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29-554: Paulus or Paul Gerhardt (12 March 1607 – 27 May 1676) was a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymnodist . Gerhardt was born into a middle-class family at Gräfenhainichen , a small town between Halle and Wittenberg . His father died in 1619, his mother in 1621. At the age of fifteen, he entered the Fürstenschule in Grimma . The school was known for its pious atmosphere and stern discipline. The school almost closed in 1626 when

58-690: Is also known as the Thorough Declaration of the Formula of Concord .) It was presented to Elector August of Saxony on May 28, 1577. Subsequently, it was signed (subscribed to) by three electors of the Holy Roman Empire , twenty dukes and princes, twenty-four counts, four barons, thirty-five free imperial cities, and over 8,000 pastors. These constituted two-thirds of the Lutheran Church in Germany at

87-560: The Epitome, the first part of the Formula of Concord. Its title as found in the 1576 first printing ran as follows: [A] Brief Summary of the articles which, controverted among the theologians of the Augsburg Confession for many years, were settled in a Christian manner at Torgau in the month of June, 1576, by the theologians which there met and subscribed . Over the eleven months following

116-672: The Nikolaikirche of Berlin. He seems to have had some hesitancy about leaving Mittenwalde since it was only after long deliberation that he accepted the appointment. When Gerhardt came to Berlin he found a city full of strife between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy. The Elector at the time was Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg , who was Reformed. He wanted to make peace between the clerical factions, but being Reformed himself, he concentrated most of his efforts on making his lands more Calvinist. He placed only Reformed pastors into parishes, removed

145-571: The Lutheran clergy, and drew up many of the statements in defense of the Lutheran faith. At the same time he was renowned for acting fraternally not only with the Lutherans but also with the Reformed clergy; he was respected and very well liked by all. His sermons and devotional writings were so free from controversy that many among the Reformed attended his services, and the wife of the Elector, Louisa Henrietta,

174-466: The Lutheran professors from the University of Frankfurt and forbade students from his lands to study at the University of Wittenberg. He also sponsored a series of conferences between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy in the hopes of having them arrive at some consensus, but the result was the opposite: the more the two sides argued, the further apart they found themselves. Gerhardt was a leading voice among

203-583: The Ontario Council of University Libraries digitized in 2009, in the Internet Archive: Formula of Concord Bible Translators Theologians Formula of Concord (1577) ( German , Konkordienformel ; Latin , Formula concordiae ; also the " Bergic Book " or the " Bergen Book ") is an authoritative Lutheran statement of faith (called a confession, creed , or "symbol") that, in its two parts ( Epitome and Solid Declaration ), makes up

232-556: The attention of Johann Crüger , the cantor and organist at the Nicolaikirche in Berlin. Crüger was impressed by Gerhardt's hymns and included many of them in his Praxis pietatis melica . The hymns proved popular, and Gerhardt and Crüger began a collaboration and friendship that continued for many years. In September 1651, Gerhardt received his first ecclesiastical appointment as the new Probst at Mittenwalde (a small town near Berlin). It

261-801: The current German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG) and the Catholic Gotteslob (GL), use in Bachs works ( BWV numbers between 1 and 200 are cantatas, BWV 245 is the St John Passion , BWV 244 is the St Matthew Passion , BWV 248 the Christmas Oratorio , BWV 439–507 appear in Schemellis Gesangbuch ), and/or notes: The New International Encyclop%C3%A6dia The New International Encyclopedia

290-732: The document a year later in Bergen Abbey, near Magdeburg , both from March 1–14, and in May, 1577. The most important formulators of the Formula of Concord were Jakob Andreä and Martin Chemnitz . Having before them two earlier documents (the Swabian-Saxon Concord , drafted by Andreä in 1574 and the so-called Maulbron Formula of 1576) the first group of theologians produced the Torgau Book . Andreä condensed this into what would become known as

