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52-404: The inauguration of the park took place on August 6, 1934. President Enrique Olaya Herrera attended at its inauguration and was one of its most important promoters, hence its full name includes the mention of the president. Its heritage and tradition is very rich and today forms part of the image of the city. It was declared a National Monument of Colombia on September 26, 1996. It is located at

104-407: A roller skating ring, a soccer field, volleyball courts, basketball courts, a theater and a playground. It also has a main grove in which stands the monumental fountain in honor of Rafael Uribe Uribe , made in 1940 by Spanish sculptor Victorio Macho and inaugurated on October 27, 1940. The grove continues eastward for a pedestrian path adorned with benches and lanterns, ending in a small plaza with

156-512: A National Assembly (elected through the municipal councils) to reform the Constitution of 1886, which started sessions on May 15. This important reform, inspired by the members of the Republican Union (a third political party with bipartisan principles of free elections and religious tolerance), banned the participation of the military in politics and established the direct popular election of

208-461: A clock tower, donated by the Swiss community of the city in 1938. The park has other monuments, among which stands out a sculpture by Enrique Grau called Rita 5:30 pm , inaugurated in 2000. The children's theater, with capacity for 300 children, was built in 1936 by the architect Carlos Martínez and was declared a National Monument of Colombia by decree 1802 of October 19, 1995. On its western side are

260-553: A doctorate in jurisprudence and in 1906 he traveled to Belgium where he studied diplomacy and sociology at the Université Libre de Bruxelles focusing on diplomacy, politics and journalism. Upon his return from Belgium, Olaya Herrera joined the cause against the government of General Rafael Reyes criticizing the treaties between the United States and Colombia, and the loss of Panama . On 13 March 1909 Olaya Herrera publicly made

312-495: A few months after being elected president, General Rafael Reyes shut down Congress because of its unwillingness to approve the reforms he desired. At the beginning of 1905, he summoned a National Constituent Assembly consisting of three representatives from each department, chosen by the departmental administrators. The Assembly abolished the vice-presidency, two of the designaturas , and the State Council. It also specified that

364-468: A height between 2,600 and 3,150 meters above sea level. Between the streets 36 and 39 with carreras Seventh and Fifth the park keeps its original layout, which resembles an inverted triangle with roads that connect the different monuments of the park. It has 283 hectares of extension. Its eastern sector is crossed by the Arzobispo River . On its grounds there is a small aviary, field hockey courts,

416-554: A journalist for the newspaper El Autonomista (The Autonomist) which was owned by Rafael Uribe Uribe and Ricardo Tirado Macias, Olaya Herrera made a name by criticizing the "Regeneration," which was the name of the numerous policies that marked the return of the country to a unitary state government system, as well as the rise of conservative, authoritarian, and clerical power following the Colombian Constitution of 1886 . Back in his hometown of Guateque, Olaya Herrera maintained

468-605: A means of protest in several elections, knowing that in any case it would obtain one-third of the positions in Congress. On one occasion, not even the third party was accepted. To begin the period of transition, on July 15, the Constituent National Assembly made an exception to the rule of popular election of presidents and elected the first president of the Republican Union, Carlos Eugenio Restrepo , and also chose

520-467: A minimum of one third for the opposition party. It granted the Congress the faculty to choose the magistrates of the Supreme Court of Justice, consecrating constitutional control of the Supreme Court of Justice. With these reforms the presidential powers were reduced. Before this reform, the president was chosen by the electoral college that represented the electoral districts. This reform kept in force

572-531: A newspaper called El Soldado Cubano (The Cuban Soldier) in which he showed his admiration for José Martí . The political convulsion between the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party had escalated and provoked the thousand days civil war . Most of the centennial generation was pushed into the war following their political beliefs. Olaya Herrera was also pushed into active participation in politics in

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624-528: A newspaper format, which was written by hand. Olaya Herrera is considered a member of the "Centennial Generation," corresponding to the cohort of political and intellectual leaders prominent at the time of the first century after the war of independence, roughly corresponding to the years from 1925 to 1940. Other members of this group were Alfonso López Pumarejo , Laureano Gómez , Eduardo Santos , Mariano Ospina Pérez , Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez , Luis López de Mesa , Luis Eduardo Nieto Caballero and others. As

676-719: A result of their action, on 16 March 1909, Olaya Herrera put himself forward for the Constituent Assembly and was later elected. He helped reform the Colombian Constitution of 1886 representing the then-existing Quesada Department. Among his party members participating were Rafael Uribe Uribe , Benjamín Herrera, Gabriel Vargas Santos, Nicolás Esguerra, Tomás O. Eastman, Carmelo Arango and Tomás Quevedo Álvarez. The conservative deputies were Carlos E. Restrepo , José Vicente Concha , Pedro Nel Ospina , Guillermo Valencia , Emilio Forero, Hernando Holguín, Abel Carbonell, Pedro M. Carreño and Guillermo Quintero Calderón. Both sides concluded

