56-586: [REDACTED] Look up patola in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Patola may refer to: Patola Shahis a Buddhist dynasty Patola cloth , a double ikat, usually silk, from Gujarat, western India Patola (1973 film) , an Indian Punjabi language film Patola (1987 film) , an Indian Punjabi language film Luffa species (Philippine usage) Trichosanthes cucumerina (Sinhalese usage) Trichosanthes dioica (Portuguese usage) Patola, Helsinki ,
112-422: A cold desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWk ). Weather conditions for Gilgit are dominated by its geographical location, a valley in a mountainous area, southwest of Karakoram range. The prevalent season of Gilgit is winter, occupying the valley eight to nine months a year. Gilgit lacks significant rainfall, averaging in 120 to 240 mm (4.7 to 9.4 in) annually, as monsoon breaks against
168-471: A Mohammedan adventurer, who married his daughter and founded a new dynasty, since called Trakhàn , from a celebrated Ra named Trakhan, who reigned about the commencement of the fourteenth century. The previous rulers—of whom Shri Ba'dut was the last—were called Shahreis . Gilgit was ruled for centuries by the local Trakhàn Dynasty, which ended about 1810 with the death of Raja Abas, the last Trakhàn Raja. The rulers of Hunza and Nager also claim origin with
224-595: A district of Helsinki, Finland "Patola", an Indian Punjabi-language track sung by Bohemia and Guru Randhawa Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Patola . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patola&oldid=1216126272 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Plant common name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
280-636: A major operation could not have been launched without Jinnah's knowledge and approval. The 'Azad Forces' that were part of the so-called tribal invasion were led by Pakistan army officers, and the UNCIP report records Pakistan's admission that they were under Pakistan's 'tactical command'. Gilgit's military leaders did not favour the State's accession to India. However, there was also written evidence of Gilgit troop leaders wanting to set up an independent Islamic state. Major William Brown in his book Gilgit Rebellion describes
336-706: Is a city in Pakistani -administered Gilgit–Baltistan in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the capital of the Gilgit-Baltistan region. The city is located in a broad valley near the confluence of the Gilgit and the Hunza rivers. It is a major tourist destination in Pakistan , serving as a hub for trekking and mountaineering expeditions in the Karakoram mountain range. Gilgit
392-560: Is a pious gift. This pious gift was ordered to be made by the Shri Paramadevi [Highest Queen] Mangalahamsika”. A few Buddhist paintings from the cover of manuscripts in the Sharada script are also known from this period in Gilgit. These were the first texts known to mentions the "Patola Shahis" as participants to the donation of the painted manuscripts. Gilgit and Kashmir in this period were
448-528: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Patola Shahis The Patola Shahis , or Palola Shahis , also Gilgit Shahis , were a dynasty of Buddhist kings of the Kingdom of Gilgit ("Lesser Bolü"), located in the northern tip of the Indian subcontinent in the 6th-8th century CE. The Kingdom was located on a strategic trans-Himalyan trade route, now known as
504-629: Is the only airline operating in Gilgit. The Government of Pakistan is planning to build a new international standard airport in Gilgit to meet the requirements of international tourists and demand from domestic investors. Gilgit is located approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Karakoram Highway (KKH). The roadway is being upgraded as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor . The KKH connects Gilgit to Chilas , Dasu , Besham , Mansehra , Abbottabad and Islamabad in
560-525: The Adam Khor (literally "man-eater"), often demanding a child a day from his subjects, his demise is still celebrated to this very day by locals in traditional annual celebrations. In the beginning of the new year, where a Juniper procession walks along the river, in memory of chasing the cannibal king Sri Badat away. Azur Jamshid abdicated after 16 years of rule in favour of his wife Nur Bakht Khatùn until their son and heir Garg , grew of age and assumed