319-541: The edict was withdrawn a few months later, although by this time his patroness, Electress Louisa Henrietta had died as well and so he was still without a position. In October 1668 he was called as archdeacon of Lübben in the duchy of Saxe-Merseburg , where, after a ministry of eight years, he died on 27 May 1676. Gerhardt is considered Germany's greatest hymn writer. Many of his best-known hymns were originally published in various church hymn-books, as for example in that for Brandenburg, which appeared in 1658; others first saw

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348-491: The encyclopedia itself, this publication was sold to Funk and Wagnalls in 1931. It was edited by Frank Moore Colby until his death in 1925, and then by Wade. In 1937, Frank Horace Vizetelly became editor. The yearbook outlasted the parent encyclopedia, running to 1966. More than 500 men and women submitted and composed the information contained in The New International Encyclopedia . 1903 edition, from

377-588: The final section of the Lutheran Corpus Doctrinae or Body of Doctrine , known as the Book of Concord (most references to these texts are to the original edition of 1580). The Epitome is a brief and concise presentation of the Formula's twelve articles; the Solid Declaration a detailed exposition. Approved doctrine is presented in "theses"; rejected doctrine in "antitheses." As the original document

406-973: The latter sixteenth century. They met from April 9 to June 7, 1576 in Torgau , the seat of government of the Electorate of Saxony at the time. They were Jakob Andreä (1528–90), Martin Chemnitz (1522–86), Nikolaus Selnecker (1528–92), David Chytraeus (1531–1600), Andreas Musculus (1514–81), Christoph Körner (1518–94), Caspar Heyderich (1517–86), Paul Crell (1532–79), Maximilian Mörlin (1516–84), Wolfgang Harder (1522–1602), Daniel Gräser (1504–91), Nicholas Jagenteufel (1520–83), Johannes Cornicaelius, John Schütz (1531–84), Martin Mirus (1532–93), Georg Listenius (1532–96), and Peter Glaser (1528–83). A smaller set of this group (Andreä, Chemnitz, Selnecker, Chytraeus, Musculus, and Körner) worked on

435-668: The light in Johann Crüger 's Geistliche Kirchenmelodien (1647) and Praxis pietatis melica . The first complete collection is the Geistliche Andachten , published in 1666–1667 by Ebeling, music director in Berlin. No hymn by Gerhardt of a later date than 1667 is known to exist. The life of Gerhardt has been written by Roth (1829), by Langbecker (1841), by Schultz (1842), by Wildenhahn (1845) and by Bachmann (1863); also by Kraft in Ersch's und Gruber's Allg. Encyc (1855). A short biography

464-427: The plague came to Grimma, but Paul remained and graduated from there in 1627. In January 1628 he enrolled in the University of Wittenberg. There, two teachers in particular had an influence on him: Paul Röber and Jacob Martini. Both of these men were staunch Lutherans, promoting its teachings not only in the classroom but in sermons and hymns. Röber in particular often took his sermon texts from hymns. In this way Gerhardt

493-456: The publication of the Torgau Book , suggested emendations were sent to Andreä and Chemnitz, and further revision was deemed necessary, so the second group (Andreä, Chemnitz, Selnecker, Chytraeus, Musculus, and Körner) revised the Torgau Book into its final form, known as the Bergic Book or the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord. (Depending on the translation, the Solid Declaration

522-544: The time. Every clergyman in the Electorate of Saxony had to either subscribe or write his objections with respect to the Formula of Concord. A rhyme was circulated [at the time]: "Write, dear Sir, write, that you might remain at the parish" (schreibt, lieber Herre, schreibt, dass Ihr bei der Pfarre bleibt). The Formula of Concord was not accepted by Lutherans in Hesse , Zweibrücken , Anhalt, Pommerania , Holstein , Denmark-Norway , Sweden, Nuremberg, Strassburg, and Magdeburg, and

551-458: The university. Johann Sebastian Bach used several single stanzas of Gerhardt's hymns in his church cantatas , motets , Passions and Christmas Oratorio . The hymn " Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn " is the base for Bach's chorale cantata BWV 92 . Hymn texts by Gerhardt, listed with a translation of the first line, associated hymn tune, base, liturgical occasion, the number in