728-504: A speech during a Liberal Party event against Reyes' dictatorship, in the presence of the most important members of the Liberal Party. This made him officially a part of the political movement against the dictatorship that was initiated by Nicolás Esguerra , José Vicente Concha and Miguel Abadía Méndez , a movement that was called "Trecemarcismo," from " 13 de Marzo " (March the 13th), after his speech. Once President Reyes had to resign as

780-569: A term of 12 years. It was determined that the elections for President of the Republic, Congress, departmental assemblies, and municipal councils would take place in the first half of 1958. The first Congress elected by popular means within the National Front made a constitutional change to extend the term of the National Front from 12 to 16 years and decided that the first president would be Liberal, not Conservative as had been agreed before. Although

832-580: The Colombian Liberal Party . Olaya Herrera grew up in a time of intellectual nonconformity and erudition, in a generation that had to live in through the Thousand Days War . He studied in the local public school of his hometown Guateque , in the Department of Boyacá as had his parents. He was son of Justiniano Olaya and Emperatriz Herrera, and had two brothers: Leonidas and Joaquín. When he

884-605: The Salomón–Lozano Treaty which defined the Peru-Colombia border was signed in secrecy. Once the treaty became known to the public in Peru, it became unpopular and a group of Peruvian citizens took the town of Leticia, which was colonized by both Peruvians and Colombians, and which the treaty had awarded to Colombia. General Alfredo Vázquez Cobo was entrusted by Olaya Herrera to lead the armed operations in southern Colombia. The war

936-599: The Catholic Church over education started to wane. During the government of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla and by his suggestion, the National Constituent Assembly (Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, ANAC) unanimously recognized the political rights of women by means of the Legislative Act No. 3 of August 25, 1954. Women exerted this right for the first time during the plebiscite of December 1, 1957, to approve

988-429: The Liberal Party. Olaya Herrera was radicalized and joined the armed liberal militias led by General Cenón Figueredo. Olaya Herrera participated in a confrontation in the village of Nocaima , Cundinamarca . After the war Olaya Herrera continued studying law and finally graduated with a thesis entitled La Liberacion Condicional (The Conditional Liberation), which was then published by the university. In 1904 he obtained

1040-625: The Liberal party to regain power. The Constitution of 1886 remained effective for more than 100 years, guiding the mandate of 23 presidents of the Republic of Colombia, until 1991. In the Hay–Herrán Treaty , signed January 22, 1903, Colombia would have indefinitely rented a strip of land to the United States for the construction of a canal in the Department of Panama . Under this agreement, the United States would pay Colombia US$ 10 million and after nine years an annuity of $ 250,000 per year. The proposal

1092-520: The National Front ended in 1974, the constitutional reforms preparing for the transition began in 1968 during the government of Carlos Lleras Restrepo , the next to last President of the National Front. With the purpose of regulating the electoral competition between parties, the reforms eliminated the distribution by halves for departmental assemblies and municipal councils. Also included were some measures to recognize minority parties. Some required reforms were postponed, in some cases indefinitely, such as

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1144-606: The United States informed Colombia they would oppose Colombian troops if they attempted to recover Panama and backed the claim by sending warships to the isthmus. The Thousand Days' War , along with political disorganization in Bogotá, had left Colombia too weak to oppose the separation. On November 18, the United States signed the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Panama for the construction of the Panama Canal . In December 1904,

1196-539: The administration of President Jorge Holguín , Olaya Herrera was appointed to the same office from 1921 until January 4, 1922, and also served as Minister of Agriculture. During the 1920s Olaya Herrera served also as a diplomat (mainly improving Colombian relations with the United States) and with the Colombian congress . During the 1930s the Liberal leadership considered Olaya Herrera as the most suitable leader to recover

1248-498: The agreement of the traditional political parties constitutional reform by means of the Legislative Act No. 0247. This legislation fixed the parity of the parties with the stated purpose of finding a solution to the problems of the country. This agreement and the corresponding period was called National Front . The plebiscite of December 1, 1957 approved, with almost 94% of votes cast, the constitutional reform giving parity to both traditional parties in control of public corporations for

1300-882: The areas of Norte de Santander Department , where conservative public employees resisted being in charge of liberals until the end of his government on 7 August 1934. After finishing his term as president in 1935 Olaya Herrera was appointed Minister of Foreign Relations during the government of Alfonso López Pumarejo and later appointed ambassador of Colombia to the State of the Vatican City in Rome, Italy , where he died on 18 February 1937 serving. He had been planning to run for reelection as president upon his return to Colombia. Olaya Herrera married María Teresa Londoño Sáenz in 1911 and had two daughters; Maria and Lucia. Colombian Constitution of 1886 The Colombian Constitution of 1886

