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56-450: By the end of 18th century the town council ( cabildo ) of Buenos Aires established the first partidos in the countryside: San Isidro del Pago de la Costa ( San Isidro ) in 1779 and San Vicente , Quilmes , Magdalena , La Matanza , Cañada de Morón ( Morón ), Las Conchas ( Tigre ) and San Pedro in 1784. At the head of every partido, the cabildo appointed a rural judge called Alcalde de la Santa Hermandad . The judge, or alcalde , had

112-406: A buttery for wine, ale and beer. These offices were headed by a pantler and a butler respectively. Depending on the size and wealth of the household, these offices would then be subdivided further. The following is a list of some of the offices one could expect to find in a large medieval aristocratic or royal household: In addition to these offices, there was a need for servants to take care of

168-489: A municipality . Cabildos were sometimes appointed, sometimes elected, but were considered to be representative of all land-owning heads of household ( vecinos ). The colonial cabildo was essentially the same as the one that was developed in medieval Castile . The cabildo was the legal representative of the municipality and its vecinos before the Spanish Crown and so it was among the first institutions established by

224-545: A catastrophic de-population of the towns and cities that had existed within the Empire. Between the 10th and 12th centuries, however, a revival of the European city occurred, with an increase in the urbanisation of society. The practice of sending children away to act as servants was even more common in towns than in the countryside. The inhabitants of towns largely made their livelihood as merchants or artisans , and this activity

280-406: A family – before entering into marriage. For this reason, the average age of marriage for men remained high, in the mid- to late twenties. Even though peasant households were significantly smaller than aristocratic ones, the wealthiest of these would also employ servants. Service was a natural part of the cycle of life, and it was common for young people to spend some years away from home in

336-452: A smaller body, the cabildo or ayuntamiento consisting of set number of regidores (usually 24 in the largest cities) elected by the property owners in the city. The new bodies took their permanent form by the end of the 14th century. As part of the same process, a municipal council (the consell ) with different attributes and composition also evolved in the neighboring Kingdom of Aragon during this period. In theory, every municipality in

392-532: A vote in cabildo deliberations and would substitute the alcalde if the latter could not carry out the functions of his office; the alguacil mayor , who oversaw local law enforcement ; the fiel ejecutor , who was the inspector of weights, measures and markets, in charge of the supplies of the city and oversaw municipal sanitation; the procurador or city attorney; and a scribe . After the Bourbon Reforms , peninsulares were almost exclusively appointed to

448-478: A word corresponding to modern-day "family". The Latin familia must be translated to "household" rather than "family". The aristocratic household of ancient Rome was similar to that of medieval Europe , in that it consisted – in addition to the paterfamilias , his wife and children – of a number of clients (clients) , or dependents of the lord who would attend upon him, counsel him and receive rewards. Where it differed from its medieval equivalent

504-427: Is a unicameral body, one-half of whose members are elected every two years to serve four-year terms and can be reelected for a new term. If they have been re-elected, they can not be re-elected in the same position, but with an interval of one period. The number of councillors depends on the population of every partido. According to decret-law 6769/58 the number of councillors varies as follows: Buenos Aires Province

560-438: Is administered by an executive and a legislative branch, respectively, the mayor ( intendente ) and a council ( concejo deliberante ), similar to a county council . It is considered a strong mayor -council form of government. The mayor is elected to four-year terms and can be reelected for a new term. If they have been re-elected, they can not be re-elected in the same position, but with an interval of one period. The council

616-415: Is divided into 135 partidos. Spanish language page has more data on more of the partidos: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Partidos_de_la_provincia_de_Buenos_Aires Cabildo (council) A cabildo ( Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈβildo] ) or ayuntamiento ( Spanish: [aʝuntaˈmjento] ) was a Spanish colonial and early postcolonial administrative council that governed