580-472: Was a great admirer of him and his hymns. The Elector, however, was growing impatient with a lack of success at his conferences. He put an end to them in 1664 and published his " syncretistic " edict. Since the edict disallowed the Formula of Concord , one of the Lutheran Confessions as contained in the Book of Concord , many Lutheran clergy could not bring themselves to comply with the edict. Gerhardt

609-673: Was also done by William Dallmann, reprinted in 2003. The best modern edition of the hymns, published by Wackernagel in 1843, has often been reprinted. There is an English translation by Kelly ( Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs , 1867). Paul Gerhardt is commemorated on 26 October in the Calendar of Saints used by some Lutheran churches in the United States , on which day the achievements of Philipp Nicolai and Johann Heermann are also commemorated. A plaque in Wittenberg marks his lodgings, close to

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638-470: Was during his time in Mittenwalde when he composed most of his hymns. Also while there he married Anna Maria Barthold, one of the daughters of Andreas Barthold. Their first child was born there in 1656, but died in infancy; a memorial tablet in the church shows their grief. While Gerhardt was a devoted pastor in Mittenwalde it appears he missed Berlin. In 1657 he was called to be a Deacon (Associate Pastor) to

667-739: Was mostly a reprint with the addition of a history of the First World War in volume 24, which had previously been a reading and study guide. A two-volume supplement was published in 1925 and was incorporated into the 1927 reprint, which had 25 volumes. There was a further two-volume supplement in 1930 along with another reprint. The final edition, in 1935, was published by Funk & Wagnalls . This edition included another updated supplement, authored by Herbert Treadwell Wade. Some material from The New International would be incorporated into future books published by Funk and Wagnalls such as Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopaedia . The 1926 material

696-403: Was popular and reprints were made in 1904, 1905, 1907 (corrected and expanded to 20 volumes), 1909 and 1911. The 2nd edition appeared from 1914 to 1917 in 24 volumes. With Peck and Gilman deceased, Colby was joined by a new editor, Talcott Williams . This edition was set up from new type and thoroughly revised. It was very strong in biography. A third edition was published in 1923, however this

725-476: Was printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts , by Yale University Press . Boston Bookbinding Company of Cambridge produced the covers. Thirteen books enclosing 23 volumes comprise the encyclopedia, which includes a supplement after Volume 23. Each book contains around 1600 pages. Like other encyclopedias of the time, The New International had a yearly supplement, The New International Yearbook , beginning in 1908. Like

754-514: Was taught the use of hymnody as a tool of pastoral care and instruction. Gerhardt graduated from the University of Wittenberg around 1642. Due to the troubles of the Thirty Years' War it seems he was not immediately placed as a pastor, and thus moved to Berlin where he worked as tutor in the family of an advocate named Andreas Barthold. During his time in Berlin his hymns and poems brought him to

783-541: Was the successor of the International Cyclopaedia (1884). Initially, The International Cyclopaedia was largely a reprint of Alden's Library of Universal Knowledge , which itself was a reprint of the British Chambers's Encyclopaedia . The title was changed to The New International Encyclopedia in 1902, with editors Harry Thurston Peck , Daniel Coit Gilman and Frank Moore Colby . The encyclopedia

812-506: Was thus removed from his position in 1666. The citizens of Berlin petitioned to have him restored, and owing to their repeated requests an exception to the edict was made for Gerhardt, although his conscience did not allow him to retain a post which, appeared to him, could only be held on condition of a tacit repudiation of the Formula of Concord . For over a year he lived in Berlin without fixed employment. During this time his wife also died, leaving him with only one surviving child. Ironically

841-555: Was written in German , a Latin translation was prepared for the Latin edition of the Book of Concord published in 1584. The promulgation and subscription of this document was a major factor in the unification and preservation of Lutheranism . It was instigated at the behest of the Elector August of Saxony , and it was the joint work of a group of Lutheran theologians and churchmen of

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