116-532: Pati Regency ( Javanese : Pathi , ꦥꦛꦶ) is a regency ( Indonesian : kabupaten ) in the northeastern region of Central Java Province , on the island of Java in Indonesia . The regency covers an area of 1,503.68 km, on the coast of the Java Sea . It had a population of 1,193,202 at the 2010 census and 1,324,188 at the 2020 census, comprising 660,484 males and 663,704 females; the official estimate as of mid-2023
232-554: A chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble. This allows setting in wet conditions or under water and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement was found by ancient Romans who used volcanic ash ( pozzolana ) with added lime (calcium oxide). Non-hydraulic cement (less common) does not set in wet conditions or under water. Rather, it sets as it dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in
348-407: A dialect continuum from northern Banten in the extreme west of Java to Banyuwangi Regency in the eastern corner of the island. All Javanese dialects are more or less mutually intelligible . A table showing the number of native speakers in 1980, for the 22 Indonesian provinces (from the total of 27) in which more than 1% of the population spoke Javanese: According to the 1980 census, Javanese
464-546: A mortar made of sand and roughly burnt gypsum (CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O), which is plaster of Paris, which often contained calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), Lime (calcium oxide) was used on Crete and by the Ancient Greeks . There is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potsherds as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement. Nobody knows who first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and
580-619: A crime newscast). In later broadcasts, JTV offers programmes in the Central Javanese dialect (called by them basa kulonan , "the western language") and Madurese. The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go. Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring Southeast Asian countries, the Netherlands, Suriname , New Caledonia , and other countries. The largest populations of speakers are found in
696-432: A fine powder. This product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of "Roman cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial hydraulic lime cements of clay and chalk . Roman cement quickly became popular but was largely replaced by Portland cement in the 1850s. Apparently unaware of Smeaton's work, the same principle was identified by Frenchman Louis Vicat in
812-432: A form of hydraulic cement, is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the world. This cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with other materials (such as clay ) to 1,450 °C (2,640 °F) in a kiln , in a process known as calcination that liberates a molecule of carbon dioxide from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide , or quicklime, which then chemically combines with
928-669: A half-century. Technologies of waste cementation have been developed and deployed at industrial scale in many countries. Cementitious wasteforms require a careful selection and design process adapted to each specific type of waste to satisfy the strict waste acceptance criteria for long-term storage and disposal. Modern development of hydraulic cement began with the start of the Industrial Revolution (around 1800), driven by three main needs: Modern cements are often Portland cement or Portland cement blends, but other cement blends are used in some industrial settings. Portland cement,
1044-787: A market for use in concrete. The use of concrete in construction grew rapidly from 1850 onward, and was soon the dominant use for cements. Thus Portland cement began its predominant role. Isaac Charles Johnson further refined the production of meso-Portland cement (middle stage of development) and claimed he was the real father of Portland cement. Setting time and "early strength" are important characteristics of cements. Hydraulic limes, "natural" cements, and "artificial" cements all rely on their belite (2 CaO · SiO 2 , abbreviated as C 2 S) content for strength development. Belite develops strength slowly. Because they were burned at temperatures below 1,250 °C (2,280 °F), they contained no alite (3 CaO · SiO 2 , abbreviated as C 3 S), which
1160-524: A meeting scheduled on 19 January 2024. The second message indicated that the purpose of the meeting was to discuss which candidate to support in the upcoming election, a matter which Didik Rusdiartono – the official invited from the Pati Regency – stated did not come up at the meeting. In February, a sign stating that Partai Buruh had been 'annulled' was identified as having originated in central Java. The Party had been disallowed in Pati Regency, but only at
1276-413: A month for Rosendale cement made it unpopular for constructing highways and bridges, and many states and construction firms turned to Portland cement. Because of the switch to Portland cement, by the end of the 1920s only one of the 15 Rosendale cement companies had survived. But in the early 1930s, builders discovered that, while Portland cement set faster, it was not as durable, especially for highways—to
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#17328867209791392-600: A nearly annual basis from Australia , Brazil , and India , making the cultivation of cattle farming an economic priority. Pati Regency accounted for 6.12% of the beef cattle industry in Central Java in 2019. Cattle comprised 74.26% of livestock in the Regency in 2021. One of the determining factors regarding beef cattle farming in Pati Regency has been the long return-on-investment; it is estimated that it takes nine years, nine months, and nine days to simply break even. One third of
1508-552: A new Javanese language magazine, appeared in 2005 is not published in the Javanese heartlands, but in Jakarta. Since 2003, an East Java local television station ( JTV ) has broadcast some of its programmes in the Surabayan ( Suroboyoan ) dialect, including Pojok Kampung [ id ] ("Village Corner", main newscast), Kuis RT/RW ("RT/RW Quiz"), and Pojok Perkoro ("Case Corner",
1624-562: A number of clearly distinct status styles. Its closest relatives are the neighboring languages such as Sundanese , Madurese , and Balinese . Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Javanese-speaking Indonesians . There are speakers of Javanese in Malaysia (concentrated in the West Coast part of the states of Selangor and Johor ) and Singapore . Javanese
