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37-473: The Paris Mason Building is a historic house located at 100 N. Springfield St. in Grafton , Illinois . The house was built circa 1840 for Paris Mason, the brother of Grafton's founder James Mason, and was at the time a riverfront building which Mason used as a house and warehouse. The four-room hall and parlor house was built with rock-faced limestone ; its only decorations are the limestone lintels and sills on

74-404: A heat index calculation will return a number equal to or lower than the air temperature (a lower heat index is generally considered invalid), varies with temperature and is not linear. The threshold is commonly set at an arbitrary 40%. The heat index and its counterpart the humidex both take into account only two variables, shade temperature and atmospheric moisture (humidity), thus providing only

111-428: A limited estimate of thermal comfort . Additional factors such as wind, sunshine and individual clothing choices also affect perceived temperature; these factors are parameterized as constants in the heat index formula. Wind, for example, is assumed to be 5 knots (9.3 km/h). Wind passing over wet or sweaty skin causes evaporation and a wind chill effect that the heat index does not measure. The other major factor

148-1989: A model of the human body. This equation reproduces the above NOAA National Weather Service table (except the values at 90 °F (32 °C) & 45%/70% relative humidity vary unrounded by less than ±1, respectively). H I = c 1 + c 2 T + c 3 R + c 4 T R + c 5 T 2 + c 6 R 2 + c 7 T 2 R + c 8 T R 2 + c 9 T 2 R 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {HI} =c_{1}+c_{2}T+c_{3}R+c_{4}TR+c_{5}T^{2}+c_{6}R^{2}+c_{7}T^{2}R+c_{8}TR^{2}+c_{9}T^{2}R^{2}} where c 1 = − 42.379 , c 2 = 2.049 015 23 , c 3 = 10.143 331 27 , c 4 = − 0.224 755 41 , c 5 = − 6.837 83 × 10 − 3 , c 6 = − 5.481 717 × 10 − 2 , c 7 = 1.228 74 × 10 − 3 , c 8 = 8.5282 × 10 − 4 , c 9 = − 1.99 × 10 − 6 . {\textstyle {\begin{aligned}c_{1}&=-42.379,&c_{2}&=2.049\,015\,23,&c_{3}&=10.143\,331\,27,\\c_{4}&=-0.224\,755\,41,&c_{5}&=-6.837\,83\times 10^{-3},&c_{6}&=-5.481\,717\times 10^{-2},\\c_{7}&=1.228\,74\times 10^{-3},&c_{8}&=8.5282\times 10^{-4},&c_{9}&=-1.99\times 10^{-6}.\end{aligned}}} The following coefficients can be used to determine

185-538: A popular stopping place for bicyclists on the Sam Vadalabene Bike Trail or for visitors in search of fall foliage color and bald eagles. During the warmer months, visitors can take advantage of the two rivers with boating, canoeing and parasailing activities. There are two river ferries in the Grafton area that provide transportation to St. Charles County, Missouri and Calhoun County . Five miles west of Grafton

222-477: A thicker cloud cover develops, reducing the amount of direct sunlight reaching the surface. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between maximum potential temperature and maximum potential relative humidity. Because of this factor, it was once believed that the highest heat index reading actually attainable anywhere on Earth was approximately 71 °C (160 °F). However, in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia on July 8, 2003,

259-413: A third of the city's residents moved away. The effects of the flood are still evident and the city's population has not recovered. Grafton is located at 38°58′16″N 90°26′13″W  /  38.97111°N 90.43694°W  / 38.97111; -90.43694 (38.971115, -90.436818). According to the 2010 census, Grafton has a total area of 3.7 square miles (9.58 km ), all land. Typically,

296-694: A west–east route through the city. It is part of the Great River Road and the Meeting of the Great Rivers Scenic Byway . Also, Illinois Route 3 has its northern terminus in Grafton at Illinois Route 100. There are two ferries that serve Grafton. The Grafton Ferry takes travelers across the Mississippi River to St. Charles County, Missouri , while the Brussels Ferry takes travelers across

333-699: Is Pere Marquette State Park , which is Illinois' largest and most popular state park. Grafton experienced modest economic growth from 2000-2010, including some new housing and restaurants, the Grafton Elementary School, the Grafton Harbor marina, and a lighthouse located along the Mississippi River. Grafton has seven places and sites that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Grafton Historic District , Grafton Bank ,