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672-704: Is the Carolingians of France, who rose from the position of royal stewards – the Mayors of the Palace – to become kings in their own right. It was the father of Charlemagne , Pepin the Short , who gained control of government from the enfeebled Merovingian king Childeric III . Another example can be found in the royal House of Stuart in Scotland , whose family name bore witness to their background of service. Eventually,

728-824: The Early Middle Ages was comparatively high , in the early twenties, and quite equal for men and women. The reason for this can be found in traditions brought forward from the Germanic tribes, but equally in the fact that habitation was confined to small areas, a factor that enforced restrictions on population growth. As more land was won for cultivation, this trend changed. During the High and Late Middle Ages , women were increasingly married away in their teens, leading to higher birth rates . While women would be married once they reached reproductive age, men had to possess independent means of sustenance – to be able to provide for

784-1098: The Municipales , or councillors , who were elected by the citizens of the different partidos. Since 1890 the head of the government is called Intendente ( Intendant ), or Mayor , and is directly elected by the citizens. On October 24, 1864 the Legislature of the Province of Buenos Aires sanctioned law № 422, dividing the province into 45 partidos: Arrecifes, Baradero, Barrancas al Sud (Avellaneda), Belgrano ( Barrio Belgrano ), Cañuelas, Carmen de Areco, Chacabuco, Chascomús, Chivilcoy, del Pilar, Ensenada, Exaltación de la Cruz, General las Heras, General San Martín, Giles, Junín, Matanza, Las Conchas (Tigre), Lobos, Lomas de Zamora, Luján, Magdalena, Mercedes, Merlo, Monte, Moreno, Morón, Navarro, Pergamino, Quilmes, Ramallo, Ranchos, Rivadavia, Rojas, Salto, San Antonio, San Fernando, San Isidro, San José de Flores ( Barrio Flores ), San Nicolás, San Pedro, San Vicente, Suipacha, Viedma and Zárate. Every partido

840-569: The conquistadors themselves after, or even before, taking over an area. For example, Hernán Cortés established La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz to free himself from the authority of the Governor of Cuba. The word cabildo has the same Latin root ( capitulum ) as the English word chapter and in fact is also the Spanish word for a cathedral chapter . Historically, the term ayuntamiento was often preceded by

896-550: The consells insulars ( island councils ) of the Balearic Islands . Medieval household The medieval household was, like modern households , the center of family life for all classes of European society. Yet in contrast to the household of today, it consisted of many more individuals than the nuclear family . From the household of the king to the humblest peasant dwelling, more or less distant relatives and varying numbers of servants and dependents would cohabit with

952-483: The hunting animals. The master huntsman, or the veneur , held a central position in greater noble households. Likewise, the master falconer was a high-ranking officer, often of noble birth himself. There were spiritual needs to be cared for, and a chapel was a natural part of every large household. These household chapels would be staffed by varying numbers of clerics . The chaplains , confessors and almoners could serve in administrative capacities as well as

1008-535: The regidores were elected by all the heads of household. In the late Middle Ages, those elections often turned violent, with citizens forming bands to control elections and even resorting to murder. To minimize that problem, kings began to appoint a certain number of or even all of the regidores in certain cities. By the modern era, different cabildos had different mixes of elected and appointed regidores both in Europe and overseas. Finally, to add another layer of control,

1064-553: The Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Spanish Philippines had a cabildo. Municipalities included not only the cities but also the surrounding lands. All lands were ultimately assigned to a municipality. Usually, the cabildo made local laws and reported to the presidente (president) of the audiencia , who in turn reported to the viceroy . The cabildo had judicial, legislative, and administrative duties. For that reason, it

1120-429: The administrative centre of a large terminus or alfoz , which was analogous to the ancient territorium . In general, municipal governments often consisted of a council ( consejo ) that was open to all the property-owning adult males of the city and a nobleman appointed to represent the king and organize the defense of the city and terminus . By the 13th century, these open councils proved unwieldy and were replaced by

1176-456: The aristocracy, and as such resembled modern households more. The patterns of marriage fluctuated greatly over the course of the Middle Ages. Even though most of the available evidence concerns the higher classes, and the source material for southern Europe is richer than for the rest, it is still possible to make some rough generalisations. It seems clear that the average age of marriage during

