49-418: The Parramatta Female Factory, is a National Heritage Listed place and has three original sandstone buildings and the sandstone gaol walls. The Parramatta Female Factory was designed by convict architect Francis Greenway in 1818 and the only female building authorized by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . It comprises the 1821 Matron's Quarters and Administration and Stores Building, the 1821 Female Hospital and
98-458: A general officer with a knighthood . Born in Ireland, he was the son of a sergeant in the 45th Regiment of Foot who subsequently gained the unusual reward of promotion to officer rank as a lieutenant . Like most of the small number of former non-commissioned officers in this position, Lieutenant Darling performed only regimental administrative duties. He struggled to support his large family on
147-627: A subaltern 's pay. Ralph Darling enlisted at the age of fourteen as a private in his father's regiment, and served in the ranks for at least two years on garrison duty in the West Indies . Eventually, as an "act of charity" to the family, young Ralph was granted an officer's commission as an ensign on 15 May 1793, without having to make the usual payment . The new officer soon found opportunities to show his ability, alternating front-line activity and high-level administrative duties, and in August 1796 he
196-418: A brother-in law of Darling's first Lieutenant-Governor, William Stewart . Those same favoured people received appointments within his administration. He employed his nephew, Charles Henry Darling , as an assistant private secretary. In keeping with official policy and the governor's own disciplinarian instincts, Darling's administration certainly strengthened the punitive aspects of transportation . Perhaps
245-413: A decade there was considerable pressure on the authorities to deal with increasing numbers of female convicts who could not be adequately accommodated at the factory. There were over 200 women and children in a place that could only house 30 at night. The factory was the destination for many of the convict women sent as prisoners to the colony of NSW. Over 9,000 names have been recorded as passing through
294-512: A long bill of indictment against the Governor. On 8 July 1828, Mr. Stewart, a member of the British House of Commons, rose to move for "papers connected with the case of Joseph Sudds and Patrick Thompson". The "rascally newspapers" had not been idle either, and "Miles", a correspondent of the Morning Chronicle, took up the cudgels for Mr. Wentworth. The Morning Chronicle commented severely on
343-579: A post he held until his death. Darling died in Brighton on 2 April 1858 at the age of eighty-six, survived by his widow, three sons and four daughters. On 13 October 1817, Darling married the 19-year-old Elizabeth Dumaresq , known as Eliza (1798–1868). She was the daughter of Colonel John Dumaresq, a landowner in Shropshire . The marriage was a happy one. Of ten children, four daughters and three sons survived to adulthood. Eliza's widowed mother Ann Dumaresq
392-540: A set list of criteria, once a place is put on the National Heritage List, the provisions of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ( EPBC Act ) apply. All places on this list can be found on the online Australian Heritage Database , along with other places on other Australian and world heritage listings. The National Heritage List was established in 2003 by an amendment to
441-579: A theatre in Sydney". He even introduced a law effectively banning the performance of drama. The law stated that no form of public entertainment could take place without approval from the colonial secretary, and Darling ensured that all such applications were rejected. He did permit concerts of music to take place. His departure for England, upon the ship Hooghly , was greeted by public rejoicing, but his modern biographer has described this display as being "orchestrated by his opponents". Darling sought to ensure
490-605: The 51st Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Corunna and serving as assistant adjutant general during the Walcheren Expedition , before returning to the headquarters at Royal Horse Guards in London, where he served for almost a decade as head of British Army recruiting. In this role, Darling was subsequently promoted to brevet colonel on 25 July 1810, major general on 4 June 1813, and deputy adjutant general in 1814. General Darling
539-482: The Australian , run by William Wentworth and Robert Wardell ). Darling tended to rely upon like-minded military men for his administration, and it was soon subject to criticism for nepotism and favouritism. That criticism, as well as the accusations of tyrannical rule, could not be stifled. Darling's predecessor, Thomas Brisbane , had ended press censorship, creating in effect press freedom before Darling arrived in
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#1732890824712588-626: The Australian National Heritage List on 17 November 2017. National Heritage List (Australia) Download coordinates as: The Australian National Heritage List or National Heritage List ( NHL ) is a heritage register , a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural and historic places, including those of cultural significance to Indigenous Australians such as Aboriginal Australian sacred sites . Having been assessed against