1352-518: The constitution of 1886. From then on, the country was officially known as the Republic of Colombia . The Constitution of 1886 was the longest lasting constitution in the history of Colombia, eventually being itself replaced by the Constitution of 1991 . The Constituent Assembly consisted of 18 delegates, two from each of the nine states. Rafael Núñez announced a national regeneration program and changed

1404-512: The constitutional change that would allow both traditional political parties, Liberal and Conservative, to govern together as the National Front . Three attempts to recognize the right of women to vote had failed. The first attempt was in, in 1934, during the government of Alfonso López Pumarejo , a law was presented to the Congress failed to pass. Voting rights for women did not appear in the constitutional reform of that year. The second attempt

1456-476: The constitutional reform and initiated a period of reconciliation, political tolerance and a sense of nationalism. Carlos Eugenio Restrepo assumed the presidency of Colombia from 1910 until 1914 sponsored by the Republican Party which Olaya Herrera supported. President Restrepo appointed Olaya Herrera as the first Minister of Foreign Relations on 7 August 1910 until his resignation on 23 November 1911. During

1508-400: The country from a decentralized federal system to a centralized system with a strong central presidency. The presidential term was changed from two to six years. The president of the Republic was elected by the Congress. The president of each state was retitled governor. Governors were to be appointed by the president of the Republic. The governor would choose the mayors of his department, except

1560-484: The different political parties or the will of the people, was one of the causes of bipartisan polarization and violence in Colombia for many years. The population began to identify themselves more with the party concept than with the nation concept. The radical liberal segment was never reconciled to the loss of power and on three occasions, between 1885 and 1895, they tried to gain it by force. It took 44 years (up to 1930) for

1612-513: The exploration and exploitation of energy natural resources such as oil, mainly in the northern region of Catatumbo. Olaya Herrera also tried to improve the association between guilds , for which he created a Bank of Agrarian Credit ( Spanish : Caja de Crédito Agrario ), the Mortgage Central Bank ( Spanish : Banco Central Hipotecario ) to finance low income housing and for the improvement of production and exporting of coffee products;

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1664-472: The first and second designates. On August 1, 1936, during the government of Alfonso López Pumarejo , the Congress made several reforms. Illiterate men could now vote. This rule was implemented for the first time in the presidential election of 1938, which the liberal Eduardo Santos won. Although they were not considered citizens for the purposes of suffrage, women were granted the right to occupy most public positions and began to attend university. Control of

1716-698: The government of Olaya Herrera also created the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia . He also helped introduce labor law reforms. During his first two years as president there were two main foci of violence in the country; in Boyaca and Santander initially motivated by political reasons. The towns with most problems were Chiquinquirá , the towns of western Boyaca, the Garcia Rovira Province in Santander Department and some towns in

1768-424: The magistrates of the Supreme Court of Justice would serve for life, recognized the right of representation for minorities, and the possibility of reforming the Constitution by means of a National Assembly. The National Assembly demonstrated its support for a government with a dictatorial character when it established a presidential period of 10 years for General Reyes (from January 1, 1905 to January 31, 1914), with

1820-546: The mayor of Bogotá , who was chosen by the president himself. Thus, the president in effect had control of the executive at all levels. In addition, reelection of the president was authorized. The chamber, the departmental assemblies, and the municipal councils were chosen by popular vote. The Senate was chosen by the departmental assemblies. The suffrage for elections of national scope was limited: men must be at least 21 or older and literate. However, illiterate men could vote in regional elections. The position of vice-president

1872-519: The nineteenth century. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 Olaya Herrera was given special powers and dictated some economic reforms that developed at some level the industry and attempted to manage the debt generated by the war with Peru which originated in 1932 when the Amazonian port of Leticia was taken over by invading Peruvian soldiers. Previously, during the presidency of Jorge Holguin ,

1924-419: The number of seats in Congress was regulated with Law no. 7. This new law set the number of seats for each party to be proportional to the number of votes obtained by each party, with a minimum of one-third of the seats for the opposition party. Guaranteeing one-third of the seats for the opposition had indirect undesired effects. During conservative governments, the liberal party boycotted the electoral process as

1976-412: The opposition party led by Laureano Gómez , although these party members were gradually pushed out of office. His term was characterized by a profound interest in social problems and reforms: workers' legislation, public assistance, protection for workers and farmers, and others. This agenda was interrupted by the urgent attention required by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and its repercussions all over

2028-407: The ordinal one of article 120 of the Constitution granting "the right and fair participation of the second party in voting." Article 120 had the unintended effect of limiting the participation of minority parties and therefore limiting citizen participation. It established that later reforms to the constitution could be made by the Congress, as long as the reform was approved by two-thirds majority of

