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77-415: Stephen Paul Motian (March 25, 1931 – November 22, 2011) was an American jazz drummer , percussionist, and composer. He played an important role in freeing jazz drummers from strict time-keeping duties. Motian first came to prominence in the late 1950s in the piano trio of Bill Evans and later was a regular in pianist Keith Jarrett 's band for about a decade (c. 1967–1976). The drummer began his career as

154-434: A measure in musical terms) into groups of two and three, and the use of repetitive rhythms used throughout a musical piece, often called clave rhythms . This last quality is one of special importance, as there are several pronounced occurrences of this pattern and the aesthetics that accompany it in the world of jazz. Clave is a tool for keeping time and determining which beats in a composition should be accented. In Africa,

231-567: A Grammy Award in 2009. The package includes a disc of duets and another disc with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra . Towards the end of the 1970s, Corea embarked on a series of concerts with fellow pianist Herbie Hancock. These concerts were presented in elegant settings with both artists dressed formally and performing on concert grand pianos. The two played each other's compositions, as well as pieces by other composers such as Béla Bartók , and duets. In 1982, Corea performed The Meeting ,

308-628: A bandleader in the early 1970s. Perhaps his two most notable groups were a longstanding trio with guitarist Bill Frisell and saxophonist Joe Lovano as well as the Electric Bebop Band, in which he worked mostly with younger musicians on interpretations of bebop standards. Motian was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and raised in Providence, Rhode Island . He was of Armenian descent. After playing guitar in his childhood, Motian began playing

385-432: A base, which was brought from the previous rough quality to the smooth, flowing rhythm we know today by "Papa" Jo Jones , as well as a standardized drum set, drummers were able to experiment with comping patterns and subtleties in their playing. One such innovator was Sidney "Big Sid" Catlett . His many contributions included comping with the bass drum, playing "on top of the beat" (imperceptibly speeding up), playing with

462-493: A beat that functions in jazz as the clave does in Cuban music: a "mental metronome" for the other members of the ensemble. Warren "Baby" Dodds , one of the most famous and important of the second generation of New Orleans jazz drummers, stressed the importance of drummers playing something different behind every chorus. His style was regarded as overly busy by some of the older generation of jazz musicians such as Bunk Johnson . Beneath

539-475: A different texture in the music, as well as using odd combinations of notes to change feeling, would never have been possible with the stiffness of drumming in the previous generation. Compositions from this new period required this greater element of participation and creativity on the part of the drummer. Elvin Jones, a member of John Coltrane's quartet, developed a novel style based on a feeling of three partly due to

616-437: A drummer from this time would have an extremely small role in the band as a whole. Drummers seldom soloed , as was the case with all other instruments in earliest jazz, which was based heavily on the ensemble. When they did, the resultant performance sounded more like a marching cadence than personal expression. Most other rhythmic ideas came from ragtime and its precursors, like the dotted eighth note series. The drummers and

693-768: A full symphony orchestra—and performed it in 1999 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra . In 2004, he composed his first work without keyboards: his String Quartet No. 1 was written for the Orion String Quartet and performed by them at 2004's Summerfest in Wisconsin. Corea continued recording fusion albums such as To the Stars (2004) and Ultimate Adventure (2006). The latter won the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group . In 2008,

770-456: A horn section. He collaborated with flamenco guitarist Paco De Lucía years later on the Touchstone and Zyryab albums. In the 1970s, Corea started working with vibraphonist Gary Burton , with whom he recorded several duet albums for ECM, including 1972's Crystal Silence . They reunited in 2006 for a concert tour. A new record called The New Crystal Silence was issued in 2008 and won

847-477: A live duet with the classical pianist Friedrich Gulda . In December 2007, Corea recorded a duet album, The Enchantment , with banjoist Béla Fleck . Fleck and Corea toured extensively for the album in 2007. Fleck was nominated in the Best Instrumental Composition category at the 49th Grammy Awards for the track "Spectacle". In 2008, Corea collaborated with Japanese pianist Hiromi Uehara on

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924-434: A logical fashion. The specific genre of Afro-Cuban jazz is influenced by the traditional rhythms of Cuba, rather than from the entire Caribbean and other parts of the world. The military drumming of America, predominantly fife and drum corps, in the 19th century and earlier supplied much of the technique and instrumentation of the early jazz drummers. Influential players like Warren "Baby" Dodds and Zutty Singleton used