1740-682: A pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: Pozzolanic reaction ), but such concrete was used by the Greeks, specifically the Ancient Macedonians , and three centuries later on a large scale by Roman engineers . There is... a kind of powder which from natural causes produces astonishing results. It is found in the neighborhood of Baiae and in the country belonging to the towns round about Mount Vesuvius . This substance when mixed with lime and rubble not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds but even when piers of it are constructed in
1856-504: A reduction of about 30% in exports and 15% domestically. Unemployment generally increased throughout 2020 and 2021, and already impoverished families in the area became increasingly destitute. Coaches and trainers at the Pati Training Archery Club used online platforms to attempt to keep athletes in shape during the pandemic, in accordance with the government-issued Circular Number 4. Students engaged in online learning during
1972-641: A spike in COVID-19 cases at the end of 2023. list of Radio in Pati is as follows: List of TVs in Pati include the following: Source: Perkuat Kolaborasi, Tingkatkan Solidaritas Menuju Ending Aids 2030 2. Kabupaten Pati Dalam Angka 2017 Javanese language Javanese ( / ˌ dʒ ɑː v ə ˈ n iː z / JAH -və- NEEZ , / dʒ æ v ə -/ JAV -ə- , /- ˈ n iː s / - NEESS ; basa Jawa , Javanese script : ꦧꦱꦗꦮ , Pegon : باسا جاوا , IPA: [bɔsɔ d͡ʒɔwɔ] )
2088-438: A system of compulsory basic education , which must be provided without charge. For students aged seven to twelve, the Regency still did not have 100% enrollment as of 2022. In 2018, Indonesia was ranked sixth lowest in world literacy. It was suggested that comics be used as a vehicle for increasing literacy as well as preserving cultural knowledge in the area. An examination of scientific literacy among 4th grade students in
2204-466: A variety of other pronoun whose use varies depending on the dialect or level of speech. I You He, She, It panjenenganipun Modern Javanese usually employs SVO word order. However, Old Javanese sometimes had VSO and sometimes VOS word order. Even in Modern Javanese, archaic sentences using VSO structure can still be made. Examples: Both sentences mean: "He (S) comes (V) into (pp.)
2320-726: A very advanced civilisation in El Tajin near Mexico City, in Mexico. A detailed study of the composition of the aggregate and binder show that the aggregate was pumice and the binder was a pozzolanic cement made with volcanic ash and lime. Any preservation of this knowledge in literature from the Middle Ages is unknown, but medieval masons and some military engineers actively used hydraulic cement in structures such as canals , fortresses, harbors , and shipbuilding facilities . A mixture of lime mortar and aggregate with brick or stone facing material
2436-422: Is hydraulic cement , which hardens by hydration of the clinker minerals when water is added. Hydraulic cements (such as Portland cement) are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main mineral phases of the clinker, abbreviated in the cement chemist notation , being: The silicates are responsible for the cement's mechanical properties — the tricalcium aluminate and brownmillerite are essential for
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#17328867209792552-512: Is pozzolanic , so that ultimate strength is maintained. Because fly ash addition allows a lower concrete water content, early strength can also be maintained. Where good quality cheap fly ash is available, this can be an economic alternative to ordinary Portland cement. Portland pozzolan cement includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan , but also includes cements made from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where volcanic ashes are available (e.g., Italy, Chile, Mexico,
2668-559: Is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family spoken primarily by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java , Indonesia . There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 68 million people. Javanese is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers . It has several regional dialects and
2784-538: Is a complex system of verb affixes to express differences of status in subject and object. However, in general the structure of Javanese sentences both Old and Modern can be described using the topic–comment model , without having to refer to conventional grammatical categories. The topic is the head of the sentence; the comment is the modifier. So the example sentence has a simpler description: Dhèwèké = topic ; teka = comment; ing karaton = setting. Javanese has many loanwords supplementing those from
2900-520: Is a major emitter of global carbon dioxide emissions . The lime reacts with silicon dioxide to produce dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate. The lime also reacts with aluminium oxide to form tricalcium aluminate. In the last step, calcium oxide, aluminium oxide, and ferric oxide react together to form brownmillerite. A less common form of cement is non-hydraulic cement , such as slaked lime ( calcium oxide mixed with water), which hardens by carbonation in contact with carbon dioxide , which
3016-569: Is about 4.4 billion tonnes per year (2021, estimation), of which about half is made in China, followed by India and Vietnam. The cement production process is responsible for nearly 8% (2018) of global CO 2 emissions, which includes heating raw materials in a cement kiln by fuel combustion and release of CO 2 stored in the calcium carbonate (calcination process). Its hydrated products, such as concrete, gradually reabsorb atmospheric CO 2 (carbonation process), compensating for approximately 30% of
3132-514: Is also called kawi or 'of poets, poetical's, although this term could also be used to refer to the archaic elements of New Javanese literature. The writing system used to write Old Javanese is a descendant of the Pallava script from India. Almost half of the entire vocabularies found in Old Javanese literature are Sanskrit loanwords, although Old Javanese also borrowed terms from other languages in
3248-643: Is also spoken by traditional immigrant communities of Javanese descent in Suriname , Sri Lanka and New Caledonia . Along with Indonesian , Javanese is an official language in the Special Region of Yogyakarta , Indonesia. Javanese is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, although its precise relationship to other Malayo-Polynesian languages is hard to determine. Using