2080-408: The other candidates Guillermo Valencia with 213,417 votes and Alfredo Vázquez Cobo with 213,417 votes. Former conservative president Carlos Eugenio Restrepo gave his support to Olaya Herrera along with other moderate conservatives. Olaya Herrera's government was characterized at first by compromise, allocating half of his government's public offices (mainly ministries and government departments) to

2132-459: The possibility of directly appointing his successor. If the new president were someone other that Reyes the term would be for four years. However, General Reyes overthrown in 1909. Because of the unexpected overthrow of General Reyes on June 13, 1909, the Congress chose the former vice-president, conservative General Ramón González Valencia , to serve as Interim President of Colombia from August 3, 1909 to August 7, 1910. In 1910, González summoned

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2184-549: The presidency from the Regeneration Movement hegemony. He was appointed by the Liberal party in Bogotá as presidential candidate after a group of liberal and conservative friends registered him in the candidates list on 22 January 1930 in the town of Puerto Berrío . Olaya Herrera named his political movement " Concentracion Nacional " (National Concentration). Olaya Herra was elected on 9 February 1930 with 369,962 votes against

2236-428: The president, departmental assemblies and municipal council. It reduced the presidential period from 6 to 4 years, prohibited the immediate reelection of presidents, eliminated the figure of the vice-president and replaced it by one appointee that would be chosen by the Congress. It established a system of proportional representation for the appointment of members of public corporations according to votes obtained, assuring

2288-436: The previous voter qualifications: literacy requirement and an annual rent of at least 300 pesos or possessing real estate with a value of at least 1,000 pesos. The president retained the power to name governors who in turn would appoint mayors, corregidores , administrators, directors of post offices, heads of jails, managers of banks, and others. It was not until August 27, 1932, during the government of Olaya Herrera , that

2340-556: The sports fields and stalls for food vendors. The eastern section has a considerable amount of flora and fauna, water sources and extensive tree planting. The Arzobispo river crosses it from east to west after descending from the Eastern hills of the city. Enrique Olaya Herrera Enrique Alfredo Olaya Herrera (12 November 1880 – 18 February 1937) was a Colombian journalist and politician . He served as President of Colombia from 7 August 1930 until 7 August 1934 representing

2392-422: The world. Olaya Herrera started a cycle of national protectionism, which fostered the development of industry with national capital as the basis for developmental stimuli, emphasizing internal demand. Imports decreased significantly, as did the prices of coffee in the international market. This protectionist trend promoted a nationalist consciousness that turned the country further away from the free-trade policies of

2444-616: Was 12 years old, Olaya Herrera became known as the "child journalist of Guateque" after his founding of a newspaper called El Patriota (The Patriot) for which he managed to obtain many exchanges with major newspapers like El Espectador based in Medellín . Olaya Herrera studied law at the Universidad Republicana (later to become the Free University of Colombia ), and founded a weekly magazine called El Estudiante (The Student) in

2496-755: Was financed by the government and the solidarity of the citizens, who donated jewelry and money to support the cause. After many battles the war ended with the signing of the Rio Protocol in 1934, which upheld the Salomón–Lozano Treaty and officially ended the border conflicts between Colombia and Peru. During his government Olaya Herrera tried to develop the Colombian national industry and for this he supported many infrastructure projects mainly highways, maritime and fluvial ports ( Barranquilla and Buenaventura ) and railroads. He also supported public education and

2548-461: Was reinstated and was initially occupied by Eliseo Payán . The Catholic religion became the official religion. In 1887, President Núñez made a concordat with the Vatican , reinstating powers to the Catholic Church that they had lost in the previous constitution. This method of implementing constitutional changes based on the partisan wind of the moment, without having to be the result of agreement by

2600-502: Was rejected by the Colombian Congress, who considered it disadvantageous to the country, not only because the payments would not last forever, but because conceding the isthmus indefinitely to a foreign country represented a loss of national sovereignty. On November 3, 1903 Panama separated from Colombia with the direct support of the United States. On November 6, the United States recognized Panama's sovereignty and on November 11,

2652-592: Was the constitution that remade the United States of Colombia into the Republic of Colombia , and replaced the federal republic with a unitary state . Following the Colombian Civil War (1884–1885) , a coalition of moderate Liberals and Conservatives , led by Rafael Nuñez , ended the political period known as "the Radical Olympus", repealed the Constitution of Rionegro (1863) , and substituted it with

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2704-447: Was the proposal presented by liberal Alberto Lleras Camargo in 1944; it was postponed under the excuse that this regulation could not be approved before 1948. The third attempt was the proposal presented by the liberal Alfonso Romero Aguirre in 1948, which was slated to be implemented in a gradual fashion, but it was really another postponement. In October 1957, the temporary Military Junta that succeeded Rojas Pinilla authorized with

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