1001-399: A member of Miles Davis 's band in the late 1960s, he participated in the birth of jazz fusion . In the 1970s he formed Return to Forever . Along with McCoy Tyner , Herbie Hancock and Keith Jarrett , Corea is considered to have been one of the foremost pianists of the post- John Coltrane era. Corea continued to collaborate frequently while exploring different musical styles throughout

1078-466: A number of albums which were originally issued by the Soul Note label: The Story of Maryam , Jack of Clubs , Misterioso , Notes (with Paul Bley ), One Time Out (with Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano) and Flux and Change (duet with Enrico Pieranunzi). In November 2012, Winter & Winter released Paul Motian on Broadway Vol. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 which collects the five volumes of On Broadway into

1155-569: A rare cancer on February 9, 2021, shortly after his diagnosis. He was 79. Corea's 1968 album Now He Sings, Now He Sobs was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. In 1997, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music . In 2010, he was named Doctor Honoris Causa at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Grammy Awards As of May 2024, Corea has won 27 Grammy Awards and

1232-560: A self-titled album in 1989 and a live follow-up, Alive , in 1991, both featuring John Patitucci on bass and Dave Weckl on drums. It marked a return to traditional jazz trio instrumentation in Corea's career, and the bulk of his subsequent recordings have featured acoustic piano. In 1992, Corea started his own label, Stretch Records . In 2001, the Chick Corea New Trio, with bassist Avishai Cohen and drummer Jeff Ballard , released

1309-457: A single set. ECM Records released a box set titled Paul Motian in April 2013, as part of the label's continuing Old & New Masters Edition series. This set compiles the six albums that Motian recorded for ECM between 1972 and 1984; Conception Vessel , Tribute , Dance , Le Voyage , Psalm and It Should've Happened a Long Time Ago . The first posthumous release to feature Motian

1386-761: A six-week stand at the Blue Note Jazz Club in Greenwich Village , New York City. "I pretty well ignore the numbers that make up 'age'. It seems to be the best way to go. I have always just concentrated on having the most fun I can with the adventure of music." Corea and his first wife Joanie had two children, Thaddeus and Liana; the marriage ended in divorce. In 1972, Corea married his second wife, vocalist/pianist Gayle Moran . In 1968, Corea read Dianetics , author L. Ron Hubbard 's most well-known self-help book, and developed an interest in Hubbard's other works in

1463-547: A trumpeter who led a Dixieland band in Boston in the 1930s and 1940s, introduced him to the piano at the age of four. Surrounded by jazz, he was influenced at an early age by bebop and musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie , Charlie Parker , Bud Powell , Horace Silver , and Lester Young . He came into possession of a drumset at age 11, and would occasionally play drums for the rest of his career. Corea developed his piano skills while exploring music on his own. A notable influence

1540-435: Is probably how today's hi-hat , a major part of today's drum set, came about. Military technique and instrumentation were undoubtedly factors in the development of early jazz and its drumming, but the melodic and metric elements in jazz are more easily traced to the dance bands of the time period. Black drummers were able to acquire their technical ability from fife and drum corps, but the application of these techniques in

1617-485: Is synonymous with being "off-beat", and it is, among many things, a result of placing African rhythms written in odd combinations of notes (e.g., 3+3+2) into the evenly divided European metric concept. Ragtime was another style derived from black musicians playing European instruments, specifically the piano, but using African rhythms. The first true jazz drummers had a somewhat limited palette to draw on, despite their broad range of influence. Military rudiments and beats in

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1694-532: The Juilliard School . He later dropped out so he could spend more time playing gigs. Corea began his professional recording and touring career in the early 1960s with Mongo Santamaria , Willie Bobo , Blue Mitchell , Herbie Mann , and Stan Getz . In 1966, he recorded his debut album, Tones for Joan's Bones . In March 1968, he recorded the highly regarded trio album, Now He Sings, Now He Sobs , with drummer Roy Haynes and bassist Miroslav Vitouš . In

1771-455: The traditional military drumstick grip , military instruments, and played in the style of military drummers using rudiments , a group of short patterns which are standard in drumming. The rhythmic composition of this music was also important in early jazz and beyond. Very different from the African performance aesthetic, a flowing style which does not directly correspond to Western time signatures,