3364-628: Is also used for religious purposes. Modern Javanese emerged as the main literary form of the language in the 16th century. The change in the literary system happened as Islam started to gain influence in Java. In its early form, Modern Javanese literary form was based on the variety spoken in the north coast of Java , where Islam had already gained foothold among the local people. Many of the written works in this variety were Islamic in nature, and several of them were translation from works in Malay. The Arabic abjad
3480-417: Is completely evaporated (this process is technically called setting ), the carbonation starts: This reaction is slow, because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air is low (~ 0.4 millibar). The carbonation reaction requires that the dry cement be exposed to air, so the slaked lime is a non-hydraulic cement and cannot be used under water. This process is called the lime cycle . Perhaps
3596-555: Is constantly fed into a rotary kiln, it allowed a continuous manufacturing process to replace lower capacity batch production processes. Calcium aluminate cements were patented in 1908 in France by Jules Bied for better resistance to sulfates. Also in 1908, Thomas Edison experimented with pre-cast concrete in houses in Union, N.J. In the US, after World War One, the long curing time of at least
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3712-667: Is more usually added to Portland cement at the concrete mixer. Masonry cements are used for preparing bricklaying mortars and stuccos , and must not be used in concrete. They are usually complex proprietary formulations containing Portland clinker and a number of other ingredients that may include limestone, hydrated lime, air entrainers, retarders, waterproofers, and coloring agents. They are formulated to yield workable mortars that allow rapid and consistent masonry work. Subtle variations of masonry cement in North America are plastic cements and stucco cements. These are designed to produce
3828-464: Is not as high as demand in the region. The difference in price during Eid al-Adha can reach 500,000 IDR . Goats have also been provided by the Central Java government as livestock to villages which are deemed to be extremely impoverished, with the goal being to encourage goat farming . In addition to the famous Bandeng Presto/Bandung Juwana, Pati is one of the two largest mangosteen producing districts in Central Java besides Cilacap . Pati Regency
3944-425: Is not only famous as a city of agricultural land, Pati also has many achievements thanks to the performance and efforts of the government, as well as the people of Pati themselves who have a work ethic and abilities that are rarely known by the local community. Pati's achievements include:: There are a total of 879 elementary, 224 junior high, and 135 high schools in Pati Regency. The federal government has implemented
4060-408: Is on the right.] Cement factory A cement is a binder , a chemical substance used for construction that sets , hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel ( aggregate ) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel , produces concrete . Concrete
4176-403: Is present in the air (~ 412 vol. ppm ≃ 0.04 vol. %). First calcium oxide (lime) is produced from calcium carbonate ( limestone or chalk ) by calcination at temperatures above 825 °C (1,517 °F) for about 10 hours at atmospheric pressure : The calcium oxide is then spent (slaked) by mixing it with water to make slaked lime ( calcium hydroxide ): Once the excess water
4292-483: Is responsible for early strength in modern cements. The first cement to consistently contain alite was made by William Aspdin in the early 1840s: This was what we call today "modern" Portland cement. Because of the air of mystery with which William Aspdin surrounded his product, others ( e.g., Vicat and Johnson) have claimed precedence in this invention, but recent analysis of both his concrete and raw cement have shown that William Aspdin's product made at Northfleet , Kent
4408-612: Is spoken among descendants of plantation migrants brought by the Dutch during the 19th century. In Madura, Bali, Lombok, and the Sunda region of West Java, it is also used as a literary language . It was the court language in Palembang , South Sumatra , until the palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century. Javanese is written with the Latin script , Javanese script , and Arabic script . In
4524-474: Is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource. Cements used in construction are usually inorganic , often lime - or calcium silicate -based, and are either hydraulic or less commonly non-hydraulic , depending on the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water (see hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime plaster ). Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement ) set and become adhesive through
4640-484: Is the only language of Western Indonesia to possess a distinction between dental and retroflex phonemes. The latter sounds are transcribed as "th" and "dh" in the modern Roman script, but previously by the use of an underdot : "ṭ" and "ḍ". Javanese, like many other Austronesian languages, is an agglutinative language, where base words are modified through extensive use of affixes . Javanese has no specific personal pronoun to express plural except for kita which
4756-438: Is to make concrete. Portland cement may be grey or white . Portland cement blends are often available as inter-ground mixtures from cement producers, but similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete mixing plant. Portland blast-furnace slag cement , or blast furnace cement (ASTM C595 and EN 197-1 nomenclature respectively), contains up to 95% ground granulated blast furnace slag , with
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4872-407: Is used in media, ranging from books to TV programs, and the language is also taught at schools in primarily Javanese areas. Although Javanese is not a national language , it has recognized status as a regional language in the three Indonesian provinces with the biggest concentrations of Javanese people: Central Java , Yogyakarta, and East Java . Javanese is designated as the official language of
4988-656: The Greater North Borneo subgroup, which he proposes as an alternative to Malayo-Sumbawan grouping. However, Blust also expresses the possibility that Greater North Borneo languages are closely related to many other western Indonesian languages, including Javanese. Blust's suggestion has been further elaborated by Alexander Smith, who includes Javanese in the Western Indonesian grouping (which also includes GNB and several other subgroups), which Smith considers as one of Malayo-Polynesian's primary branches. In general,