637-607: The Commonwealth of Australia . The National Heritage List is a list of places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia. Once on the list, the provisions of the EPBC Act apply. To be included on the list, a nominated place is assessed by the Australian Heritage Council against nine criteria: In addition, the place must pass a "significance threshold"; it must have 'outstanding' heritage value to
686-682: The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . The National Heritage List, together with the Commonwealth Heritage List , replaced the former Register of the National Estate , which was closed and archived in 2007. Places on the National Heritage List are places of outstanding heritage value for Australia, while the Commonwealth Heritage List are heritage places that are owned or controlled by
735-630: The Hunter Valley . In 1826 he also defined the Nineteen Counties in accordance with a government order from Lord Bathurst , the Secretary of State in the British parliament; these were the limits of location in the colony of New South Wales. Settlers were only permitted to take up land within these counties. From 1831 the granting of free land ceased and the only land that was to be made available for sale
784-503: The 1826 3rd Class Female Penitentiary. It is the first female factory in the penal colony of New South Wales , and is located at 5 Fleet Street, North Parramatta , New South Wales , Australia. It was one of 13 female factories in the colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land . In New South Wales , female factories were also established in Bathurst , Newcastle , Port Macquarie and Moreton Bay (2 factories). The factory idea
833-560: The Australian colonies. Wentworth, who was also famous for crossing the Blue Mountains with Blaxland and Lawson , became the Colony's leading political figure of the 1820s–30s. He called for representative government, the abolition of transportation, freedom of the press and trial by jury. Wentworth became the most bitter enemy of Governor Ralph Darling and his 'exclusives' led by
882-470: The Australian continent, ceased to be under the control of New South Wales and was placed under the authority of the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land . He proclaimed Van Diemen's Land as a separate colony on 3 December in 1825. On 16 April 1831, Darling issued a proclamation banning trade in heads out of New Zealand saying that there was reason to believe that the trade tended to increase
931-529: The Government expressed itself fully satisfied with the conduct of Sir Ralph Darling. Wentworth having got for Governor Major-General Sir Richard Bourke (who was generally liked), turned his attention to other pursuits. Wentworth published in England a series of pamphlets containing an account of this whole business. Governor Darling is also said to have "ruthlessly and implacably countered all attempts to establish
980-486: The Governor on all sides, and he was accused of wilful murder"; after Sudds' death Thompson was taken in a bullock-cart to Penrith gaol, and thence conveyed to "No. 1, Iron-chain-gang party" on Lapstone-hill , being at the face of the Blue Mountains. At three o’clock on the first day he was taken out and set to work with the gang, having the spiked collar that had killed Sudds on his neck the whole time. After eight hot days of this work Thompson refused to continue working and
1029-473: The colony. Darling's subsequent attempt to control the press through new legislation failed, because the Chief Justice, Francis Forbes , advised that the measures were not compatible with the laws of England. It is certainly the case that Darling made land grants to relatives, including his brothers-in-law Henry and William Dumaresq , and others that he favoured, such as George Bowen and Stewart Ryrie ,
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#17328908247121078-533: The conduct of the Tory Governor of New South Wales. The Tory papers duly retaliated, but eventually Darling moved to resign. The controversy still persisted, and lasted years after Governor Darling's resignation – with the Whig party clamouring for vengeance, and with "Miles", persistently chronicling all of Darling’s misdeeds in order to seek that Darling be tried for his life. There was, however, no "trial for murder" and
1127-405: The education of child prisoners, improve the treatment of female convicts, and promote the use of Christian teaching as a means of rehabilitation, and he made efforts to give the indigenous population the protection of British justice. The annual distribution of blankets to Aboriginal people was initiated by him in 1826, originally as rewards to those who assisted in the capture of bushrangers at
1176-559: The fact that British rule in Mauritius was still little more than military occupation of a proud French colony . Notwithstanding the criticism from some quarters, it was largely on account of his service in Mauritius that Darling was appointed the seventh Governor of New South Wales in 1824. Darling initiated the construction, from 1826, of the convict-built Great North Road , linking the Hawkesbury settlements around Sydney with those in
1225-435: The fact that he was not given any significant new military or political assignments, but further promotion and various honorific appointments did follow, and he was happy to devote much of his time to raising his young children. He was given the colonelcy of the 90th Regiment of Foot in 1823, transferring as Colonel to the 41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot in 1837 and to the 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot in 1848,