1848-430: The 1970s and early 1980s and then for Soul Note , JMT , and Winter & Winter before returning to ECM in 2005. From the early 1980s he led a trio featuring guitarist Bill Frisell and saxophonist Joe Lovano, occasionally joined by bassists Ed Schuller , Charlie Haden, or Marc Johnson , and other musicians, including Jim Pepper , Lee Konitz, Dewey Redman and Geri Allen . In addition to playing Motian's compositions,

1925-562: The 1980s and 1990s. As of June 2024, he has won 27 Grammy Awards and was nominated 72 times for the award. Armando Corea was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts , on June 12, 1941, to parents Anna (née Zaccone) and Armando J. Corea. He was of southern Italian descent, his father having been born to an immigrant from Albi , a commune in the Province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region. His father,

2002-574: The Carl Michel Group released Music in Motian via Play On Records. In 2020, Haşmet Asilkan arranged the songs of Motian for solo guitar and released them under the title Paul Motian Songbook Jazz drumming Jazz required a method of playing percussion different from traditional European styles, one that was easily adaptable to the different rhythms of the new genre, fostering the creation of jazz drumming's hybrid technique. As each period in

2079-557: The Davis group with Corea to form their own group, Circle , with multireedist Anthony Braxton and drummer Barry Altschul . They were active from 1970 to 1971, and recorded on Blue Note and ECM . In 1971, Corea, at the behest of ECM producer Manfred Eicher , began playing solo piano, recording the sessions that became Piano Improvisations Vol. 1 and Piano Improvisations Vol. 2 in April of that year. In 1974, Corea collaborated with Richie Grasso on three tracks which would later be in

2156-767: The European repertoire. One such dance was the "congo". The performers of this novel music (to the predominantly white audience) created music for their own entertainment and uses as well. Enslaved persons in America had many musical traditions that became important to the music of the country, particularly jazz. After work was done, these people would hold musical performances in which they played on pseudo-instruments made of washtubs and other objects newly used for musical purposes, and also played rhythms on their bodies, called " pattin' juba ". The only area where enslaved persons were allowed to perform their music, other than private locations,

2233-563: The Love of Sarah) was released in September 2011, featuring Jeff Cosgrove, John Hebert, Mat Maneri and Jamie Masefield. November 2011 saw the release of Joel Harrison 's String Choir: The Music of Paul Motian . Harrison arranged Motian's music for a string quartet (featuring Christian Howes , Sam Bardfeld, Mat Maneri, and Dana Leong ), plus two guitars ( Liberty Ellman and Harrison). Russ Lossing 's Drum Music: Music of Paul Motian (Solo Piano)

2310-477: The Sun was released - by coincidence - on the day of Motian's death. Motian's final album as bandleader was The Windmills of Your Mind , featuring Bill Frisell, Thomas Morgan and Petra Haden . Motian died on November 22, 2011 at the age of 80 at New York's Mount Sinai Hospital of complications from myelodysplastic syndrome . CAM Jazz released a box set titled Paul Motian in September 2010. This release compiles

2387-693: The Village Vanguard (with Marc Johnson) was issued in March 2013. CAM Jazz reissued One Time Out in March 2013, in 180g vinyl format. A compact disc edition is supplied with it. One Time Out was also issued on CD as part of the CAM Jazz Paul Motian boxset. In 2023, Frozen Reeds released "Duo in Concert," recordings of Motian freely improvising with Derek Bailey , from their two known live performances. Motian Sickness – The Music of Paul Motian (for

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2464-730: The administrative court was unsuccessful in 1996, members of the United States Congress , in a letter to the German government, denounced the ban as a violation of Corea's human rights. Corea was not banned from performing in Germany, however, and had several appearances at the government-supported International Jazz Festival in Burghausen ; he was awarded a plaque on Burghausen's "Street of Fame" in 2011. Corea died at his home in Tampa, Florida , from

2541-518: The album Past, Present & Futures . The eleven-song album includes only one standard ( Fats Waller 's " Jitterbug Waltz "). The rest of the tunes are Corea originals. He participated in 1998's Like Minds with old associates Gary Burton on vibraphone, Dave Holland on bass, Roy Haynes on drums, and Pat Metheny playing guitars. During the later part of his career, Corea also explored contemporary classical music . He composed his first piano concerto —an adaptation of his signature piece "Spain" for