5104-474: The Isle of Portland , Dorset, England. However, Aspdins' cement was nothing like modern Portland cement but was a first step in its development, called a proto-Portland cement . Joseph Aspdins' son William Aspdin had left his father's company and in his cement manufacturing apparently accidentally produced calcium silicates in the 1840s, a middle step in the development of Portland cement. William Aspdin's innovation
5220-584: The Maritime Southeast Asia . The form of Old Javanese found in several texts from 14th century onward (mostly written in Bali) is sometimes referred to as "Middle Javanese". Both Old and Middle Javanese written forms have not been widely used in Java since early 16th century. However, Old Javanese works and poetic tradition continue to be preserved in the Javanese-influenced Bali, and the variety
5336-624: The Regional House of Representatives (DRPD) level, due to not having submitted required forms. The posted notice was not thought to have been issued from the elections commission. A complete recount was finalized on 2 March 2024. This followed a demonstration on 1 March 2024 where the DRPD supported the right of the people to demand an inquiry into the election results, which the Pati Regency Community Alliance sued for. Eleven seats on
5452-536: The Special Region of Yogyakarta under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021. Previously, Central Java promulgated a similar regulation—Regional Regulation 9/2012 —but this did not imply an official status for the language. Javanese is taught at schools and is used in some mass media , both electronically and in print. There is, however, no longer a daily newspaper in Javanese. Javanese-language magazines include Panjebar Semangat , Jaka Lodhang , Jaya Baya , Damar Jati , and Mekar Sari . Damar Jati ,
5568-575: The World Bank and the Germany's National Contact Point for Responsible Business Conduct. In a revised regulation after the COVID-19 pandemic, the Tambakromo district was designated as industrial, despite residents' concerns that the flood-prone region will be negatively impacted by the establishment of a cement factory. Farmers in this area of Indonesia utilise sustainable farming techniques, and as of 2020,
5684-746: The lexicostatistical method, Isidore Dyen classified Javanese as part of the "Javo-Sumatra Hesion", which also includes the Sundanese and "Malayic" languages. This grouping is also called "Malayo-Javanic" by linguist Berndt Nothofer, who was the first to attempt a reconstruction of it based on only four languages with the best attestation at the time (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese , and Malay ). Malayo-Javanic has been criticized and rejected by various linguists. Alexander Adelaar does not include Javanese in his proposed Malayo-Sumbawan grouping (which also covers Malayic , Sundanese , and Madurese languages). Robert Blust also does not include Javanese in
5800-505: The 'red zones' as a result of having a greater number of fatalities than other areas. Data regarding the infection through 13 December 2020 showed that the Regency accounted for 17.45% of the total cases in Central Java . During the pandemic, the government issued restrictions on physical distance and mobility. This affected several industries, such as the fishing industry where prices decreased by about 50%. Market demand declined as well, with
5916-432: The (def. art.) palace (O)". In the Old Javanese sentence, the verb is placed at the beginning and is separated by the particle ta from the rest of the sentence. In Modern Javanese the definite article is lost, and definiteness is expressed by other means if necessary. Verbs are not inflected for person or number. There is no grammatical tense ; time is expressed by auxiliary words meaning "yesterday", "already", etc. There
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#17328867209796032-552: The 19th century, Madurese was also written in the Javanese script. The original inhabitants of Lampung , the Lampungese, make up only 15% of the provincial population. The rest are the so-called "transmigrants", settlers from other parts of Indonesia, many as a result of past government transmigration programs . Most of these transmigrants are Javanese who have settled there since the 19th century. In Suriname (the former Dutch colony of Surinam ), South America, approximately 15% of
6148-517: The Art to Prepare a Good Mortar published in St. Petersburg . A few years later in 1825, he published another book, which described various methods of making cement and concrete, and the benefits of cement in the construction of buildings and embankments. Portland cement , the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar , stucco , and non-speciality grout ,
6264-629: The DPRD were contested in Dapil Pati 2. Unemployment in Pati Regency was 4.29% in 2023, a decrease from 4.45% in 2022. In 2024, the minimum wage was set to 2,190,000 IDR , an increase from 2,107,698 IDR in 2023. Inflation in 2023 lowered to 2.49% in 2023 from 6% in 2022. In order to support the growth of the economy and continued job creation, the Regency supports the creation of community businesses. Bank Indonesia has identified 40 micro, small, and medium enterprises ( MSMEs ) in Pati Regency, with all but one in
6380-473: The MSME Financing Committee decided to waive interest and allow deferrals for up to six months, retroactive to 1 April 2020, in acknowledgement of the pandemic's effect on businesses. The Regency government coordinates with the DRPD to create plans which allow for land development within the Regency. Industrial development must take green areas into consideration, and citizens can lodge complaints in
6496-526: The New York Commissioner of Highways to construct an experimental section of highway near New Paltz, New York , using one sack of Rosendale to six sacks of Portland cement. It was a success, and for decades the Rosendale-Portland cement blend was used in concrete highway and concrete bridge construction. Cementitious materials have been used as a nuclear waste immobilizing matrix for more than
6612-555: The Pati Regency indicated that literacy could be increased when teachers use workbooks implementing local wisdom. These alternative materials have been deemed necessary as the books provided by the Indonesian government have been determined to be unable to adapt to the specific needs of students in the Pati Regency. The border regions and suburban areas are demonstrably less developed than urban areas, and often have infrastructure issues which present difficulties in increasing education for