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1232-419: The cabildo had one or two magistrates, the alcades , whom the regidores elected every January 1. Alcaldes served as judges of first instance in all criminal and civil cases and acted as presiding officers of the cabildo unless there was a corregidor . In provincial capitals, the first alcalde would fill in for incapacitated governors. Other officers were the alférez real (royal standard-bearer), who had

1288-451: The central positions of the royal household became little else than honorary titles bestowed upon the greatest families, and not necessarily even dependent on attendance at court. In Flanders , by the thirteenth century, the offices of constable, butler, steward and chamberlain had become the hereditary right of certain high noble families, and held no political significance. Finally, the royal household differed from most noble households in

1344-543: The collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the establishment of the Visigothic Kingdom , the ancient municipal government vanished. In many areas, seeking to escape from the political instability around them, people entrusted themselves to large landholders and to exchanging their service for the landholder's protection in a process that ultimately led to feudalism . (See also Manorialism .) In areas in which

1400-481: The financial crisis in the late 16th century. As a result of being shut out of those offices, creoles turned to the cabildos for political power. Soon enough, cabildos became the centre of power for creoles, as evidenced in many of the clashes, usually with the peninsular -dominated audiencias , in the period leading up to the Spanish American Wars of Independence . In the first decades of the national period,

1456-700: The greater lords would own grand halls wherein they might entertain large numbers of guests. In the Byzantine Empire , slaves were employed until the end of the Empire, as were eunuchs . Little is known of the living arrangements of the Byzantines, as very few buildings remain. From historical and architectural evidence, it is known that, even though castles were rare, the wealthy lived in palaces of varying magnitude, with chapels and gardens, and rich decorations of mosaics and frescoes . The households of medieval peasant families were naturally smaller than those of

1512-518: The household (the "marshalsea"), and was also in charge of discipline. The marshal, and other higher-ranking servants, would have assistants helping them perform their tasks. These – called valets de chambre , grooms or pages , ranking from top to bottom in that order – were most often young boys; however, in the larger royal courts, the valet de chambres included both young noble courtiers, and often artists, musicians and other specialists who might be of international repute. Assigning these

1568-572: The household. Taking care of the personal wellbeing of the lord and his family were the Chamberlain , who was responsible for the chamber or private living-quarters, and the Master of the Wardrobe , who had the main responsibility for clothing and other domestic items. Of roughly equal authority to the steward was the marshal . This officer had the militarily vital responsibility for the stables and horses of

1624-470: The human inhabitants, a number of livestock animals would also reside in the house. Towards the end of the medieval period, however, conditions generally improved. Peasant houses became larger in size, and it became more common to have two rooms, and even a second floor. The medieval world was a much less urban society than either the Roman Empire or the modern world. The fall of the Roman Empire had caused

1680-451: The individual, and focus on privacy. Already in the later Middle Ages castles had begun to incorporate an increasing number of private chambers, for the use both of the lord and of his servants. Once the castle was discarded to the benefit of palaces or stately homes , this tendency was reinforced. This did not mean an end to the employment of domestic servants, or even in all cases a reduction in household staff. What it did mean, however,

1736-461: The kings introduced corregidores to represent them directly and preside over the cabildos. Although many municipalities lost their right to elect all or some of their regidores as time went on, cities and cabildos gained new power with the development of the Castilian and Leonese Parliaments (the cortes ) because cities had a right to representation in them. In addition to the council members,

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1792-413: The lord – were often filled by men of rank: sons of the lord's relatives, or his retainers . The presence of servants of noble birth imposed a social hierarchy on the household that went parallel to the hierarchy dictated by function. This second hierarchy had at its top the steward (alternatively seneschal or majordomo ), who had the overriding responsibility for the domestic affairs of