2618-589: The art form itself, were products of extensive cultural mixing in various locations. The earliest occasion when this occurred was the Moorish invasion of Europe, where the cultures of France, Spain, and Africa to some extent, encountered each other and most likely exchanged some cultural information. The influence of African music and rhythms on the general mix that created jazz was profound, though this influence did not appear until later. There are several central qualities shared by African music and jazz, most prominently

2695-728: The band in Europe and on select North American dates; Brian Blade played all dates in Asia and Australia, and most dates in North America. The vast reach of Corea's music was celebrated in a 2011 retrospective with Corea guesting with the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts ; a New York Times reviewer had high praise for the occasion: "Mr. Corea was masterly with

2772-500: The band recorded the album Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy , before Connors' replacement by Al Di Meola , who later played on Where Have I Known You Before , No Mystery and Romantic Warrior . In 1976, Corea released My Spanish Heart , influenced by Hispanic music and featuring vocalist Gayle Moran (Corea's wife) and violinist Jean-Luc Ponty . The album combined jazz and flamenco , supported by Minimoog synthesizer and

2849-458: The clave is based on division of the measure into groups of three, on which only a few beats are emphasized. The Cuban clave, derived from the African version, is composed of two measures, one with three beats, one with two. The measures can be played in either order, with either the two or three beat phrase coming first, and are labeled "2-3" or "3-2", respectively. Within the jazz band, phrases known as comping patterns have included elements of

2926-525: The clave since the very early days of the music. Comping is support of other musicians, often soloists, and echoing or reinforcement of the composition. The culture that created the most commonly used version of this pattern was that of Cuba. The circumstances that created that music and culture were very similar to those that created jazz; French , African, Spanish , and native Cuban cultures were all combined in Cuba and created many popular musical forms as well as

3003-532: The clave, which was a rather early invention. The music also affected the development of a variant of jazz, known as Latin jazz . Latin jazz is generally characterized by the use of even note combinations, as opposed to the swung notes common in most other varieties of jazz. It is also heavily influenced by the clave, and composers of the music require a knowledge of the workings of percussion in Afro-Cuban music—the instruments must combine with each other in

3080-443: The constant rhythmic improvisation, Dodds played a pattern that was only somewhat more sophisticated than the basic one/three roll, but was, in fact, identical to the rhythm of today, only inverted. The rhythm was as follows: two "swung" eighth notes (the first and third notes of an eighth note triplet ), a quarter note, and then a repeat of the first three beats (sound sample "Inverted ride pattern" at right). Aside from these patterns,

3157-513: The dance bands of the 19th century allowed a more fertile ground for musical experimentation. Slaves learned traditional European dance music that they played at their masters' balls, most importantly a French dance called the quadrille , which had a particular influence on jazz and by extension jazz drumming. Musicians were also able to play dances that originated in Africa and the Caribbean in addition to

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3234-430: The displays of technical virtuosity by these men were replaced by definite change in the underlying rhythmic structure and aesthetic of jazz, moving on to an era called bebop . To a small extent in the swing era, but most strongly in the bebop period, the role of the drummer evolved from an almost purely time-keeping position to that of a member of the interactive musical ensemble. Using the clearly defined ride pattern as

3311-455: The drum set. The first drum sets also began with military drums, though various other accessories were added later in order to create a larger range of sounds, and also for novelty appeal. The most common of the accoutrements were the wood block , Chinese tom-toms (large, two-headed drums), cowbells , cymbals, and almost anything else the drummer could think of adding. The characteristic sound of this set-up could be described as "ricky-ticky":

3388-623: The drums at age 12, eventually touring New England in a swing band. During the Korean War he joined the Navy. Motian became a professional musician in 1954, and briefly played with pianist Thelonious Monk . He became well known as the drummer in pianist Bill Evans 's trio (1959–64), initially alongside bassist Scott LaFaro and later with Chuck Israels . Subsequently, he played with pianists Paul Bley (1963–64) and Keith Jarrett (1967–76). Other musicians with whom Motian performed and/or recorded in

3465-668: The duo, and standards by other composers. Corea's other bands included the Chick Corea Elektric Band , its trio reduction called "Akoustic Band", Origin, and its trio reduction called the New Trio. Corea signed a record deal with GRP Records in 1986 which led to the release of ten albums between 1986 and 1994, seven with the Elektric Band, two with the Akoustic Band, and a solo album, Expressions . The Akoustic Band released

