46-556: Pator-goya is one of the four major clans into which the Deori tribe of India is divided. The other three major clans are Bo-geenya , Dibongia and Tengaponiya . In ancient time, a section of Deori people lived in Pat- Sadiya in undivided Greater Assam , in north-east India. Later, they become to known as Pator-goya clan of the Deori tribe. However, this clan has been lost after they faced with
92-650: A language shift from Jingpho to Burmese. Other Kachin tribes speak and write their own language: the Zaiwa , the Rawang , and the Lisu , who speak both the Lisu language and the Lipo language . English is also widely spoken as a working language. The ethnic data from the 2014 census is available only with the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) and not released to the public. As per the 1983 Census,
138-503: A legislature ( Kachin State Hluttaw ), and a judiciary. According to the 2014 Myanmar Census , Buddhists , who make up 64.0% of Kachin State's population, form the largest religious community there. Religious minority communities include Christians (33.8%), Muslims (1.6%), Hindus (0.4%), and animists (0.2%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Kachin State's population. 2.8% of
184-717: A positive indication of the presence of Deori people in Kachin province and near Yangon in Myanmar. A team of researchers has decided to visit Myanmar in search of the lost clan. Deori people The Deori people are one of the major Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group of the Northeast Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh . They refer to themselves as "Jimochayan" which means children's of Sun and Moon in their native language ( Jimo meaning "seed/child", cha/sã meaning "sun" and Ya meaning "moon"). They historically lived in
230-585: A riot in Sadiya, in the eastern region of undivided Greater Assam. Some experts, like Bishnu Prasad Rabha , claim that the Patorgoyan clan assimilated with the Tiwa tribe in central Assam but there has been no scientific evidence to support the claim, which prompted a section of Deoris to begin a search. A preliminary investigation from 30 September to 5 October under the aegis of Jimachaya Giyan Aru Juktibadi Samaj has given
276-419: A search. A preliminary investigation from 30 September to 5 October under the aegis of Jimachaya Giyan Aru Juktibadi Samaj has given a positive indication of the presence of Deori people in Kachin province and near Yangon in Myanmar. A team of researchers has decided to visit Myanmar in search of the lost clan. Most of the people of Dibongiya class can speak their own mother tongue along with Assamese, but
322-461: Is 89,041 km (34,379 sq mi). The capital of the state is Myitkyina . Other important towns include Bhamo , Mohnyin and Putao . Kachin State has Myanmar's highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi at 5,889 metres (19,321 ft), forming the southern tip of the Himalayas , and a large inland lake, Indawgyi Lake . The Qing dynasty of China briefly controlled the present Kachin state during
368-627: Is called "Boja" or "Bahor" in Deori language . Some of the commonly known sub-clan are like Ariya, Kumota, Bihiya, Naroda, Sundhariya, Patriya, Dupiya, Marangya, Chariya, Lagasu, Chitiga, Meheda, Kuliya, Khutiya/Buruk, Machiya, Bikomiya, Phaporiya, Fagimegia, Senaboriya, Chakucharu, Ekacharul/Busaru, Simocharu, Hizaru, Popharu, Gucharu etc. Each Deori people wants to know or wants to inform about their main clan and sub-clan (sub-group) in their first introduction. Otherwise, their introduction remains incomplete. Deoris are known to serve as priest in three temples:
414-577: Is one of 7 projects planned for the Irrawaddy River. Kachin State is the world's largest source of rare earths , which are critical in the supply chains of many multinational corporations, including Tesla and General Motors. In 2021, China imported US$ 200 million of rare earths from Myanmar in December 2021, exceeding 20,000 tonnes. Rare earths were discovered near Pang War in Chipwi Township in
460-838: Is well known for its jade mines. Bhamo is one of the border trading points between China and Myanmar. A significant amount of legal and illegal cross-border trade along the China–Myanmar border passes through Kachin State, through border posts operated by both the central government (e.g., Lweje ) and ethnic armed organisations (e.g., Laiza and Kanpaikti ). Over 600 tons of jade stones, which were unearthed from Lone-Khin area in Hpakant Township in Kachin State, had been displayed in Myanmar Naypyidaw to be sold in November 2011. Most of
506-570: The 1962 Burmese coup d'état . The vast mountainous hinterlands are predominantly Kachin , whereas the more densely populated railway corridor and southern valleys are mostly Shan and Bamar . The northern frontier was not demarcated and until the 1960s . Various Chinese governments had claimed the northern-half of Kachin State as Chinese territory since the 18th century. Before the British rule, roughly 75% of all Kachin jadeite ended up in China, where it