616-575: The Karakoram Highway , which branched off the Grand Trunk Road . It followed the important stops of Shatial and Chilas . Between 399 and 414, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Faxian visited Gilgit-Baltistan . Between 627 and 645, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang travelled through this region on his pilgrimage to India. According to Chinese records from the Tang dynasty, between the 600s and
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#1732876648275672-572: The Ra'issiya Dynasty . The period of greatest prosperity was probably under the Shin Ras, whose rule seems to have been peaceable and settled. The whole population, from the Ra to the poorest subject lived by agriculture. According to tradition, Shri Buddutt's rule extended over Chitral , Yassin , Tangir , Darel , Chilas , Gor , Astor , Hunza , Nagar and Haramosh all of which were held by tributary princes of
728-710: The Three Jewels . Eastward from here is Tibet, where there are no monasteries, and people don't believe in Buddhism. Because the people in Greater Bolor are "Hu" (native/ barbarian) people, they believe in Buddhism". Numerous ornate gilded Buddhas, often wearing elaborate crowns, are known from Gilgit at this period, which were often dedicated by local rulers. Among the dignitaries which have been recorded in these inscriptions are: Shri Surabi in 678 CE, Princess Devasri in 714 CE, King Nandivikramadityanandi in 715 CE. The figures of
784-630: The UNESCO Memory of the World register. They are among the oldest manuscripts in the world, and the oldest manuscript collection surviving in Pakistan, having major significance in Buddhist studies and the evolution of Asian and Sanskrit literature . The manuscripts are believed to have been written in the 5th to 6th centuries AD, though more manuscripts were discovered from the succeeding centuries, which were also classified as Gilgit manuscripts. Many of
840-583: The 600s and 700s, the city was governed by a Buddhist dynasty referred to as Little Balur or Lesser Bolü ( Chinese : 小勃律 ). They are believed to have been the Patola Shahis dynasty mentioned in a Brahmi inscription, and are devout adherents of Vajrayana Buddhism . In mid-600s, Gilgit came under Chinese suzerainty after the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate to the Tang military campaigns in
896-487: The 700s, the region was governed by a Buddhist dynasty referred to as Bolü ( Chinese : 勃律 ; pinyin : bólǜ ), also transliterated as Palola , Patola , Balur . They are believed to be the Patola Sāhi dynasty mentioned in a Brahmi inscription, and are devout adherents of Vajrayana Buddhism . At the time, Little Palola ( Chinese : 小勃律 ) was used to refer to Gilgit, while Great Palola ( Chinese : 大勃律 )
952-610: The British India government demanded from the Jammu and Kashmir state to lease them Gilgit town plus most of the Gilgit Agency and the hill-states Hunza, Nagar, Yasin and Ishkoman for 60 years. Abdullah Sahib was an Arain and belonged to Chimkor Sahib village of Ambala district Punjab, British India . Abdullah Sahib was the first Muslim governor of the Gilgit in British time period and
1008-643: The Gilgit troop leaders stating, " We know of course that you are loyal to Pakistan-all Britishers are-but it is not our intention to join Pakistan. We intend to set up an independent Islamic State called the United States of Gilgit, and although we shall keep the friendliest relation with Pakistan we shall in no way owe allegiance to that dominion ." The military leaders of the Frontier Districts Province (modern day Gilgit-Baltistan) wanted to join Pakistan. Sensing their discontent, Major William Brown ,
1064-486: The Hunza and their Yasin and Punial allies but was soon reconquered by Gulab Singh's Dogra troops. With the support of Raja Gohar Aman, Gilgit's inhabitants drove their new rulers out in an uprising in 1852. Raja Gohar Aman then ruled Gilgit until his death in 1860, just before new Dogra forces from Ranbir Singh , son of Gulab Singh, captured the fort and town. In the 1870s Chitral was threatened by Afghans, Maharaja Ranbir Singh
