-590: The late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs (CNDA) hosted well-known singers such as Etta Moten . CNDA also hosted an exhibit of African art, literature, and music called The Negro in Art Week in 1927. Women's clubs were involved in protecting natural resources . Many women's clubs started out by beautifying their cities and states. Clubs would sponsor and maintain playgrounds , and dedicate and maintain cemeteries . Later, clubs, like
9877-402: The learning process, particularly among young children, associating psychology and education. Perhaps its most important contribution to reform of pre-college education at this time was the series of education studies done by James B. Conant , former president of Harvard University ; in particular, Conant's study of comprehensive American high schools (1959) resolved public controversy concerning
9996-573: The legacies of apartheid and make recommendations to nongovernmental organizations for actions commensurate with the long-run goal of achieving a democratic, interracial society. The influx of nontraditional students and " baby boomers " into higher education prompted formation of the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education (1967), funded by the CFAT. (During 1972, the CFAT became an independent institution after experiencing three decades of restricted control over its own affairs.) In its more than ninety reports,
10115-478: The less competent whites" Keppel endorsed the project that produced the report, motivated by his concern with maintaining existing racial boundaries. The corporation's concern for the so-called "poor white problem" in South Africa stemmed at least in part from similar misgivings about poor whites in the American South . White poverty defied traditional understandings of white racial superiority and thus became
10234-405: The library by climbing a stairway with a stone balustrade to a central entrance that sits within a stone archway; small Palladian windows with stone pediments are placed on each side of the entrance. Among the details visible on the building's exterior are pilasters on all of its corners, string courses that parallel the lintels , multiple cartouches , and an elaborate cornice . Inside,
10353-410: The library features six rooms: three large book rooms, a vestibule , a lobby, and an office. The design of the interior includes elements such as marble in the vestibule, oak panels and decorations in the reading rooms, fireplaces, and Tuscan pilasters. Although its architecture is restrained, the library remains a fine example of Neoclassical architecture with a Beaux-Arts influence. In 1983,
10472-675: The library has never been significantly modified, and it remains a significant part of the community. Located on South Main Street near downtown, the library remains one of Paulding's most important community buildings and a center of local pride. In 1911, Andrew Carnegie's private secretary, James Bertram , published a set of guidelines that he saw as ideal for library architecture. Since three years previously, he had required libraries to submit plans for his approval before releasing money, due to what he saw as overly ornate designs being built with his employer's money. The Paulding County Carnegie Library
10591-443: The long-term positive effects of high-quality early education, particularly for the disadvantaged. A 1980 report on Highscope 's Perry Preschool Project—which focused on the outcomes for sixteen-year-olds enrolled in experimental preschool programs—provided crucial evidence that safeguarded Project Head Start in a time of deep cuts to federal social programs. The foundation also promoted educational children's television and initiated
10710-668: The modern era were adaptable in response to societal changes over time. The missions of women's clubs, like the Colony Club , founded in 1903, and the Cosmopolitan Club , founded in 1909, remain relevant today, and the clubs remain successful. During the early 21st century, numerous new private women's clubs formed in support of personal and professional affiliations and business networking , including AllBright , Belizean Grove , The Riveter , The Wing and Chief , with growth attributed to factors including advances in technology and
10829-638: The natural and social sciences. The corporation made large grants to the National Academy of Sciences / National Research Council , the Carnegie Institution of Washington , the National Bureau of Economic Research , Stanford University 's now-defunct Food Research Institute and the Brookings Institution , then became interested in adult education and lifelong learning , an obvious follow-on to Carnegie's vision for libraries as "the university of
10948-414: The original trustees making the endowment said that the trustees would "best conform to my wishes by using their own judgement." Corporation strategies changed over the years but remained focused on education, although the trust did also increasingly fund scientific research, convinced that the nation needed more scientific expertise and "scientific management". It also worked to build research facilities for
11067-519: The people". In 1919 it initiated the Americanization Study to explore educational opportunities for adults, primarily for new immigrants. With Frederick P. Keppel as president (1923–1941), the Carnegie Corporation shifted from creating public libraries to strengthening library infrastructure and services, developing adult education, and adding arts education to the programs of colleges and universities. The foundation's grants in this period have
11186-430: The period's stereotypes which "portrayed African American women as devoid of morality, sexually wanton and incapable of upholding marital and family responsibilities". Being a member of a woman's club also helped give black women greater social standing in their communities. Black colleges helped the creation of African-American women's clubs. Ida B. Wells was an important figure in the growth of these clubs during