370-495: Is defined as the dry-bulb temperature which would feel the same if the water vapor pressure were 1.6  kPa . Quoting Steadman, "Thus, for instance, an apparent temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) refers to the same level of sultriness, and the same clothing requirements, as a dry-bulb temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) with a vapor pressure of 1.6 kPa." This vapor pressure corresponds for example to an air temperature of 29 °C (84 °F) and relative humidity of 40% in

407-519: Is from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . The columns begin at 80 °F (27 °C), but there is also a heat index effect at 79 °F (26 °C) and similar temperatures when there is high humidity. For example, if the air temperature is 96 °F (36 °C) and the relative humidity is 65%, the heat index is 121 °F (49 °C) Exposure to full sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 8 °C (14 °F). There are many formulas devised to approximate

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444-405: Is sunshine; standing in direct sunlight can add up to 15 °F (8.3 °C) to the apparent heat compared to shade. There have been attempts to create a universal apparent temperature , such as the wet-bulb globe temperature , "relative outdoor temperature", "feels like", or the proprietary " RealFeel ". Outdoors in open conditions, as the relative humidity increases, first haze and ultimately

481-638: Is the oldest city in Jersey County , Illinois , United States . It is located near the confluence of the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. As of the 2020 census , the city had a total population of 626. Prior to the Great Flood of 1993 , Grafton had enjoyed a stable population of nearly 1,000 residents. Grafton is a part of the Metro-East region and Greater St. Louis . Founded in 1832 by James Mason, Grafton

518-424: Is the oldest city in Jersey County . Described as having "a post office, one store, one tavern, and a number of families" in 1834, the area was being settled as early as 1812 when a blockhouse was built at the confluence for protection. The city was named after Mason's birthplace of Grafton, Massachusetts . Grafton was incorporated on May 16, 1907. Grafton's population reached its peak at approximately 10,000 in

555-3381: Is this: H I = c 1 + c 2 T + c 3 R + c 4 T R + c 5 T 2 + c 6 R 2 + c 7 T 2 R + c 8 T R 2 + c 9 T 2 R 2 + + c 10 T 3 + c 11 R 3 + c 12 T 3 R + c 13 T R 3 + c 14 T 3 R 2 + c 15 T 2 R 3 + c 16 T 3 R 3 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {HI} &=c_{1}+c_{2}T+c_{3}R+c_{4}TR+c_{5}T^{2}+c_{6}R^{2}+c_{7}T^{2}R+c_{8}TR^{2}+c_{9}T^{2}R^{2}+\\&\quad {}+c_{10}T^{3}+c_{11}R^{3}+c_{12}T^{3}R+c_{13}TR^{3}+c_{14}T^{3}R^{2}+c_{15}T^{2}R^{3}+c_{16}T^{3}R^{3}\end{aligned}}} where c 1 = 16.923 , c 2 = 0.185 212 , c 3 = 5.379 41 , c 4 = − 0.100 254 , c 5 = 9.416 95 × 10 − 3 , c 6 = 7.288 98 × 10 − 3 , c 7 = 3.453 72 × 10 − 4 , c 8 = − 8.149 71 × 10 − 4 , c 9 = 1.021 02 × 10 − 5 , c 10 = − 3.8646 × 10 − 5 , c 11 = 2.915 83 × 10 − 5 , c 12 = 1.427 21 × 10 − 6 , c 13 = 1.974 83 × 10 − 7 , c 14 = − 2.184 29 × 10 − 8 , c 15 = 8.432 96 × 10 − 10 , c 16 = − 4.819 75 × 10 − 11 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c_{1}&=16.923,&c_{2}&=0.185\,212,&c_{3}&=5.379\,41,&c_{4}&=-0.100\,254,\\c_{5}&=9.416\,95\times 10^{-3},&c_{6}&=7.288\,98\times 10^{-3},&c_{7}&=3.453\,72\times 10^{-4},&c_{8}&=-8.149\,71\times 10^{-4},\\c_{9}&=1.021\,02\times 10^{-5},&c_{10}&=-3.8646\times 10^{-5},&c_{11}&=2.915\,83\times 10^{-5},&c_{12}&=1.427\,21\times 10^{-6},\\c_{13}&=1.974\,83\times 10^{-7},&c_{14}&=-2.184\,29\times 10^{-8},&c_{15}&=8.432\,96\times 10^{-10},&c_{16}&=-4.819\,75\times 10^{-11}.\end{aligned}}} For example, using this last formula, with temperature 90 °F (32 °C) and relative humidity (RH) of 85%,