1120-725: The Khushwakhte Dynasty when he took Gilgit. Then in 1842, Shah Sakandar's brother, Karim Khan, expelled Yasin rulers with the support of a Sikh army from Kashmir. The Sikh general, Nathu Shah, left garrison troops and Karim Khan ruled until Gilgit was ceded to Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846 by the Treaty of Amritsar , and Dogra troops replaced the Sikh in Gilgit. Nathu Shah and Karim Khan both transferred their allegiance to Gulab Singh, continuing local administration. When Hunza attacked in 1848, both of them were killed. Gilgit fell to
1176-518: The Ladakhis and Tibetan paramountcy. In 720, the delegation of Surendrāditya ( Chinese : 蘇麟陀逸之 ; pinyin : sūlíntuóyìzhī ) reached the Tang imperial court. He was referred to by Tang records as the king of Great Palola; however, it is unknown if Baltistan was under Gilgit rule at the time. The Tang emperor also granted the ruler of Cashmere, Chandrāpīḍa ("Tchen-fo-lo-pi-li"), the title of "King of Cashmere". By 721/722, Baltistan had come under
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#17328766482751232-626: The Maharaja's commander of the Gilgit Scouts , mutinied on 1 November 1947, overthrowing the Governor Ghansara Singh . The bloodless coup d'etat was planned by Brown to the last detail under the code name "Datta Khel", which was also joined by a rebellious section of the Jammu and Kashmir 6th Infantry under Mirza Hassan Khan . Brown ensured that the treasury was secured and minorities were protected. A provisional government ( Aburi Hakoomat )
1288-450: The Trakhàn dynasty. They claim descent from a heroic Kayani Prince of Persia, Azur Jamshid (also known as Shamsher ), who secretly married the daughter of the king Shri Badat . She conspired with him to overthrow her cannibal father. Sri Badat's faith is theorised as Hindu by some and Buddhist by others. Prince Azur Jamshid succeeded in overthrowing King Badat who was known as
1344-520: The approval of the mirs and rajas for accession to Pakistan. Browns's actions surprised the British Government. The provisional government lasted 16 days. The provisional government lacked sway over the population. The Gilgit rebellion did not have civilian involvement and was solely the work of military leaders, not all of whom had been in favor of joining Pakistan, at least in the short term. Historian Ahmed Hasan Dani mentions that although there
1400-615: The ethnonym " Burusho " used today. Tibetan control of the region lasted until late-800s CE. Ahmad Hasan Dani noted Gilgit traditions to mention of a Trakhan Dynasty succeeding to the Patola Shahis, and ruling continuously until the 19th century. Historical evidence—coins, inscriptions etc.—corroborating the narrative was absent during Dani's time and those which have been since discovered, reject such claims. Gilgit manuscripts Gilgit ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ l ɡ ɪ t / ; Shina : گلیٗت ; Urdu : گلگت IPA: [ˈɡɪlɡɪt] )
1456-727: The influence of the Tibetan Empire. In 721–722, the Tibetan army attempted but failed to capture Gilgit or Bruzha (Yasin valley). By this time, according to Tang records, the king of Little Palola was Mo-ching-mang ( Chinese : 沒謹忙 ; pinyin : méijǐnmáng ). He had visited Tang court requesting military assistance against the Tibetans. Between 723 and 728, the Korean Buddhist pilgrim Hyecho passed through this area. He wrote: "From Kashmir I travelled further west for seven days, crossed
1512-433: The kings frequently appear as donors at the base of these statues, together with identifying inscriptions. In 737/738, Tibetan troops under the leadership of Minister Bel Kyesang Dongtsab of Emperor Me Agtsom took control of Little Palola. By 747, the Tang army under the leadership of Gao Xianzhi had recaptured Little Palola. The Patola Shahis were then restored on the throne for some undetermined time. Great Palola
1568-476: The late 600s and early 700s, Jayamaṅgalavikramāditya-nandin was king of Gilgit. According to Tang court records, in 717 and 719 respectively, delegations of a ruler of Great Palola (Baltistan) named Su-fu-she-li-ji-li-ni ( Chinese : 蘇弗舍利支離泥 ; pinyin : sūfúshèlìzhīlíní ) reached the Tang imperial court. By at least 719/720, Ladakh (Mard) became part of the Tibetan Empire . By that time, Buddhism
