The Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas ( lit. ' Bank of Paris and the Netherlands ' ), generally referred to from 1982 as Paribas , was a French investment bank based in Paris. In May 2000, it merged with the Banque Nationale de Paris to form BNP Paribas .
31-796: In the early 1820s, Louis-Raphaël Bischoffsheim founded a private banking establishment in Amsterdam in his own name. His brother Jonathan-Raphaël created a branch in Antwerp in 1827 before settling in Brussels in 1836. Having married Henriette Goldschmidt, the daughter of Frankfurt banker Hayum-Salomon Goldschmidt, Louis-Raphaël Bischoffsheim established the Bischoffsheim, Goldschmidt & Cie bank in Paris in 1846, then in London in 1860. In 1863 he merged these banks into
62-551: A Groupe Bull subsidiary specializing in defense and aerospace-related systems and software, became embroiled in controversy in 2011 when it was revealed that it had sold an internet monitoring system to the Muammar Gaddafi regime of Libya in 2007. The Eagle System was used by the Gaddafi regime to spy on citizens and foreign journalists. On 12 March 2013 Reporters Without Borders named Amesys as one of five " Corporate Enemies of
93-475: A complex battle on the stock market, with Société Générale bidding for Paribas and BNP bidding for Société Générale and counter-bidding for Paribas. BNP's bid for Société Générale failed, but its bid for Paribas succeeded. As a consequence, the merger of BNP and Paribas was completed one year later, on 22 May 2000, forming BNP Paribas . Historically, Paribas has been actively involved in the financing of oil markets and had strong relations with Standard Oil . This
124-578: A new Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas . In 1822, Louis-Raphaël married Amélie Goldschmidt (1804–1887), daughter of Hayum-Salomon Goldschmidt, whom he knew from an early age. They had two sons: Bischoffsheim died on 14 November 1873, in Paris. He was made a Knight of the Order of Leopold on April 19, 1851, and a Knight of the Legion of Honour on May 30, 1868. Groupe Bull Bull SAS (also known as Groupe Bull , Bull Information Systems , or simply Bull )
155-482: A number of countries and started an asset management services to private and institutional clients. Claude de Kemoularia was an important executive in the bank during this period. It also directs its activity towards businesses and participates in the development and restructuring of French industry including names such as Bull , CSF , Thomson . The bank was nationalized in 1982 by the government led by Pierre Mauroy under President François Mitterrand , as part of
186-477: A reorganization in 1933, with new investors coming in, the name was changed to Compagnie des Machines Bull ( CMB ). Bull has a worldwide presence in more than 100 countries and is particularly active in the defense, finance, health care, manufacturing, public, and telecommunication sectors. On 31 July 1919, Norwegian engineer Fredrik Rosing Bull filed a patent for a "combined sorter-recorder-tabulator of punch cards" machine that he had developed with financing from
217-681: A wave of nationalization that included five major industrial companies, thirty-nine depository banks, and the two investment banks Indosuez and Paribas. That same year, the bank adopted its longstanding telegraph address "Paribas" for its brand and corporate identity. Paribas was re-privatized in January 1987 by the government led by Jacques Chirac . In 1998, Paribas acquired the French bank Compagnie bancaire [ fr ] and subsequently renamed itself Compagnie Financière de Paribas . In 1999, Banque Nationale de Paris and Société Générale fought
248-480: Is a French computer company headquartered in Les Clayes-sous-Bois , in the western suburbs of Paris . The company has also been known at various times as Bull General Electric , Honeywell Bull , CII Honeywell Bull , and Bull HN . Bull was founded in 1931, as H.W. Egli - Bull , to capitalize on the punched card technology patents of Norwegian engineer Fredrik Rosing Bull (1882–1925). After
279-517: The Nederlandsche Credit- en Deposito Bank (NCDB, "Dutch Credit and Deposit Bank"; French : Banque de Crédit et de Dépôt des Pays-Bas ), which he had founded in Amsterdam : the Bischoffsheim family thereby established a powerful multinational banking conglomerate. Separately in 1869, a group of bankers and investors including Adrien Delahante, Edmond Joubert and Henri Cernuschi , with
310-540: The "Bank Bischoffsheim, Goldschmidt et Cie" officially opened its offices at 26 Rue de la Chaussee d'Antin in Paris. In those years, he met Alphonse Pinard et Eduard Henstch , responsible for the "Comptoir d'escompte de Paris", with whom he worked in the following years. In 1863, Louis-Raphaël and the members of the Dutch Banque de Crédit et de Dépôt des Pays-Bas absorbed the branches in Amsterdam, Antwerp and Brussels of