1848-441: The male servants were purely military personnel; there would be a gatekeeper, as well as various numbers of knights and esquires to garrison the castle as a military unit. Yet many of these would also serve other functions, and there would be servants entirely devoted to domestic tasks. At the lower level, these were simply local men recruited from the localities. The higher level positions – in particular those attending on

1904-539: The master of the house and his immediate family. The structure of the medieval household was largely dissolved by the advent of privacy in early modern Europe . Variations were immense over an entire continent and a time span of about 1,000 years. However, it is still possible to speak of a classical model of the medieval household, particularly as it evolved in Carolingian France and from there spread over great parts of Europe . Neither Greek nor Latin had

1960-553: The mission to maintain the law and order in the surrounding rural area of Buenos Aires, fighting against cattle raiders . The alcalde was helped by a constabulary called Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood) created in the late 15th century by the Catholic Monarchs and transplanted to the colonies. In 1821 the Governor Martín Rodríguez and his minister Bernardino Rivadavia dissolved the cabildos and since then

2016-430: The office of valet was a way of regularising their position within the household. One of the most important functions of the medieval household was the procurement, storage and preparation of food. This involved both feeding the occupants of the residence on a daily basis, and preparing larger feasts for guests, to maintain the status of the lord. The kitchen was divided into a pantry for bread, cheese and napery , and

2072-504: The old territoria survived, the Visigothic kings appointed a single officer, called either a comes or a iudice , to replace the defunct municipia or civitates . After the Muslim conquest , the new rulers also appointed various judicial officers to manage the affairs of the cities. Qadis heard any cases that fell under the purview of Sharia law , and sahibs oversaw the administration of

2128-470: The positions of viceroy and bishop. Other offices, such as oidores of the audiencia , corregidores (in the places in which they continued to exist after the Bourbon Reforms) and intendant , also saw a rise in the proportion of peninsulares being appointed. The last ones had been positions to which creoles once had easy access, especially after the approval of the sale of offices, which began during

2184-571: The religious ones. The households of medieval kings were in many ways simply aristocratic households on a larger scale: as the Burgundian court chronicler Georges Chastellain observed of the splendidly ordered court of the dukes of Burgundy , "after the deeds and exploits of war, which are claims to glory, the household is the first thing that strikes the eye, and which it is, therefore, most necessary to conduct and arrange well." In some ways though, they were essentially different. One major difference

2240-559: The road. This could be a costly affair for the localities visited; there was not only the large royal household to cater for, but also the entire royal administration. It was only towards the end of the medieval period, when means of communication improved, that households, both noble and royal, became more permanently attached to one residence. The aristocratic society centered on the castle originated, as much of medieval culture in general, in Carolingian France , and from there spread over most of Western Europe . In other parts of Europe,

2296-420: The semi-royal household of Edward of Carnarvon , later Edward II when Prince of Wales, is the earliest for which detailed knowledge can be obtained from sources. The medieval aristocratic household was not fixed to one location, but could be more or less permanently on the move. Greater nobles would have estates scattered over large geographical areas, and to maintain proper control of all their possessions it

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2352-428: The service of another household. This way they would learn the skills needed later in life, and at the same time earn a wage. This was particularly useful for girls, who could put the earnings towards their dowry. The houses of medieval peasants were of poor quality compared to modern houses. The floor was normally of earth, and there was very little ventilation or sources of light in the form of windows. In addition to

2408-472: The situation was different. On the northern and western fringes of the continent, society was kin-based rather than feudal , and households were organised correspondingly. In Ireland , the basis for social organisation was the " sept ", a clan that could comprise as many as 250 households, or 1250 individuals, all somehow related. In Viking-age Scandinavia , housing arrangements were more humble than those of contemporary France or England , but also here

2464-439: The size of their military element. If a king was able to muster a substantial force of household knights, this would reduce his dependence on the military service of his subjects. This was the case with Richard II of England , whose one-sided dependence on his household knights – mostly recruited from the county of Cheshire – made him unpopular with his nobility and eventually contributed to his downfall. In England,