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#1732873418222552-721: The Assamese language , which can be attributed to the Language shift phenomenon. Traditionally Deori people follow Kundism (also Deori religion ), is the Folk religion of the Deori tribe. Its a animistic , Shamanic and Ancestor worshiping type Polytheistic religion named after the Deity Kundi-mama , one of the main deity of Deori tribe. Kundi-gira (the father) and Kundi-girasi (the mother) together known as kundi-mama or Gira-Girasi (the old ones). The other main deities worshipped by
598-508: The Burmese army began on 9 June 2011 at Ta-pein hydropower plan and continued throughout 2012. Initial reports suggested that from June to September 2011 a total of 5,580 Internally Displaced Persons from 1,397 households arrived at 38 IDP camps under Myanmar Government control. In August 2012 thousands of Kachin refugees were forced by the Chinese Government back into Myanmar despite
644-632: The Kachin Independence Organisation in 2022. Rare earth mining has contaminated and polluted the local environment, including waterways and forests, and eroded mountainous landscapes, and impacted the health of locals. Since the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état , mining of rare earths in Kachin State has accelerated, due to lack of proper oversight. Land has also been seized from locals to conduct mining operations. As of March 2022 , 2,700 mining collection pools scattered across 300 separate locations were found in Kachin State, encompassing
690-540: The SPDC 's controversial peace accord, and the political landscape remains highly unstable. The complex political situation started when the Kachin armed group was established on 25 October 1960, after the UN government announced the state religion as Buddhism, as the Kachin people stopped believing in the government administration system, established after the federal union was agreed upon in
736-466: The Shwegyin Nikaya (4.7%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders . 1,103 thilashin were registered in Kachin State, comprising 1.8% of Myanmar's total thilashin community. Burmese and Jingpho are lingua francas of Kachin State. Since Burma achieved independence in 1948, significant numbers of Burmese speakers have settled in Kachin State, which has accelerated
782-890: The Tamreswari Temple , the Bura-Buri Than, the Boliya-hemata Temple and also in Malinithan . The temple of Kecaikhaiti called Tamreswari Temple near Paya and Malinithan in Likabali of Arunachal Pradesh was worshipped by the Borgoya khel of the Deoris. The Bura-Bura Than was worshipped by the Dibongia khel , while Boliya-hemanta Temple or Pisadema was worshipped by the Tengapania khel of
828-593: The 1760 Sino-Burmese War . What is now Kachin State was historically inhabited by a diverse population of various ethnolinguistic groups, including the Rawang , the Lisu , the Jingpo , the Zaiwa , the Lashi/Lachik and the Lawngwaw/Maru, all of whom had overlapping territories and varying social structures. The term "Kachin" is a term given by the British during the colony period referring to ethnic groups living between
874-460: The 1947 Panglong agreement. Between 1962 and 2010, the military government ruled over Myanmar. Cease fire agreements between ethnic armed groups and the government were made starting in 1989. And then in 2011 the new government led by President Thein Sein, broke the cease fire agreement which was agreed upon by the former military government and the Kachin ethnic armed group in 1994, resuming fighting against
920-589: The Deoris located on the Tengapani River. Kachin State Kachin State ( Burmese : ကချင်ပြည်နယ် ; Kachin : Jinghpaw Mungdaw ) is the northernmost state of Myanmar . It is bordered by China to the north and east ( Tibet and Yunnan , respectively), Shan State to the south, and Sagaing Region and India ( Arunachal Pradesh ) to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State
966-837: The Frontier Areas" in principle and envisioned the creation of a Kachin State by the Constituent Assembly. Burma attained independence on 4 January 1948. Kachin State was formed in the same year out of the former British Burma civil districts of Bhamo and Myitkyina , together with the larger northern district of Puta-o . Kachin State was officially announced on 10 January 1948 and Kachin State Government held "Mungdaw Masat Masat Manau" (forming of Kachin State Manau) for three consecutive days since 9 to 11 January as happiness since that year they held Manau on 10 January every year until
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#17328734182221012-644: The KIO actively participated in the military-led constitution-drafting-process, attending the National Convention, which was boycotted by the democratic icon Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy and ethnic political parties. The KIO together with 12 other ethnic groups demanded amendments of the draft to be more in line with a federal democratic system and to give autonomy to states (Zaw Oo & Win Min 2007). The seventeen-year ceasefire broke down and fighting between
1058-728: The Kachin Independence Organization and the government resumed in June 2011 after the Kachin Independent Army disallowed the government's order to transform into a Border Guard Force and it claimed that the regime's 2008 Constitution lacked federal democratic principles and equal political rights for ethnic minorities based on the Panglong Agreement. Renewed fighting between the Kachin Independence Army and