11305-470: The presidency in 1955. Gardner simultaneously became president of the CFAT, which was housed at the corporation. During Gardner's time in office the Carnegie Corporation worked to upgrade academic competence in foreign area studies and strengthened its liberal arts education program. In the early 1960s it inaugurated a continuing education program and funded development of new models for advanced and professional study by mature women. Important funding went to
11424-520: The public sphere. They helped women attain both social and political power. Many women's clubs increased their memberships by having other members sponsor or nominate new members to the group. Clubs often organized themselves by committee, or division. Many women's clubs created and occupied their own clubhouses. Today these clubhouses have continued to be the site of women's meetings and other gatherings. Some women's clubs created and continue to publish their own journals and newsletters. Prior to
11543-435: The public, and the media, in order to foster policy debate. Developing programs that larger organizations, especially governments, could implement and scale in size became a major objective. The policy shift to institutional knowledge transfer came in part as a response to relatively diminished resources that made it necessary to leverage assets and "multiplier effects" to have any effect at all. The corporation considered itself
11662-482: The purpose of public secondary education, and made the case that schools could adequately educate both average students and the academically gifted. Under Gardner, the corporation embraced strategic philanthropy—planned, organized, and deliberately constructed to attain stated ends. Funding criteria no longer required just a socially desirable project. The corporation sought out projects that would produce knowledge leading to useful results, communicated to decision-makers,
11781-611: The ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865, black women continued to organize and often worked with churches to ensure their communities were taken care of. Many of these organizations were "so resilient that they were able to survive the twin disasters of bank failure and yellow fever ". In 1868, black women's clubs were formed in Harris County, Texas . Between 1880 and 1920, black women in Indianapolis, Indiana had created more than 500 clubs addressing various issues. During
11900-568: The results through major universities. The corporation advocated for standardized testing in schools to determine academic merit regardless of the student's socio-economic background. Its initiatives have also included helping to broker the creation of the Educational Testing Service in 1947. The corporation determined that the U.S. increasingly needed policy and scholarly expertise in international affairs, and so tied into area studies programs at colleges and universities as well as
12019-791: The risks of a wider war resulting from civil strife. Two Carnegie commissions, Reducing the Nuclear Danger (1990), the other Preventing Deadly Conflict (1994), addressed the dangers of human conflict and the use of weapons of mass destruction. The corporation's emphasis in Commonwealth Africa, meanwhile, shifted to women's health and political development and the application of science and technology, including new information systems, to foster research and expertise in indigenous scientific institutions and universities. During Hamburg's tenure, dissemination achieved even greater primacy with respect to strategic philanthropy. Consolidation and diffusion of
12138-648: The rural south in northern cities in the United States where they repurposed abandoned buildings as "community centers, settlement houses, parks and playgrounds." The Woman's City Club and the City Club of Chicago both worked on issues relating to waste disposal . The Woman's City Club was, in contrast, more interested in the health and safety of the city as opposed to the men's group who were more interested in making money from sanitation. The Carrizozo Woman's Club of New Mexico helped bring sanitation to their city. Women's club members were involved in hospital reform and
12257-456: The schools; and broadened opportunities in higher education. A fourth objective cutting across these programs was to improve the democratic performance of government. Grants were made to reform state government as the laboratories of democracy , underwrite voter education drives, and mobilize youth to vote, among other measures. Use of the legal system became a method for achieving equal opportunity in education, as well as redress of grievance, and
12376-621: The spread of the self-improvement and adult education movements to rural areas in the early twentieth century. Today, the library is one of four Paulding County historic sites on the National Register, along with the nearby Paulding County Courthouse , the former train station in Antwerp , and a round barn near Paulding. The Paulding County Carnegie Library is the center of the Paulding County library system, which also operates branches in
12495-434: The subject of study. The report recommended that "employment sanctuaries" be established for poor white workers and that poor white workers replace "native" workers in most skilled aspects of the economy. The authors of the report suggested that white racial deterioration and miscegenation would be the outcome unless something was done to help poor whites, endorsing the necessity of the role of social institutions to play in
12614-489: The successful maintenance of white racial superiority. The report expressed trepidation concerning the loss of white racial pride, with the implicit consequence that poor whites would not successfully resist "Africanisation." The report sought, in part, to forestall the historically inevitable accession of a communal, class based, democratic socialist movement aimed at uniting the poor of each race in common cause and brotherhood. World War II and its immediate aftermath were