2520-667: The traditional form of the cabildo was kept in several Spanish American nations although they were eventually replaced by legislative municipal councils . Because cabildos were the city government, the city administrative offices were often called the " cabildo ". Those names are preserved in parts of Latin America and even in New Orleans . At present, cabildos exist only on the Canary Islands ( cabildos insulares ),with one governing each island, and they are elected. Cabildos there resemble

2576-508: The various other areas of urban life, such as the markets and the public order . The cabildo proper began its slow evolution in the process of the Reconquista . As fortified areas grew into urban centres, or older cities were incorporated into the expanding Christian kingdoms of Portugal , León and Castile , kings and sometimes local lords granted the cities various levels of self-rule and unique sets of laws (the fueros ) and made them

2632-433: The word excelentísimo ( English : "most excellent") as a style of office in referring to the council. That phrase is often abbreviated Exc. Ay. The Castilian cabildo has some similarities to the ancient Roman municipium and civitas , especially in the use of plural administrative officers and its control of the surrounding countryside, the territorium , but its evolution is a uniquely-medieval development. With

2688-546: Was a realignment whereby the family – in a genealogical sense – became the cornerstone of the household. a. The chronicler Einhard sardonically wrote: "Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne, held the office for some years, under, if that is the word, King Childeric III..." b. It should be mentioned that many – if not most – of these apprentices never achieved guild membership for themselves, but ended up spending their whole life as wage laborers. c. The idea of

2744-406: Was due primarily to two factors. First of all, the introduction of gunpowder to the field of warfare rendered the castle a less effective defence, and did away with the military function of the household. The result was a household more focused on comfort and luxury, and with a significantly larger proportion of women. The second factor that brought about change was the early modern ascendancy of

2800-439: Was important to physically inspect the localities on a regular basis. As the master of the horses, travel was the responsibility of the marshal . Everything in the noble household was designed for travel, so that the lord could enjoy the same luxury wherever he went. Particularly for kings, itineration was a vital part of governance , and in many cases kings would rely on the hospitality of their subjects for maintenance while on

2856-472: Was in the use of slaves rather than paid servants for the performance of menial tasks. Another difference was that, due to the relative security and peacefulness within the borders of the Roman Empire , there was little need for fortification . The aristocratic household of medieval Europe, on the other hand, was as much a military as a socio-economic unit, and from the 9th century onwards the ideal residence

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2912-413: Was often addressed with the formula, Consejo, Justicia y Regimiento (Council, Justice and Government ). The cabildo consisted of several types of officials. There were four to twelve regidores , depending on the size and importance of the municipality. Regidores were not just deliberative officers, but all shared in the administration of the territory by dividing tasks among themselves. Initially

2968-445: Was strictly controlled by guilds . The members of these guilds would in turn employ young people – primarily boys – as apprentices , to learn the craft and later take a position as guild members themselves. These apprentices made up part of the household – or "family" – as much as the children of the master. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, the functions and composition of households started to change. This

3024-414: Was the castle . As a result of the military nature of the medieval noble household, its composition was predominately male. Towards the end of the medieval period, the ratio leveled out somewhat. However, at an earlier date, the feminine element of the household consisted only of the lady and her daughters, their attendants, and perhaps a few domestics to perform particular tasks such as washing. Many of

3080-450: Was the governor itself who appointed the judges, now called Juez de Paz (Justice of the Peace), his administrative territory was called Partido judicial (Judicial district) hence the name of the subdivision. In 1856 the office of Juez de Paz was replaced by a Presidente de la Municipalidad , or Municipal President. It was appointed by the Governor from a list of three candidates presented by

3136-548: Was the way in which royal household officials were largely responsible for the governance of the realm, as well as the administration of the household. The 11th century Capetian kings of France, for instance, "ruled through royal officers who were in many respects indistinguishable from their household officers." These officers – primarily the seneschal , constable , butler , chamberlain and chancellor – would naturally gain extensive powers, and could exploit this power for social advancement. One example of this

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