1274-479: The factories, of which an estimated 5,000 went through Parramatta. With the arrival of Governor Lachlan Macquarie a solution was acted on. Macquarie selected a 4-acre (16,000 m) portion of William Bligh 's 105 acre grant further upstream on the Parramatta River to build a new factory and issued instructions to convict architect Francis Greenway to design a building that would accommodate 250 women. This
1323-497: The factory was the site of women rioting as a response to a cut in rations and their poor conditions. The matron, Mrs Raine , had resigned and she had to be rescued. Ann Gordon began her work as the factory's new matron and superintendent with her first task being to negotiate with the women who had escaped from the building. She was able to persuade them to return, but the disputed ration of bread and sugar remained. In less than an hour over 100 women escaped en masse and proceeded into
1372-515: The facts of the case leaked out"; "the ingenious Darling had placed round their necks spiked iron collars attached by another set of chains to the ankle fetters. The projecting spikes prevented the unhappy men from lying down at ease, and the connecting chains were short enough to prevent them from standing upright. Under the effects of this treatment Sudds had died. Public fury now knew no bounds. Tradesmen put up their shutters as though in mourning for some national calamity. The fiercest denunciations met
1421-449: The foundation to 20 inches (510 mm) at the apex of its three storeys. It had an oak shingled roof, floors of 6 inches (150 mm) paving or stringbark with barred leadlight windows in the basement and lead glazed windows on the upper floors. The first floor was used for meals with the top two floors for sleeping and other activities. The porter, deputy superintendent, superintendent and matron were provided with separate accommodation on
1470-533: The matron and the keeper. By 1842 the factory accommodated 1,203 women as well as children. With the end of convict transportation to the colony, in 1848 the site was reassigned as a Convict Lunatic and Invalid Asylum. The Parramatta Female Factory is now the earliest surviving female factory in Australia. The site is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register and is inscribed on
1519-407: The most controversial act of his tenure was the harsh treatment of soldiers Joseph Sudds and Patrick Thompson, who had committed theft in the belief that seven years in an outlying penal colony would be an easier life than two decades of army discipline. As an example to others, the Governor had them placed in irons and assigned to a chain gang , leading to the death of Sudds. Some believe this death
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1568-827: The nation as a whole. This is determined by comparison to other similar places. Once the Heritage Council has made an assessment, it forwards a recommendation to the Minister for the Environment , who shall make a determination. As of 10 August 2020 , the Australian National Heritage List comprised 120 heritage places as follows: The Australian National Heritage List comprises these sites: [REDACTED] Media related to Australian National Heritage List at Wikimedia Commons Ralph Darling General Sir Ralph Darling , GCH (1772 – 2 April 1858)
1617-480: The request of the Bathurst magistrates. Ralph Darling left Australia in 1831, returning to England in 1832. Continuing pressure from political opponents led to the formation of a select committee to examine his actions in Australia, but the inquiry exonerated him, and the day after it concluded, he was knighted by the king in a dramatic display of official favour. The controversy in Australia may have contributed to
1666-442: The role but he had offered the position to Gordon at £150 per annum (£50 less per year than her predecessor). Ann, her husband Robert, and their children, were given quarters. Darling was supportive of Gordon as she endeavoured to introduce smooth management into the factory. She had several assistant matrons and four other staff including a constable who was the gatekeeper but they were not always co-operative. By 1835 she had added to
1715-622: The sacrifice of human life. Darling was a professional soldier, military governor of what was still effectively a penal colony under martial law , and having lived entirely within the authoritarian structure of the army since childhood, he lacked experience in dealing with civilian society. As a result, he came into conflict with the liberal "emancipists" who wished to introduce greater political and social freedom in New South Wales. Their accusations of tyrannical misrule were publicised by opposition newspapers in England and Australia (including
1764-584: The site. The Parramatta Female Factory was multi-purpose. It was a place of assignment, a hospital, a marriage bureau, a factory, an asylum and a prison for those who committed a crime in the Colony. The reason it is called a factory is because it manufactured cloth - linen, wool and linsey woolsey. It was also the site of the colony's first manufactured export producing 60,000 yards (55,000 m) of woven cloth in 1822.The women also did spinning, knitting, straw plaiting, washing, cleaning duties and if in third class, rock breaking and oakum picking. In October 1827,
1813-429: The staff various trusted women convicts who served as midwife and overseers. In 1836 Gordon was dismissed, although the governor, Richard Bourke said there was no wrong doing, and she received a years salary in compensation. Discipline has deteriated and there were rumours of impropriatary. He told his superiors and he had introduced order and the factory was a prison. Gordon was replaced by Sarah and Thomas Bell who were