6728-457: The Philippines), these cements are often the most common form in use. The maximum replacement ratios are generally defined as for Portland-fly ash cement. Portland silica fume cement. Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high strengths, and cements containing 5–20% silica fume are occasionally produced, with 10% being the maximum allowed addition under EN 197–1. However, silica fume
6844-432: The Regency to prevent outbreaks in 2023. Regency farmers have described difficulties in maintaining chicken coops in 2023. A decrease in egg prices at the end of 2023 with feed prices still being relatively high has resulted in smaller chicken farms failing. The problem with falling egg prices began to threaten the viability of egg farming in 2021, with hundreds of farmers facing the possible failure of their farms due to
6960-603: The absence of pozzolanic ash, the Romans used powdered brick or pottery as a substitute and they may have used crushed tiles for this purpose before discovering natural sources near Rome. The huge dome of the Pantheon in Rome and the massive Baths of Caracalla are examples of ancient structures made from these concretes, many of which still stand. The vast system of Roman aqueducts also made extensive use of hydraulic cement. Roman concrete
7076-495: The administrative districts show the industry as superior, and one third as prospective, with five of the remaining districts showing it as needing improvement to be sustainable. Only Sukolilo and Margoyoso show enough sustainability in cattle farming for it to be a primary commodity. One reason for the difficulty in achieving sustainable cattle farming is difficulty breeding, as records in 2021 showed that farmers were required to attempt insemination between two and five times before
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#17328867209797192-623: The air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting. The word "cement" can be traced back to the Ancient Roman term opus caementicium , used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder , were later referred to as cementum , cimentum , cäment , and cement . In modern times, organic polymers are sometimes used as cements in concrete. World production of cement
7308-516: The available hydraulic limes, visiting their production sites, and noted that the "hydraulicity" of the lime was directly related to the clay content of the limestone used to make it. Smeaton was a civil engineer by profession, and took the idea no further. In the South Atlantic seaboard of the United States, tabby relying on the oyster-shell middens of earlier Native American populations
7424-628: The basic vocabulary, such as pikir ("to think", from the Arabic fikr ), badan ("body"), mripat ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic ma'rifah , meaning "knowledge" or "vision"). However, these Arabic words typically have native Austronesian or Sanskrit alternatives: pikir = galih , idhep (Austronesian) and manah , cipta , or cita (from Sanskrit); badan = awak (Austronesian) and slira , sarira , or angga (from Sanskrit); and mripat = mata (Austronesian) and soca or nétra (from Sanskrit). Dutch loanwords usually have
7540-542: The building is open. In 2018, the Ministry of Manpower asked regional governments to improve such established one-stop integrated service centers focusing on workers' needs, integrating human resources , health services , police services , and immigration services which includes cultural education for Indonesians seeking work abroad. Licensing services are expected to be available through electronic processing in mid-2024. Two messages were sent to 20 officials inviting them to
7656-546: The cement company, Indocement's president, Christian Kartawijaya, claimed that Pati residents had no legal basis to argue against the construction. A complaint was filed with the OECD on 9 September 2020 against both Heidelberg Cement and the subsidiary PT Indocement, stating that the companies had violated human rights standards. Additionally, complaints were also filed with the International Finance Cooperation of
7772-670: The cessation of mining in the Kendeng Mountains, with the Supreme Court ruling on 5 October 2016 to revoke the mining permit in Rembang Regency . The presidential order called for a one-year moratorium on the construction sites, but Governor Ganjar Pranowo issued a new permit in 2017, which was considered to be a circumvention of the Supreme Court's decision to prevent the factory's construction. Protests continued in 2017 against
7888-409: The community through activity centres and groups that provide an alternative for those who are unable to afford formal education. Included among these are life skills classes. The Regency provides annual financial assistance to teachers. In April 2024, assistance payments were made to 12,443 instructors. They also receive holiday pay equivalent to one month's salary. Pati Regency was located in one of
8004-602: The company, including a demonstration outside the Merdeka Palace where 40 German citizens protested the involvement of Heidelberg Cement in Indocement, concerned over German involvement in the environmental issues citizens believe the factory would create in the Kendeng Mountains region. Protesters from Pati and Rembang encased their feet in cement. One woman died. Following a Supreme Court hearing in March 2017 which found in favor of
8120-624: The cow was impregnated. The head of the Animal Husbandry Division discussed assistance in obtaining bovine sperm for artificial insemination to aid in increasing breeding in 2021, when 34 people were employed as artificial insemination officers. The Regency has multiple programs in place to help livestock farmers, though a focus on turning the resulting waste ( manure ) into a useful biproduct has been recommended to increase sustainability. The government provided vaccinations against lumpy skin disease and hoof-mouth disease throughout
8236-420: The development of new cements. Most famous was Parker's " Roman cement ". This was developed by James Parker in the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796. It was, in fact, nothing like material used by the Romans, but was a "natural cement" made by burning septaria – nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate . The burnt nodules were ground to