1624-572: The main produced crops. The city's ancient name was Sargin , later to be known as Gilit , and it is still referred to as Gilit or Sargin-Gilit by the local people. The native Khowar and Wakhi -speaking people refer to the city as Gilt , and in Burushaski , it is called Geelt . Brokpas trace their settlement from Gilgit into the fertile villages of Ladakh through a rich corpus of hymns, songs, and folklore that have been passed down through generations. The Dards and Shinas appear in many of
1680-538: The mid-700s. Chinese records of the region continue until late the 700s, at which time the Tangs' western military campaign was weakened due to the An Lushan Rebellion . Control of the region was left to the Tibetan Empire. They referred to the region as Bruzha, a toponym that is consistent with the ethnonym " Burusho " used today. Tibetan control of the region lasted until the late 800s CE. This corpus of manuscripts
1736-468: The mountains and arrived at the country of Lesser Bolor, which is under Chinese rule. The dress, customs, food and language are similar to Greater Bolor. The people wear cotton shirts and boots, cut their beards and hair, and bind their hair with a piece of cotton cloth. Women keep their hair. The poor are many and the rich are few. The valley are narrow, and cultivable land is limited. The mountains are withered and sterile, with no trees or grass. Greater Bolor
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1792-613: The old Pauranic lists of people who lived in the region, with the former also mentioned in Ptolemy 's accounts of the region. Gilgit was an important city on the Silk Road, along which Buddhism spread from South Asia to the rest of Asia . It is considered a Buddhism corridor, along which many Chinese monks came to Kashmir, to learn and to preach Buddhism. Two famous Chinese Buddhist pilgrims, Faxian and Xuanzang , traversed Gilgit, according to their accounts. According to Chinese records, in
1848-522: The ongoing flooding displacing many people. The city of Gilgit constitutes a tehsil within Gilgit District . Gilgit District itself is the part of the larger Gilgit Division which is headed by a Commissioner of BPS-20 belonging to Pakistan Administrative service . The Current Commissioner Gilgit Division is Mr Najeem Alam (PAS). Gilgit is served by the nearby Gilgit Airport , with direct flights to Islamabad. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA)
1904-813: The original manuscripts from Gilgit can be found in the National Archives of India and the Pratap Singh Museum in Srinagar . Two manuscripts collected by the orientalist Sir Aurel Stein are in the British Library in London. They include a rare paper version of the Lotus Sutra . As of 6 October 2014, one source claims that the part of the collection deposited at the Sri Pratap Singh Museum in Srinagar
1960-737: The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , established the Gilgit Agency . The Agency was re-established under control of the British Resident in Jammu and Kashmir. It comprised the Gilgit Wazarat ; the State of Hunza and Nagar; the Punial Jagir; the Governorships of Yasin, Kuh-Ghizr and Ishkoman , and Chilas. The Tajiks of Xinjiang sometimes enslaved the Gilgiti and Kunjuti Hunza. In 1935,
2016-577: The region . As early as 656 the Tibetan Empire attacked the Patola Shahis southwest of the Tang protectorate. In the late 600s CE, the rising Tibetan Empire wrestled control of the region from the Tang dynasty. Faced with growing influence of the Umayyad Caliphate and then the Abbasid Caliphate to the west, the Tibetan Empire was forced to ally themselves with the Islamic caliphates. The region
2072-450: The region . In the late 600s CE, the rising Tibetan Empire wrested control of the region from the Chinese. However, faced with growing influence of the Umayyad Caliphate and then the Abbasid Caliphate to the west, the Tibetans were forced to ally themselves with the Islamic caliphates. The region was then contested by the Chinese and Tibetan forces, and their respective vassal states, until
2128-648: The same family. The area had been a flourishing tract but prosperity was destroyed by warfare over the next fifty years, and by the great flood of 1841 in which the river Indus was blocked by a landslip below the Hatu Pir and the valley was turned into a lake. After the death of Abas, Sulaiman Shah, Raja of Yasin , conquered Gilgit. Then, Azad Khan, Raja of Punial , killed Sulaiman Shah, taking Gilgit; then Tahir Shah, Raja of Buroshall ( Nagar ), took Gilgit and killed Azad Khan. Tair Shah's son Shah Sakandar inherited, only to be killed by Gohar Aman, ethnic Kho Raja of Yasin of