3542-405: The early 1970s: "I came into contact with L. Ron Hubbard's material in 1968 with Dianetics and it kind of opened my mind up and it got me into seeing that my potential for communication was a lot greater than I thought it was." Corea said that Scientology became a profound influence on his musical direction in the early 1970s: "I no longer wanted to satisfy myself. I really want to connect with

3619-590: The early period of his career included Lennie Tristano , Warne Marsh , Lee Konitz , Joe Castro , Arlo Guthrie (Motian performed briefly with Guthrie in 1968–69, including at Woodstock ), Carla Bley , Charlie Haden , and Don Cherry . Motian subsequently worked with musicians such as Marilyn Crispell , Bill Frisell , Leni Stern , Joe Lovano , Gonzalo Rubalcaba , Alan Pasqua , Bill McHenry , Stéphan Oliva, Frank Kimbrough , Eric Watson and many more. Later in his career, Motian became an important composer and group leader, recording initially for ECM Records in

3696-537: The evolution of jazz— swing and bebop , for example—tended to have its own rhythmic style, jazz drumming continued to evolve along with the music through the 20th century. One tendency that emerged over time was the gradual "freeing" of the beat. But older styles persisted in later periods. The borders between these periods are unclear, partly because no one style completely replaced others, and partly because there were numerous cross influences between styles. The rhythms and use of percussion in jazz, as well as

3773-441: The fact that Coltrane's pieces of the time were based on triple subdivision. Throughout the history of jazz drumming, the beat and playing of the drummer have become progressively more fluid and "free", and in avant-garde and free jazz , this movement was largely fulfilled. A drummer named Sunny Murray is the primary architect of this new approach to drumming. Instead of playing a "beat", Murray sculpts his improvisation around

3850-536: The fall of 1968, Corea began recording and touring with Miles Davis , appearing on the widely praised Davis studio albums Filles de Kilimanjaro , In a Silent Way , Bitches Brew and On the Corner . He also appeared on later compilation albums Big Fun , Water Babies and Circle in the Round . He left Davis' band shortly after its performance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival . Bassist Dave Holland departed

3927-464: The final influences on the development of early jazz, specifically its drumming and rhythms, was Second line drumming. The term " Second line " refers to the literal second line of musicians that would often congregate behind a marching band playing at a funeral march or Mardi Gras celebration. There were usually two main drummers in the second line: bass drum and snare drum players. The rhythms played were improvisatory in nature, but similarity between what

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4004-417: The former including Elvin Jones; the latter, Tony Williams , Philly Joe Jones , and Jimmy Cobb , were also exploring new metric and rhythmic possibilities. The concept of manipulating time, making the music appear to slow down or race ahead, was something that drummers had never attempted previously, but one that was evolving quickly in this era. Layering rhythms on top of each other (a polyrhythm ) to create

4081-433: The group consisted of Flora Purim on vocals and percussion, Joe Farrell on flute and soprano saxophone, Miles Davis bandmate Airto on drums and percussion, and Stanley Clarke on acoustic double bass. Drummer Lenny White and guitarist Bill Connors later joined Corea and Clarke to form the second version of the group, which blended the earlier Latin music elements with rock and funk-oriented music. This incarnation of

4158-424: The group recorded tributes to Thelonious Monk and Bill Evans, and a series of Paul Motian on Broadway albums, featuring original interpretations of jazz standards . Despite his important associations with pianists, Motian's work as a leader since the 1970s rarely included a pianist in his ensembles and relied heavily on guitarists. Motian's first instrument was the guitar, and he apparently retained an affinity for

4235-604: The idea of a pulse, and plays with the "natural sounds that are in the instrument, and the pulsations that are in that sound”. Murray also notes that his creation of this style was due to the need for a newer kind of drumming to use in the compositions of pianist Cecil Taylor . Chick Corea Armando Anthony " Chick " Corea (June 12, 1941 – February 9, 2021) was an American jazz pianist, composer, bandleader and occasional percussionist. His compositions " Spain ", " 500 Miles High ", "La Fiesta", "Armando's Rhumba" and " Windows " are widely considered jazz standards . As