8352-462: The difference in what the national funding already provided. As of February 2022, the Pati Regency had a 37% rate for children having received the COVID-19 vaccine . Nationwide, parents of multiple or older children were more likely to obtain the vaccine. It was suggested that educating the parents on the vaccine would increase area vaccination totals, with some concern that parents were not even aware of
8468-560: The disparity between the price of feed and the price of eggs. A particular breed known as the Asil chicken sells for more than the average chicken due to its more aesthetically-pleasing appearance. There is a breeders group for goats and sheep in the Regency to help spread methods of animal husbandry called the Pati Regency Sheep and Goat Breeders Association (PPDK). Goats are raised in part as sacrificial animals , though production
8584-607: The earliest known occurrence of cement is from twelve million years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned by natural causes. These ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s. Cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes lime as the primary binding ingredient, but is far from the first material used for cementation. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen (asphalt or pitch ) to bind together burnt brick or alabaster slabs. In Ancient Egypt , stone blocks were cemented together with
8700-595: The event that construction permits are issued against such land. In 2014, citizens wrote to the President of Indonesia seeking relief regarding the Regency's plans to build a cement factory in Tambakaromo and Kayen districts. There was great concern over selling rice fields and farms as these are considered sources of generational prosperity. PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk had stated that they expected to be able to commence construction in 2018, and claimed that farming in
8816-461: The first decade of the nineteenth century. Vicat went on to devise a method of combining chalk and clay into an intimate mixture, and, burning this, produced an "artificial cement" in 1817 considered the "principal forerunner" of Portland cement and "...Edgar Dobbs of Southwark patented a cement of this kind in 1811." In Russia, Egor Cheliev created a new binder by mixing lime and clay. His results were published in 1822 in his book A Treatise on
8932-455: The following form : CSVC, where C = consonant , S = sonorant ( /j/, /r/, /l/, /w/ , or any nasal consonant ), and V = vowel . As with other Austronesian languages, native Javanese roots consist of two syllables; words consisting of more than three syllables are broken up into groups of disyllabic words for pronunciation. In Modern Javanese, a disyllabic root is of the following type: nCsvVnCsvVC. Apart from Madurese , Javanese
9048-402: The formation of the liquid phase during the sintering ( firing ) process of clinker at high temperature in the kiln . The chemistry of these reactions is not completely clear and is still the object of research. First, the limestone (calcium carbonate) is burned to remove its carbon, producing lime (calcium oxide) in what is known as a calcination reaction. This single chemical reaction
9164-481: The history of the Javanese language can be divided into two distinct phases: 1) Old Javanese and 2) New Javanese. The earliest attested form of Old Javanese can be found on the Sukabumi inscription at Kediri regency, East Java which dates from 804 CE. Between the 8th and the 15th century, this form of Javanese flourished in the island of Java. Old Javanese is commonly written in the form of verses. This language variety
9280-426: The initial CO 2 emissions. Cement materials can be classified into two distinct categories: hydraulic cements and non-hydraulic cements according to their respective setting and hardening mechanisms. Hydraulic cement setting and hardening involves hydration reactions and therefore requires water, while non-hydraulic cements only react with a gas and can directly set under air. By far the most common type of cement
9396-592: The land could still support the needs of the population in producing rice . It is predicted that Pati Regency's rice production will continue to be able to support its population through at least 2030. Some paddy farmers have joined the Asuransi Usaha Tani Padi, an agricultural insurance provided in the Pati Regency, to protect their interests should they experience crop failure. In 2020, Pati Regency produced 1,030,757 tonnes of Kopyor coconuts . Indonesia imports between 70,000 and 150,000 tonnes of beef on
9512-404: The low pH (8.5–9.5) of its pore water) limited its use as reinforced concrete for building construction. The next development in the manufacture of Portland cement was the introduction of the rotary kiln . It produced a clinker mixture that was both stronger, because more alite (C 3 S) is formed at the higher temperature it achieved (1450 °C), and more homogeneous. Because raw material
9628-400: The native Austronesian base. Sanskrit has had a deep and lasting influence. The Old Javanese–English Dictionary contains approximately 25,500 entries, over 12,600 of which are borrowings from Sanskrit. Such a high number is no measure of usage, but it does suggest the extent to which the language adopted Sanskrit words for formal purposes. In a typical Old Javanese literary work about 25% of
9744-436: The number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 401 rural desa and 5 urban kelurahan - the latter all in Pati town district), and its postcode. The Regency has provided a 'public service mall' - a single building that houses access to all of the various government functions available to the public. This includes computers that can provide requested statistical data free of charge to citizens at any time that
9860-465: The other materials in the mix to form calcium silicates and other cementitious compounds. The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum ( CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O ) into a powder to make ordinary Portland cement , the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete , mortar , and most non-specialty grout . The most common use for Portland cement
9976-438: The pandemic did report that they were able to quickly find information to complete assignments; however, there was also a decline in eye health due to constantly staring at a digital screen. A 2021 assessment of funding found that the economic strain on local communities, a direct result of the pandemic, would require the Regency government to provide shared funding for elementary and junior high students in order to compensate for