592-1429: Is within ±3 °F (1.7 °C) of the NWS master table for all humidities from 0 to 80% and all temperatures between 70 and 115 °F (21–46 °C) and all heat indices below 150 °F (66 °C) is: c 1 = 0.363 445 176 , c 2 = 0.988 622 465 , c 3 = 4.777 114 035 , c 4 = − 0.114 037 667 , c 5 = − 8.502 08 × 10 − 4 , c 6 = − 2.071 6198 × 10 − 2 , c 7 = 6.876 78 × 10 − 4 , c 8 = 2.749 54 × 10 − 4 , c 9 = 0. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c_{1}&=0.363\,445\,176,&c_{2}&=0.988\,622\,465,&c_{3}&=4.777\,114\,035,\\c_{4}&=-0.114\,037\,667,&c_{5}&=-8.502\,08\times 10^{-4},&c_{6}&=-2.071\,6198\times 10^{-2},\\c_{7}&=6.876\,78\times 10^{-4},&c_{8}&=2.749\,54\times 10^{-4},&c_{9}&=0.\end{aligned}}} A further alternate

629-903: The Illinois River to Calhoun County, Illinois . Utility companies serving Grafton are Ameren ( natural gas and electricity ), Grafton Telephone (landline telephone service and internet ), and PC One Cable ( cable television ). Water services are no longer provided and maintained by the city and are currently purchased from another source. Heat index The human body normally cools itself by evaporation of sweat . High relative humidity reduces evaporation and cooling, increasing discomfort and potential heat stress . Different individuals perceive heat differently due to body shape, metabolism, level of hydration, pregnancy , or other physical conditions. Measurement of perceived temperature has been based on reports of how hot subjects feel under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Besides

666-989: The John and Amelia McClintock House , Ruebel Hotel , the Slaten-LaMarsh House , and the Paris Mason Building were all added in 1994. The Charles Brainerd House was added to the Register in 1998. Grafton uses a city council form of government and consists of a mayor and six aldermen from three wards. The city's current mayor is Michael Morrow. Grafton is served by the public K-12 Jersey Community Unit School District 100 . District schools in Grafton include Grafton Elementary School . Nearby colleges and universities include Principia College , in Elsah , and Lewis and Clark Community College , in Godfrey . Illinois Route 100 runs along

703-452: The dew point was 35 °C (95 °F) while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F), resulting in a heat index of 81 °C (178 °F). On August 28, 2024, a weather station in southern Iran recorded a heat index of 82.2 °C (180.0 °F), which will be a new record if confirmed. The human body requires evaporative cooling to prevent overheating. Wet-bulb temperature and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature are used to determine

740-677: The 1850s with employment opportunities coming from the local stone quarries, boat building and commercial fishing. At one point, there were five quarries in or around Grafton that employed nearly 2,000 men. The local limestone was used to build the Eads Bridge in St. Louis , government buildings in Rock Island , and the Jersey County Courthouse in Jerseyville . The Shafer's Wharf Historic District

777-407: The ability of a body to eliminate excess heat. A sustained wet-bulb temperature of about 35 °C (95 °F) can be fatal to healthy people; at this temperature our bodies switch from shedding heat to the environment, to gaining heat from it. Thus a wet bulb temperature of 35 °C (95 °F) is the threshold beyond which the body is no longer able to adequately cool itself. The table below

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814-422: The age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.84. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under

851-462: The age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 34,706, and the median income for a family was $ 44,250. Males had a median income of $ 35,000 versus $ 22,250 for females. The per capita income for

888-485: The city was $ 21,989. About 9.4% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 33.3% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over. Grafton's main industry is tourism. The city is at the center of the region's bald eagle watching area and proudly calls itself "The Winter Home of The Bald Eagle." Main Street is lined with restaurants, antique, craft, and wine shops, which make Grafton

925-429: The city's climate reflects most Midwest cities, located in the transitional zone between the humid continental climate type and the humid subtropical climate type ( Köppen Dfa and Cfa , respectively), with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. Spring is the wettest season and produces severe weather ranging from tornadoes to snow or ice storms. Summers are hot and humid, and

962-439: The city. The population density was 150.2 inhabitants per square mile (58.0/km ). There were 293 housing units at an average density of 72.2 per square mile (27.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 99.01% White , 0.16% African American , 0.16% Native American , and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.99% of the population. There were 265 households, out of which 23.0% had children under