4312-422: The importance of improvisation . Some instrumental qualities from African music that appear in jazz (especially its drumming) include using unpitched instruments to produce specific musical tones or tone-like qualities, using all instruments to imitate the human voice, superimposition of one rhythmic structure onto another (e.g., a group of three against a group of two), dividing a regular section of time (called

4389-652: The instrument: in addition to his groups with Frisell, his first two solo albums on ECM featured Sam Brown , and his Electric Bebop Band featured two and occasionally three electric guitars. The group was founded in the early 1990s, and featured a variety of young guitar and saxophone players. In 2011 Motian featured on a number of new recordings, including Live at Birdland (with Lee Konitz, Brad Mehldau and Charlie Haden), Samuel Blaser 's Consort in Motion , No Comment by Augusto Pirodda, and Further Explorations with Chick Corea and Eddie Gómez . Bill McHenry 's Ghosts of

4466-410: The late 1950s and most of the '60s, drummers began to change the entire basis of their art. Elvin Jones , in an interview with DownBeat magazine, described it as "a natural step". During this time, the drummer took on an even more influential role in the jazz group at large, and started to free the drums into a more expressive instrument, allowing them to attain more equality and interactivity with

4543-628: The latter's album Season of Grace , produced by Morris Levy's Tiger Lily Records : "This Is My Universe", "I'm So Happy You're Here", and "You've Got Me Loving You". Season of Grace also contained a solo cover version of " Sweet Cherry Wine ", originally written by Grasso and Tommy James and performed by Tommy James and the Shondells . Named after their eponymous 1972 album, Corea's Return to Forever band relied on both acoustic and electronic instrumentation, and initially drew upon Hispanic music styles more than rock music. On their first two records,

4620-509: The live album Duet (Chick Corea and Hiromi) . The duo played a concert at Tokyo's Budokan arena on April 30. In 2015, he reprised the duet concert series with Hancock, again sticking to a dueling-piano format, though both now integrated synthesizers into their repertoire. The first concert in this series was at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle and included improvisations, compositions by

4697-418: The military style were essentially the only technique that they had at their disposal. However, it was necessary to adapt to the particular music being played, so new technique and greater musicianship evolved. The roll was the major technical device used, and one significant pattern was simply rolling on alternate beats. This was one of the first "ride patterns", a series of rhythms that eventually resulted in

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4774-431: The music played by military bands was rigidly within time and metric conventions, though it did have compositions in both duple and triple meter . The equipment of the drummers in these groups was of particular significance in the development of early drum sets. Cymbals , bass , and snare drums were all used. Indeed, a method of damping a set of cymbals by crunching them together while playing bass drum simultaneously

4851-420: The noise of sticks hitting objects that have very little resonance. However, drummers, including Dodds, centralized much of their playing on the bass and snare drums. By the 1920s and '30s, the early era of jazz was ending, and swing drummers like Gene Krupa , Chick Webb , and Buddy Rich began to take the bases laid down by the early masters and experiment with them. It was not until a bit later, however, that

4928-536: The other musicians, absorbing the rhythm and feeding the soloists. It sounded like a band, and Mr. Corea had no need to dominate; his authority was clear without raising volume." A new band, Chick Corea & The Vigil, featured Corea with bassist Hadrien Feraud , Marcus Gilmore on drums (carrying on from his grandfather, Roy Haynes ), saxes, flute, and bass clarinet from Origin vet Tim Garland , and guitarist Charles Altura. Corea celebrated his 75th birthday in 2016 by playing with more than 20 different groups during

5005-525: The other parts of the ensemble. In bebop, comping and keeping time were two completely different requirements of the drummer, but afterward, the two became one entity. This newfound fluidity greatly extended the improvisatory capabilities that the drummer had. The feel in jazz drumming of this period was called "broken time", which gets its name from the idea of changing patterns and the quick, erratic, unconventional movements and rhythms. Rhythm sections , in particular those of John Coltrane and Miles Davis ,

5082-446: The rhythms they played served as accompaniment for dance bands, which played ragtime and various dances, with jazz coming later. It was common in these bands to have two drummers, one playing snare drum, the other bass. Eventually, however, due to various factors (not the least of which being the financial motivation), the number of drummers was reduced to one, and this created the need for a percussionist to play multiple instruments, hence