12733-568: The teacups, at meetings of their peers in some lady's drawing room, while unsightly heaps of rubbish flanked the paths over which they had passed in their journeys thither." Women justified their movement into social reform by using the Victorian idea that women were naturally morally superior to men. As clubs moved from self-improvement to community improvement, women's clubs in the Western U.S. lagged somewhat behind clubs formed in more developed parts of
12852-406: The time, to gain greater influence in their communities. As women gained more rights, the need for clubs to exercise political and social influence became less important. Over time, participation in women's clubs has waned in the United States. However, many clubs still continue to operate and influence their communities. The woman's club movement became part of Progressive era social reform, which
12971-457: The top ten non-profit organizations in the United States. It has adopted modern issues to tackle, such as fighting AIDS and violence against women. Many of today's women's clubs also provide cultural opportunities for their communities. Some groups continue to support their original missions, such as the Alpha Home, which provides care for elderly black people. Women's clubs that endured into
13090-506: The umbrella organization. Black women wanted to be visible and NACW helped them organize to improve conditions in their communities. There were also many African-American versions of the WCTU and the YWCA . The NACW raised more than $ 5 million in war bonds during World War I . The Woman's Club of Norfolk wrote letters and sent care packages to the segregated black units sent to fight overseas. During
13209-465: The villages of Antwerp, Oakwood , and Payne . Women%27s club The woman's club movement was a social movement that took place throughout the United States that established the idea that women had a moral duty and responsibility to transform public policy. While women's organizations had existed earlier, it was not until the Progressive era (1896–1917) that they came to be considered
13328-512: The war effort during World War I . Women in clubs raised money, worked with the Red Cross , financed the Home Guard and set up communications within the community to share information quickly. Woman's clubs also knitted socks, rolled bandages for soldiers and sold war bonds . In Texas, the Texas Federation of Women's Clubs (TFWC) helped create recreational canteens for soldiers. During
13447-648: The workforce during the 1960s and had less spare time to devote to club work. Many women today are working long hours or spending time with their children's extracurricular activities . By 2010, the number of women's clubs had significantly decreased across the country. This reflects a trend in all club memberships in the United States: most clubs are losing members because there is a lack of leisure time for younger people. Some clubs are still active. The Houston Heights Woman's Club and The Women's Club of Forest Hills have found ways to reach out to younger residents in
13566-468: Was created in 1818. Black women's clubs helped raise money for the anti-slavery newspaper The North Star . Many black churches owed their existence to the dedicated work of African-American women organizing in their communities. Black women's literary clubs began to show up as early as 1831, with the Female Literary Society of Philadelphia. After slavery was ended in the United States with
13685-555: Was created in 1899 by members of the Beth Eden Baptist Church, one of the oldest African-American religious institutions in Oakland, California , to "provide hospitality and housing services to African-American visitors who were not welcomed in the segregated hotels and other businesses" in the state. Some white woman's clubs promoted desegregation early on, though these efforts were small in scope. The Chicago Woman's Club admitted
13804-492: Was founded. The NACW grew out of anti-lynching campaigns spearheaded by Wells. Wells's anti-lynching campaign provoked the president of the Missouri Press Association who viciously attacked black women in a letter that was widely circulated among women's clubs by Ruffin. Ruffin eventually helped bring together the NACW, using the letter as a "call to action". Both black and white women were involved in creating
13923-525: Was later much cited in legal challenges to segregation. Keppel believed foundations should make facts available and let them facts speak for themselves. His cogent writings on philanthropy made a lasting impression on field and influenced the organization and leadership of many new foundations. In 1927, Keppel toured sub-Saharan Africa and recommended a first set of grants to establish public schools in eastern and southern Africa. Other grants went to for municipal library development in South Africa. During 1928
14042-467: Was reflected by many of the reforms and issues addressed by club members. According to Maureen A. Flanagan, many women's clubs focused on the welfare of their community because of their shared experiences in tending to the well-being of home-life. Tending to the community was often called "municipal housekeeping" during the Progressive era and reflected a shared belief by many club members that home and city life were linked through city hall. By constructing
14161-793: Was the Harlem Experiment, an initiative to provide adult education to African Americans in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance that began in 1926. Keppel initiated a famous 1944 study of race relations in the United States by the Swedish social economist Gunnar Myrdal in 1937 by naming a non-American outsider as manager of the study. His theory that this task should be done by someone unencumbered by traditional attitudes or earlier conclusions led to Myrdal's widely heralded book American Dilemma (1944). The book had no immediate effect on public policy, but
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