10092-820: The permit issued by the Regency to Sahabat Mulia Sakti, a subsidiary of Indocement, was declared void by the Chief Justice of the Semarang State Administrative Court. That decision was overturned in 2016 by the Surabaya High State Administrative Court. Nine women engaged in protest outside the Merdeka Palace in Jakarta , encasing their feet in cement. President Joko Widodo ordered a Strategic Environmental Study in August 2016 along with
10208-467: The point that some states stopped building highways and roads with cement. Bertrain H. Wait, an engineer whose company had helped construct the New York City's Catskill Aqueduct , was impressed with the durability of Rosendale cement, and came up with a blend of both Rosendale and Portland cements that had the good attributes of both. It was highly durable and had a much faster setting time. Wait convinced
10324-436: The population of Jakarta are of Javanese descent, so they speak Javanese or have knowledge of it. In the province of West Java , many people speak Javanese, especially those living in the areas bordering Central Java , the cultural homeland of the Javanese. Almost a quarter of the population of East Java province are Madurese (mostly on the Isle of Madura ); many Madurese have some knowledge of colloquial Javanese. Since
10440-542: The population of some 500,000 are of Javanese descent, among whom 75,000 speak Javanese. A local variant evolved: the Tyoro Jowo-Suriname or Suriname Javanese . The phonemes of Modern Standard Javanese as shown below. In closed syllables the vowels /i u e o/ are pronounced [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ] respectively. In open syllables, /e o/ are also [ɛ ɔ] when the following vowel is /i u/ in an open syllable; otherwise they are /ə/ , or identical ( /e...e/, /o...o/ ). In
10556-558: The present day, the Latin script dominates writings, although the Javanese script is still taught as part of the compulsory Javanese language subject in elementary up to high school levels in Yogyakarta, Central and East Java. Javanese is the twenty-second largest language by native speakers and the seventh largest language without official status at the national level. It is spoken or understood by approximately 100 million people. At least 45% of
10672-644: The processing industry. An effort is being made by the Pati DPRD to include MSME products in local supermarkets and minimarts but the requirements of the system to distribute funds to the MSMEs from sales are proving to be an obstacle. To help support the growth of small business, the national government instituted the Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) [ id ] in 2007 to provide loans to MSMEs. Between 2015 and 2021, KUR loans grew from 25% of borrowers to 74%. On 8 April 2020,
10788-459: The region would not suffer as a result, despite social and nature issues not having been addressed and 60% of residents in the community voting against the plant. In protest against the factory and Regent Haryanto's decision to issue the permit without hearing citizen concerns first, residents held a rally that blocked roads from 9 AM until after 3 PM in Sukokulon Village. On 17 November 2015,
10904-479: The residents in these areas. During the rainy season, schools are often flooded and students must take classes online. This has resulted in some teachers asking the government to intervene, to build the schools at elevation in hopes of preventing the annual floods. The secondary schools in these parts of the Regency are supported in large part by the Islamic community. There are also non-formal education classes offered to
11020-447: The rest Portland clinker and a little gypsum. All compositions produce high ultimate strength, but as slag content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance increases and heat evolution diminishes. Used as an economic alternative to Portland sulfate-resisting and low-heat cements. Portland-fly ash cement contains up to 40% fly ash under ASTM standards (ASTM C595), or 35% under EN standards (EN 197–1). The fly ash
11136-490: The same form and meaning as in Indonesian, with a few exceptions such as: The word sepur also exists in Indonesian, but there it has preserved the literal Dutch meaning of "railway tracks", while the Javanese word follows Dutch figurative use, and "spoor" (lit. "rail") is used as metonymy for "trein" (lit. "train"). (Compare a similar metonymic use in English: "to travel by rail" may be used for "to travel by train".) Malay
11252-407: The sea, they set hard underwater. The Greeks used volcanic tuff from the island of Thera as their pozzolan and the Romans used crushed volcanic ash (activated aluminium silicates ) with lime. This mixture could set under water, increasing its resistance to corrosion like rust. The material was called pozzolana from the town of Pozzuoli , west of Naples where volcanic ash was extracted. In
11368-534: The six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of Lampung . The language is spoken in Yogyakarta , Central and East Java , as well as on the north coast of West Java and Banten . It is also spoken elsewhere by the Javanese people in other provinces of Indonesia, who are numerous due to the government-sanctioned transmigration program in the late 20th century, including Lampung , Jambi , and North Sumatra provinces. In Suriname, Javanese
11484-409: The standard dialect of Surakarta, /a/ is pronounced [ɔ] in word-final open syllables, and in any open penultimate syllable before such an [ɔ] . The Javanese "voiced" phonemes are not in fact voiced but voiceless, with breathy voice on the following vowel. The relevant distinction in phonation of the plosives is described as stiff voice versus slack voice . A Javanese syllable can have
11600-413: The stratification of Javanese into speech levels such as ngoko and krama , which were unknown in Old Javanese. Books in Javanese have been printed since 1830s, at first using the Javanese script , although the Latin alphabet started to be used later. Since mid-19th century, Javanese has been used in newspapers and travelogues, and later, also novels, short stories, as well as free verses. Today, it
11716-474: The total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. All seven Indonesian presidents since 1945 have been of Javanese descent. It is therefore not surprising that Javanese has had a deep influence on the development of Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia . There are three main dialects of the modern language: Central Javanese, Eastern Javanese, and Western Javanese. These three dialects form