5159-432: The soloist instead of just accompanying him, playing solos of his own with many melodic and subtle qualities, and incorporating melodicism into all of his playing. Another influential drummer of bebop was Kenny Clarke , the man who switched the four beat pulse that had previously been played on the bass drum to the ride cymbal, effectively making it possible for comping to move forward in the future. Once again, this time in

5236-556: The songs of the regions the enslaved persons were from, probably the result of their having lived in America for several generations. A large number of musicians that played in Congo Square were from the Caribbean as well. Another important influence to jazz was the blues , an expression of the hardships experienced daily by enslaved persons, in direct contrast to the work song, a celebration of work. Its musical inspiration came from where its players did, Africa. The rhythmic form of blues

5313-479: The third version of Return to Forever (Corea, Stanley Clarke, Lenny White , and Di Meola) reunited for a worldwide tour. The reunion received positive reviews from jazz and mainstream publications. Most of the group's studio recordings were re-released on the compilation Return to Forever: The Anthology to coincide with the tour. A concert DVD recorded during their performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival

5390-671: The world and make my music mean something to people." With Clarke Corea played on Space Jazz: The soundtrack of the book Battlefield Earth , a 1982 album to accompany L. Ron Hubbard's novel Battlefield Earth . Corea was excluded from a concert during the 1993 World Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany . The concert's organizers excluded him after the state government of Baden-Württemberg had announced it would review its subsidies for events featuring avowed members of Scientology. After Corea's complaint against this policy before

5467-632: Was Sunrise by the Masabumi Kikuchi Trio (with Thomas Morgan), released in March 2012 by ECM. This was followed in July 2012 by Owls Talk by Alexandra Grimal (also featuring Lee Konitz and Gary Peacock ), released by Harmonia Mundi . Two live recordings, led by pianist Enrico Pieranunzi , have been released by CAM Jazz; New York Reflections: Live at Birdland (with Steve Swallow) was released in October 2012 (exclusively in vinyl format), while Live at

5544-429: Was a basis for many developments that would appear in jazz. Though its instrumentation was mostly limited to melodic instruments and a singer, feeling and rhythm were tremendously important. The two primary feels were a pulse on alternating beats that we see in countless other forms of American music, and the shuffle, which is essentially the pattin' juba rhythm, a feel based on a division of three rather than two. One of

5621-483: Was a place in New Orleans called Congo Square . The former Africans were able to play their traditional music, which started to intermingle with the sounds of the many other cultures in New Orleans at the time: Haitian , European, Cuban, and American , as well as many other smaller denominations. They used drums almost indistinguishable from those made in Africa, though the rhythms were somewhat different from those of

5698-508: Was concert pianist Salvatore Sullo, from whom Corea began taking lessons at age eight; Sullo introduced him to classical music, helping spark his interest in musical composition. Given a black tuxedo by his father, he started playing gigs while still in high school. He enjoyed listening to Herb Pomeroy 's band at the time and had a trio that played Horace Silver's music at a local jazz club. He eventually moved to New York City, where he studied music at Columbia University , then transferred to

5775-401: Was played at various occasions came essentially to a point of consistency, and early jazz drummers were able to integrate patterns from this style into their playing as well as elements from several other styles. Before jazz came to prominence, drummers often played in a style known as ragtime , where an essential rhythmic quality of jazz first really began to be used: syncopation. Syncopation

5852-650: Was released in July 2012 by Sunnyside Records . Lossing originally recorded the album to celebrate Motian's 80th birthday; he published a video on YouTube about the recording. Ravi Coltrane included the Motian composition Fantasm on his 2012 album Spirit Fiction . The performance features Joe Lovano. Noël Akchoté independently released Fiasco (Plays the Music of Paul Motian) in July 2015, exclusively in digital format. It features solo acoustic guitar arrangements of twenty Motian compositions. In 2016, Jean-Marc Padovani released Motian in Motion via Naïve Jazz. In 2018,

5929-659: Was released in May 2009. He also worked on a collaboration CD with the vocal group The Manhattan Transfer . A new group, the Five Peace Band , began a world tour in October 2008. The ensemble included John McLaughlin, whom Corea had previously worked with in Miles Davis's late 1960s bands, including the group that recorded Davis's classic album Bitches Brew . Joining Corea and McLaughlin were saxophonist Kenny Garrett and bassist Christian McBride . Drummer Vinnie Colaiuta played with

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