1862-400: The town where 40 soldiers and the threat of guns brought them back. They returned with a plunder of foodstuffs and when the ringleaders were confined, they released them. This was the first of the riots. Other riots at the factory occurred in 1831,1833, 1836 and 1843. Gordon had been appointed by the Governor, Ralph Darling . He had complained previously that there was no one available to take
1911-464: The wealthy grazier John Macarthur . In one account disfavourable to the Governor written by Marcus Clarke the following claims regarding Governor Darling's "act of tryanny" of 22 November 1826 are made: "it was given forth that Sudds had died from combined dropsy and bronchitis. Mr. Wentworth – a native-born Australian barrister, of some eloquence and intense capacity for hating – would not rest satisfied with this explanation, and little by little
1960-588: Was a British Army officer who served as Governor of New South Wales from 1825 to 1831. He is popularly described as a tyrant, accused of torturing prisoners and banning theatrical entertainment. Local geographical features named after him include the Darling River and Darling Harbour in Sydney . Darling seems to have been unique in the British Army of this period, as he progressed from an enlisted man to become
2009-479: Was a combination of the functions of the British bridewells , prisons and workhouses . The Parramatta Female Factory is being considered for World Heritage listing. The first female factory was above the Parramatta Gaol , in what is now Prince Alfred Square (formerly known as Gaol Green and Hanging Green). This two storey building was commissioned by Governor King and the convict women moved in 1804. Within
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2058-785: Was a devout philanthropist, and lived in Cheltenham . Eliza was influenced by Hannah More and Sarah Trimmer . In Australia, she consulted the penal reformer Elizabeth Fry , with reference in particular to female convicts. She was also involved in the establishment of the Female School of Industry at Parramatta . After Darling's position in New South Wales ended, the family returned to England. They lived at Cheltenham, then Brighton where Darling died in 1858. The following features are named after Ralph Darling or members of his immediate family: The Logan River in South-East Queensland
2107-408: Was accused of allowing a British frigate to breach quarantine and start an epidemic of cholera, and he then suspended the island's Conseil de Commune when it protested his actions; in reality, however, there was no evidence that the frigate had been carrying cholera, and the opposition to General Darling appears to have been motivated in large part by his vigorous actions against the slave trade , and
2156-584: Was also able to further the careers of his younger brothers Henry and William, and subsequently his nephew Charles ; the three brothers all became generals, and Charles also earned a knighthood. Darling married in 1817. Between February 1819 and February 1824, General Darling commanded the British troops on Mauritius , before serving as acting governor of the colony for the last three years of his stay. In this role, Darling again exhibited his administrative ability, but he also became very unpopular in Mauritius: he
2205-543: Was appointed as military secretary to Sir Ralph Abercromby , the British commander-in-chief in the West Indies. By the time he returned to Great Britain in 1802, still aged only twenty-nine, the sergeant's son and one-time private soldier was a highly respected lieutenant-colonel. During the Napoleonic Wars , Colonel Darling alternated between periods of regimental command and important administrative appointments, leading
2254-410: Was officially downplayed. It was stated as having been due to a pre-existing illness which the Governor had not been properly informed about. However, the incident proved intensely and persistently controversial at the time and formed a major element in the rising career of Mr William Charles Wentworth as a political thorn in the side of the establishment and a leading advocate for the self-government of
2303-449: Was taken to gaol and was finally sent on board the hulks. What became of him seemed unknown to some but he was eventually ordered to rejoin his regiment (Sydney Gazette, 28 March 1829), and was sent back to England in October 1829 (Australian, 23 October 1829). Having gathered considerable evidence of his own, Wentworth wrote to Sir George Murray , the Secretary of State, and forwarded to him
2352-414: Was the first purpose-built female factory in the Colony and a model for the others. The first stone was laid by Governor Macquarie in 1818 and the women were transferred from the old factory in 1821. The factory was built using convict labour from locally quarried sandstone and was completed in 1821 at the cost of £4,778. The walls of the main building ranged from 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m) at
2401-415: Was within the Nineteen Counties . When Darling was commissioned as governor, the Colony's western boundary – set in 1788 at 135 degrees east longitude – was extended by 6 degrees west to the 129 degrees east longitude . This line of longitude subsequently became the border dividing Western Australia and South Australia . To the south, everything beyond Wilsons Promontory , the southeastern 'corner' of
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