1104-529: The Kachin custom of maternal cousin marriage, wherein it is permissible for a man to marry his mother's brother's daughter, but not with the father's sister's daughter. In pre-colonial times, the Kachin were animist . After the 1760s Qing-Konbaung war , the Chinese exercised a degree of control over the present-day northeastern Kachin State. During the British colonization of Burma, the Kachin Hills tribal autonomy
1150-540: The Kachin who are living in the northern part of Myanmar, northern part of Shan, near the China border on 9 June 2011. Because of the abrupt internal conflict, thousands of internally displaced people fled to refugee camps which are located in the government-controlled area as well in the Kachin Independence Army controlled area (Hlaing, 2005). KIO made a ceasefire agreement with the military government in 1994 while leaving political issues to be discussed with
1196-736: The Prime Minister General Thein Sein made an agreement with the China Power Investment Cooperation in Beijing to build seven dams in Kachin State. The controversial construction project of a huge 1,055 megawatt hydroelectric power plant dam, the Myitsone Dam , is ongoing. It is funded by China Power Investment Cooperation. When completed, the dam will measure 152 metre high and the electricity produced will be sold to China. This project displaced about 15,000 people and
1242-576: The area of Sadiya , Joidaam, Patkai foothills and in the upper plains or also called as the hinterland of the Brahmaputra Valley . Scanty information was found in few books and official records. The Deori language belongs to the Boro-Garo branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family. The community has maintained their racial traits, language , religion, folktales and traditional beliefs through
1288-441: The area of Singapore , and an exponential increase from 2016. Kachin State is served by the following airports: There is a railroad between Myitkyina and Mandalay (through Sagaing). The train takes 21–30 hours from Mandalay to Myitkyina. Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay . It is especially a problem in Kachin State where over 60 years of fighting between
1334-461: The area of Joidaam and Patkai foothills and upper valley of Brahmaputra . Recorded Data and songs from the people dates back them as an early settlers in Sadiya where their oldest and most sacred temple is situated. During Burmese (Maan as called by Deoris) aggression (1817–1826) deoris lost a lot of lives. Many slaughtered and many taken as captive. Again the destructive earthquake of 1869 devastated
1380-500: The central Bamar heartland to the south and China to the north. Traditional Kachin society was based on shifting hill agriculture. According to "The Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure", written by E. R. Leach, Kachin was not a linguistic category. Political authority was based on chieftains who depended on support from immediate kinsmen. Considerable attention has been given by anthropologists of
1426-498: The centuries. They were divided into Dibang-goñya (Dibongiya), Midoñya / Tengapaniya , Luitgoñya / Borgoñya , Patorgoñya . The native language is retained only by the Dibongiya group. They call themselves Jimochãya (literally: Children of the Sun ). The homeland of the Deoris was in the eastern regions of undivided Assam . As per the folklore of the Deori people, they are settlers of
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1472-573: The conflict. Even though many Kachins were already displaced internally, only around 150,000 people are reported as IDPs. The Kachins are currently the major target for the Burmese government , yet relatively few Kachins have chosen to resettle in countries such as the United States or Australia, in comparison to other Myanmar ethnic minorities, such as the Karens and Chins. The Kachin State Government consists of an executive ( Kachin State Government ),
1518-636: The continued fighting there; NGOs like Human Rights Watch called to cease such action and pointed the illegality of doing so under international law. As of 9 October 2012, over 100,000 IDPs are taking shelter in various camps across Kachin State. The majority of IDPs (est. 70,000) are currently sheltering in KIA controlled territory. Fatality estimates were difficult to estimate but most reports suggested that between government troops, Kachin Independence Army rebels, and civilians upwards of 1,000 people had died in
1564-580: The ethnic composition was Bamar: 29.3%, Shan: 24.2% and Kachin: 38.1%. In a speech delivered on 2016, Min Aung Hlaing of Tatmadaw gave the ethnic composition of the Kachin state as follows: Bamar – 29.2%, Shan – 23.6%, Jingphaw – 18.97%, Lisu – 7%, Rawam – 5%, Lawwaw – 3.33%, Lacheik – 2.89%, Zaikwa – 1.57% and Others – 8%. The economy of Kachin State is predominantly agricultural. The main products include rice, teak , sugar cane , opium . Mineral products include gold, jade , and rare-earth elements . Hpakant
1610-501: The government and insurgents has displaced thousands of people. The following is a summary of the education system in the state. The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of