2184-455: The seat of a major school of Buddhist art, producing ornate early medieval bronze icons, which also greatly influenced the production of metallic statues in the Swat Valley . These statues borrow their physiognomy and drapery from the earlier Art of Gandhara . Circa 650 CE, Gilgit came under Tang suzerainty at the time the fall of Western Turkic Khaganate due to Tang military campaigns in
2240-859: The south. Gilgit is connected to Karimabad (Hunza) and Sust in the north, with further connections to the Chinese cities of Tashkurgan , Upal and Kashgar in Xinjiang . Gilgit is also linked to Chitral in the west, and Skardu to the east. The road to Skardu will be upgraded to a 4-lane road at a cost of $ 475 million. Transport companies such as the Silk Route Transport Pvt, Masherbrum Transport Pvt and Northern Areas Transport Corporation ( NATCO ), offer passenger road transport between Islamabad, Gilgit, Sust , and Kashgar and Tashkurgan in China. The Astore - Burzil Pass Road, linking Gilgit to Srinagar
2296-590: The southern range of Himalayas . Irrigation for land cultivation is obtained from the rivers, abundant with melting snow water from higher altitudes. The summer season is brief and hot, with daily high temperatures occasionally peaking at over 40 °C (104 °F). As a result of this extremity in the weather, landslides and avalanches are frequent in the area. Climate change has adversely effected this region with more rains every year. On 26 August 2022, most villages in Ghizer district and Hunza were severely effected by
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2352-508: The title of Raja and ruled, for 55 years. The dynasty flourished under the name of the Kayani dynasty until 1421 when Raja Torra Khan assumed rulership. He ruled as a memorable king until 1475. He distinguished his family line from his stepbrother Shah Rais Khan (who fled to the king of Badakshan, and with whose help he gained Chitral from Raja Torra Khan ), as the now-known dynastic name of Trakhàn. The descendants of Shah Rais Khan were known as
2408-517: Was close associate of Maharaja Partap Singh. Khan Bahadur Kalay Khan, a Mohammed Zai Pathan, was the Governor of Gilgit Hunza and Kashmir before partition. On 26 October 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, faced with a tribal invasion by Pakistan due to Masscre of Muslims in Jammu by Hindus and Sikh mobs , signed the Instrument of Accession , joining India. The tribal invasion by Pakistan
2464-598: Was closed in 1978. Gilgit is not served by any rail connections. Long-term plans for the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor call for construction of the 682 km (424 mi) long Khunjerab Railway , which is expected to be completed in 2030, that would also serve Gilgit. Gilgit has not received a gas pipeline infrastructure since Pakistan's independence, unlike other cities. Through the importation of gas cylinders from other provinces, many private gas contractors offer gas cylinders. The LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) Air Mix Plant project by Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited
2520-498: Was discovered in 1931 in Gilgit, containing many Buddhist texts such as four sutras from the Buddhist canon, including the famous Lotus Sutra . The manuscripts were written on birch bark in the Buddhist form of Sanskrit in the Sharada script . They cover a wide range of themes such as iconometry , folk tales , philosophy , medicine and several related areas of life and general knowledge. The Gilgit manuscripts are included in
2576-411: Was established by the Gilgit locals with Raja Shah Rais Khan as the president and Mirza Hassan Khan as the commander-in-chief. However, Major Brown had already telegraphed Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan asking Pakistan to take over. The Pakistani political agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, arrived on 16 November and took over the administration of Gilgit. Brown outmaneuvered the pro-Independence group and secured