11832-410: The vaccination policies for children. On 11 February 2022, the government issued Circular Number 440/426, suspending all in-person learning after testing at multiple schools returned positive results for the virus among both teachers and students. As of January 2024, nearly 80% of the population of the Regency had not been vaccinated, despite the availability of vaccines at Community Health Centers and
11948-556: The vocabulary is from Sanskrit. Many Javanese personal names also have clearly recognisable Sanskrit roots. Sanskrit words are still very much in use. Modern speakers may describe Old Javanese and Sanskrit words as kawi (roughly meaning "literary"); but kawi words may also be from Arabic . Dutch and Malay are influential as well; but none of these rivals the position of Sanskrit. There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in Javanese than in Malay, and they are usually concerned with Islamic religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered
12064-415: Was 1,359,364 (comprising 678,406 males and 680,958 females). The administrative capital of Pati Regency is the town of Pati . The regency comprises twenty-one districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as of mid-2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres,
12180-444: Was a true alite-based cement. However, Aspdin's methods were "rule-of-thumb": Vicat is responsible for establishing the chemical basis of these cements, and Johnson established the importance of sintering the mix in the kiln . In the US the first large-scale use of cement was Rosendale cement , a natural cement mined from a massive deposit of dolomite discovered in the early 19th century near Rosendale, New York . Rosendale cement
12296-399: Was also adopted (as Pegon ) to write Javanese. The rise of Mataram in the 17th century shifted the main literary form of Javanese to be based on the inland variety. This written tradition was preserved by writers of Surakarta and Yogyakarta , and later became the basis of the modern written standard of the language. Another linguistic development associated with the rise of Mataram is
12412-479: Was counterintuitive for manufacturers of "artificial cements", because they required more lime in the mix (a problem for his father), a much higher kiln temperature (and therefore more fuel), and the resulting clinker was very hard and rapidly wore down the millstones , which were the only available grinding technology of the time. Manufacturing costs were therefore considerably higher, but the product set reasonably slowly and developed strength quickly, thus opening up
12528-468: Was developed in England in the mid 19th century, and usually originates from limestone . James Frost produced what he called "British cement" in a similar manner around the same time, but did not obtain a patent until 1822. In 1824, Joseph Aspdin patented a similar material, which he called Portland cement , because the render made from it was in color similar to the prestigious Portland stone quarried on
12644-494: Was extremely popular for the foundation of buildings ( e.g. , Statue of Liberty , Capitol Building , Brooklyn Bridge ) and lining water pipes. Sorel cement , or magnesia-based cement, was patented in 1867 by the Frenchman Stanislas Sorel . It was stronger than Portland cement but its poor water resistance (leaching) and corrosive properties ( pitting corrosion due to the presence of leachable chloride anions and
12760-622: Was formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century. John Smeaton made an important contribution to the development of cements while planning the construction of the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–59) in the English Channel now known as Smeaton's Tower . He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some strength in the twelve-hour period between successive high tides . He performed experiments with combinations of different limestones and additives including trass and pozzolanas and did exhaustive market research on
12876-418: Was influenced by Indonesian’s first person plural inclusive pronoun. Pronoun pluralization can be ignored or expressed by using phrases such as aku kabèh 'we', awaké dhéwé 'us', dhèwèké kabèh 'them' and so on. Personal pronoun in Javanese, especially for the second and third person, are more often replaced by certain nouns or titles. In addition to the pronoun described in the table below, Javanese still has
12992-405: Was rarely used on the outside of buildings. The normal technique was to use brick facing material as the formwork for an infill of mortar mixed with an aggregate of broken pieces of stone, brick, potsherds , recycled chunks of concrete, or other building rubble. Lightweight concrete was designed and used for the construction of structural elements by the pre-Columbian builders who lived in
13108-408: Was the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago before the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945; and Indonesian, which was based on Malay, is now the official language of Indonesia. As a consequence, there has been an influx of Malay and Indonesian vocabulary into Javanese. Many of these words are concerned with bureaucracy or politics. [Javanese Ngoko is on the left, and Javanese Krama
13224-543: Was used daily in approximately 43% of Indonesian households. By this reckoning there were well over 60 million Javanese speakers, from a national population of 147,490,298. In Banten, the descendants of the Central Javanese conquerors who founded the Islamic Sultanate there in the 16th century still speak an archaic form of Javanese. The rest of the population mainly speaks Sundanese and Indonesian, since this province borders directly on Jakarta. At least one third of
13340-407: Was used in house construction from the 1730s to the 1860s. In Britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive during a period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings from the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone. Hydraulic limes were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged
13456-720: Was used in the Eastern Roman Empire as well as in the West into the Gothic period . The German Rhineland continued to use hydraulic mortar throughout the Middle Ages, having local pozzolana deposits called trass . Tabby is a building material made from oyster shell lime, sand, and whole oyster shells to form a concrete. The Spanish introduced it to the Americas in the sixteenth century. The technical knowledge for making hydraulic cement
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