1656-509: The jade stones extracted in Myanmar, 25,795 tons in 2009–10 and 32,921 tons in 2008–09, are from Kachin State. The largest jade stone in the world, 3000 tons, 21 metres long, 4.8 metres wide and 10.5 metres high was found in Hpakant in 2000. The Myanmar government pays little attention to the deterioration of environment in Kachin because of jade mining. There has been erosion, flooding and mudslides. Several houses are destroyed every year. In 2006,
1702-468: The land. Those Deoris who migrated to places with less interest and influence of the outside rulers had followed their culture and traditions and continued their dialect . Some experts, like Bishnu Prasad Rabha , claim that the Pator-goya clan assimilated with the Tiwa people in central Assam but there has been no scientific evidence to support the claim, which prompted a section of Deoris to begin
1748-594: The late 2010s. As China has shut down domestic mines due to the severe environmental impact, it has largely outsourced rare earth mining to Kachin State. Chinese companies and miners illegally set up operations in Kachin State without government permits, and instead circumvent the central government by working with a Border Guard Force militia under the Tatmadaw , formerly known as the New Democratic Army – Kachin , which has profited from this extractive industry. Mining operations also began in areas controlled by
1794-433: The mid-1960s through 1994, with an economy based on agriculture and trade with China, including of jade. After a Myanmar army offensive in 1994 seized the jade mines from the KIO, a peace treaty was signed, permitting continued KIO effective control of most of the State, under aegis of the Myanmar military. This ceasefire immediately resulted in the creation of numerous splinter factions from the KIO and KIA of groups opposed to
1840-622: The next elected government. Throughout its struggle, both in the ceasefire and non-ceasefire period, KIO also made agreements with other ethnic rebels and alliances including the Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB), the National Democratic Front (NDF), and United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC). The main goal was to pressure the military government and restore the federal democratic government with greater autonomy to Kachin State. During its 17 years of ceasefire from 1994 to 2011
1886-689: The people are Pisa-dema (the eldest son) also known as Baliya-baba or Baliya-hemta and Pishasi (the daughter) also known as Tamreswari or Kechakati . Deori's are very religious people and due to the influence of Hinduism , they also worship and believe in Hindu deities . Miduku or kundiku (also, Than/dauhal ) are the site of worshiping for the people. The Deori ethnic group are mainly divided into four clans, namely Dibongia , Borgoya, Tengaponiya and Pator-goya . The entire people of each main clan or main group are again subdivided into several sub-clans or sub-groups. The word "sub-clan" or "sub-group"
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1932-548: The population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated. According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee 's 2016 statistics, 7,966 Buddhist monks were registered in Kachin State, comprising 1.5% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu. The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (95.3%), followed by
1978-510: The rest of the 3 other classes/clans ( except few elderly persons) only understand and speak Assamese as their mother tongue. The three classes of Deoris live in the districts mentioned above. The Deori language is one of the languages of the Tibeto-Burman languages family. Deori language is mainly spoken in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh . Over the years, Deori speakers, barring the Dibongia clan which uses it rigorously, have shifted to speaking
2024-406: The whole community. The uncertainty about future prevailed amongst those who floated down in the river using bamboo and banana plant made raft. They migrated to different places alongside the rivers they floated down. As they entered and landed in their new territory, they took the name of that particular river as their clan name. Deoris under the ruler of the new land had followed the law of
2070-579: Was accepted by the British government. British forces carried out two expeditions against the Kachin in 1892 and 1896. In 1910, the British occupied Hpimaw (Pianma) in the Pianma Incident . The pre-independence Burmese government under Aung San reached the Panglong Agreement with the Shan, Kachin, and Chin peoples on 12 February 1947. The agreement accepted "Full autonomy in internal administration for
2116-676: Was prized much more highly than the local Chinese nephrite . Kachin troops formerly formed a significant part of the Burmese army. With the unilateral abrogation of the Union of Burma constitution by the Ne Win regime in 1962, Kachin forces withdrew and formed the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) under the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO). Aside from the major towns and railway corridor, Kachin State has been virtually independent from
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