2632-575: Was firm in protecting Chitral from Afghans, the Mehtar of Chitral asked for help. In 1876 Chitral accepted the authority of Jammu Clan and in reverse get the protection from the Dogras who have in the past took part in many victories over Afghans during the time of Gulab Singh Dogra. In 1877, in order to guard against the advance of Russia, the British India Government, acting as the suzerain power of
2688-450: Was irrecoverably destroyed during the 2014 India–Pakistan floods . The former rulers had the title of Ra , and there is a reason to suppose that they were at one time Hindus , but for the last five centuries and a half they have been Moslems . The names of the Hindu Ras have been lost, with the exception of the last of their number, Shri Ba'dut. Tradition relates that he was killed by
2744-521: Was lack of public participation in the rebellion, sentiments were intense in the civilian population and their anti-Kashmiri sentiments were also clear. According to various scholars, the people of Gilgit as well as those of Chilas, Koh Ghizr, Ishkoman, Yasin, Punial, Hunza and Nagar joined Pakistan by choice. Gilgit is situated in a valley formed by the confluence of the Indus River , Hunza River , Astore River and Gilgit River . Gilgit experiences
2800-481: Was not simply a tribal invasion. Pakistani Major General Akbar Khan has given account of the invasion in his book Raiders in Kashmir . General Akbar Khan, then serving as a colonel in the Pakistan army, has described at least four meetings with Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to discuss the planning and conduct of the operations. Justice Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, at the time a Muslim Conference activist, has pointed out that such
2856-496: Was once a major centre for Buddhism ; it was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road , and today serves as a major junction along the Karakoram Highway with road connections to China as well as the Pakistani cities of Skardu , Chitral , Peshawar , and Islamabad . Currently, it serves as a frontier station for the local tribal areas. The city's economic activity is mainly focused on agriculture , with wheat, maize, and barley as
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#17328766482752912-530: Was originally the place where the kings of Lesser Bolor resided. It is because the Tibetans have come that he fled and resided in Lesser Bolor. The chiefs and lesser people remained and did not come with the king." Of Greater Bolor, which has customs similar to Lesser Bolor, Hyecho said that they followed the Three Jewels and believed in Buddhism: "There are also monasteries and monks. People respect and believe in
2968-623: Was practiced in Baltistan , and Sanskrit was the written language. Buddhism became firmly established in the region. Great monasteries were established, with education in Sanskrit language regarding Indian religions and philosophy. Trade expanded between Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan. The rulers of Leh in Ladakh became increasingly influential in Balti culture and customs, and the chiefs of the region became vassals to
3024-407: Was subsequently captured by the Tang army in 753 under the military governor Feng Changqing . However, by 755, due to the An Lushan rebellion , the Tang forces withdrew and was no longer able to exert influence in Central Asia and in the regions around Gilgit-Baltistan. The control of the region was left to the Tibetan Empire. They referred to the region as Bruzha, a toponym that is consistent with
3080-418: Was then contested by Tang and Tibetan forces, and their respective vassal states, until the mid-700s. Rulers of Gilgit formed an alliance with the Tang dynasty and held back the Arabs with their help. Between 644 and 655, Navasurendrāditya-nandin became king of Palola Sāhi dynasty in Gilgit. Numerous Sanskrit inscriptions, including the Danyor Rock Inscriptions , were discovered to be from his reign. In
3136-453: Was used to refer to Baltistan . However, the records do not consistently disambiguate the two. The first known Palola Shahi, as recorded by the Tang annals, was King Somana in the 6th century CE. A Sanskrit inscription on a gilded statue of the Buddha, mentions that it was commissioned by Queen Mangalahamsika, known as a senior queen to King Vajraditayanandi (reigned 585-605 CE) by Gilgit manuscripts . The Sanskrit inscription reads: “Om. This
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