999-467: The heat index at higher temperatures. For example, at approximately 27 °C (81 °F), the heat index will agree with the actual temperature if the relative humidity is 45%, but at 43 °C (109 °F), any relative-humidity reading above 18% will make the heat index higher than 43 °C . It has been suggested that the equation described is valid only if the temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) or more. The relative humidity threshold, below which

1036-476: The heat index uses a dew point base of 14 °C (57 °F). Further, the heat index uses heat balance equations which account for many variables other than vapor pressure, which is used exclusively in the humidex calculation. A joint committee formed by the United States and Canada to resolve differences has since been disbanded. The heat index of a given combination of ( dry-bulb ) temperature and humidity

1073-1310: The heat index when the temperature is given in degrees Celsius, where c 1 = − 8.784 694 755 56 , c 2 = 1.611 394 11 , c 3 = 2.338 548 838 89 , c 4 = − 0.146 116 05 , c 5 = − 0.012 308 094 , c 6 = − 0.016 424 827 7778 , c 7 = 2.211 732 × 10 − 3 , c 8 = 7.2546 × 10 − 4 , c 9 = − 3.582 × 10 − 6 . {\textstyle {\begin{aligned}c_{1}&=-8.784\,694\,755\,56,&c_{2}&=1.611\,394\,11,&c_{3}&=2.338\,548\,838\,89,\\c_{4}&=-0.146\,116\,05,&c_{5}&=-0.012\,308\,094,&c_{6}&=-0.016\,424\,827\,7778,\\c_{7}&=2.211\,732\times 10^{-3},&c_{8}&=7.2546\times 10^{-4},&c_{9}&=-3.582\times 10^{-6}.\end{aligned}}} An alternative set of constants for this equation that

1110-523: The heat index, other measures of apparent temperature include the Canadian humidex , the wet-bulb globe temperature , "relative outdoor temperature", and the proprietary " RealFeel ". The heat index was developed in 1979 by Robert G. Steadman . Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, individual heat tolerance, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and

1147-444: The humidity often makes the heat index rise to temperatures feeling well above 100 °F (38 °C). Fall is mild with lower humidity and can produce intermittent bouts of heavy rainfall with the first snow flurries usually forming in late November. Winters can be cold at times with periodic light snow and temperatures below freezing. As of the census of 2000, there were 609 people, 265 households, and 174 families residing in

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1184-523: The original tables by Steadman. Anderson et al. (2013), NWS (2011), Jonson and Long (2004), and Schoen (2005) have lesser residuals in this order. The former two are a set of polynomials, but the third one is by a single formula with exponential functions. The formula below approximates the heat index in degrees Fahrenheit, to within ±1.3 °F (0.7 °C). It is the result of a multivariate fit (temperature equal to or greater than 80 °F (27 °C) and relative humidity equal to or greater than 40%) to

1221-466: The result would be: 114.9 °F (46.1 °C). The heat index does not work well with extreme conditions, like supersaturation of air, when the air is more than 100% saturated with water. David Romps, a physicist and climate scientist at the University of California, Berkeley and his graduate student Yi-Chuan Lu, found that the heat index was underestimating the severity of intense heat waves, such as

1258-484: The sea-level psychrometric chart , and in Steadman's table at 40% RH the apparent temperature is equal to the true temperature between 26–31 °C (79–88 °F). At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline also corresponds to a dew point of 14 °C (57 °F) and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air). A given value of relative humidity causes larger increases in

1295-407: The wind speed. Significant deviations from these will result in heat index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature. In Canada , the similar humidex (a Canadian innovation introduced in 1965) is used in place of the heat index. While both the humidex and the heat index are calculated using dew point, the humidex uses a dew point of 7 °C (45 °F) as a base, whereas

1332-589: The windows. The building is an early example of local limestone construction in Grafton, as it predates the regional boom in limestone quarrying and construction in the 1850s. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 6, 1994. This article about a property in Jersey County, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Grafton, Illinois Grafton

1369-546: Was one of the largest commercial fishing centers along the Mississippi River in the late 19th century. The Old Boatworks, located south of Main Street, once housed a paint house and a machine shop where paddle wheelers and later PT boats were built. Today, the Old Boatworks building hosts many antique and craft stalls and is open on the fourth weekend of each month from May through October. The Great Flood of 1993 caused significant damage to many of Grafton's structures, and

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