341-544: The 1960s through the 1980s; and with Motorola , Debeka, and France Télécom more recently. It acquired Honeywell Information Systems in the late 1980s, and later also had a share of Zenith Data Systems and Packard Bell . Bull was nationalised in 1982 and was merged with most of the rest of the French computer industry. Groupe Bull bought Zenith Electronics in late December 1989. It kept Zenith Data Systems' headquarters and plants in Chicago and St. Joseph, Michigan. In 1993
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#1733084712934372-670: The French Government initiated the process of privatization, which was completed in the period 1995-97 when the company was re- privatised . In August 2014, the French IT company Atos announced that it had acquired a controlling stake in Bull SA through a tender offer launched in May. Atos announced plans in October, 2014 to buy out or squeeze out the remaining share and bondholders. Bull launched
403-588: The French Treasury in Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Sweden. It also helped to raise finance for the weapons industry (Compagnie Nationale de Matières Colorantes et de Produits Chimiques). The impact of inflation during the 1920s, combined with the reconstruction effort and moves to expand the bank's activities under the guidance of Horace Finaly (at the head of the bank from 1919 to 1937) led to an increase in
434-542: The Hoox m2, the first integrally secured European smartphone, which in June 2014 was approved for use with data classified as "Restricted Information" (" Diffusion Restreinte ") by the Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information (ANSSI). The Hoox range of secure mobiles and smartphones ensures confidentiality of voice, SMS, e-mail and data communication. Groupe Bull: Amesys,
465-633: The Internet " and "digital era mercenaries" for selling products that have been or are being used by governments to violate human rights and freedom of information. A judicial inquiry was opened by the French government in May 2012 following allegations of complicity in torture by the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH). In March 2012 Groupe Bull divested itself of the Eagle System, selling it for 4 million euros to Nexa Technologies,
496-564: The Norwegian insurance company Storebrand. Storebrand integrated his device into its operations in 1921. The following year Bull sold his second machine to the Danish insurer Hafnia who had learned of the technology through an article in an insurance trade magazine. At the time of Bull's death from cancer in 1925 at the age of 43, a dozen of his machines had been sold to different companies throughout Europe. The commercial and technical development of
527-678: The UN. Auchi played a major role in the BNP Paribas merger. Judge Philippe Courroye investigated the role played by Banque Paribas in the case of arms sales to Angola in what became known as the Mitterrand–Pasqua affair . Between 1995 and 1997, the bank clearing department, then headed by Alain Bernard, funded $ 573 million of arms sales between Russia and Angola, according to Judge Courroye's investigations. Jean-Didier Maille, Alain Bernard's deputy, set up
558-547: The bank he created in 1820. In those years, Louis-Raphaël assisted Pinard, Hentsch and Paulin Talabot in the creation of a new bank in Paris, thus becoming one of the founders of the Société Générale . In 1872, he and his nephew Henri Bamberger (1826–1908), as well as Alphonse Pinard and Eduard Henstch, were the architects of the merger of the "Banque de Crédit et Dépôt des Pays-Bas" and the "Banque de Paris", which gave rise to
589-500: The bank was chaired by François-Ernest Dutilleul [ fr ] from 1876 to 1894, then by Goüin from 1895 to his death in 1909. During that period it led or participated in major government loans, and in share or bond issues for French and foreign private companies. Most noteworthy among these were: During World War I it helped the French government raise funds through war loans, the 'Bons de la Défense Nationale', and it played its part in negotiations to open credit accounts for
620-596: The banks capital and further investment in industrial concerns and public utilities. World War II eroded its capital and the bank was cut off from its affiliates and correspondent banking partners in the allied countries. It lost a portion of its foreign assets in Central Europe and Norway. Nevertheless, it helped in the development of industrial patents for such products as alternative fuels, gas producing substances and oil-shale . Its merchant-banking profile had enabled it to sidestep nationalization in 1945 and Paribas
651-425: The financing and the two men would have received $ 30 million in commissions in foreign accounts for their actions. During Jean-Didier Maille's hearing in the investigation he said "the management was aware Paribas activities ... Alain Bernard ... Everyone knew he was paying commissions ... We called these activities: Special Affairs." For its part, André Levy-Lang, CEO of Paribas subsidiary Compagnie Bancaire said he
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#1733084712934682-646: The lives of the two families were even more closely linked, and in 1846, Louis-Raphaël Goldschmidt opened a bank in London , a company that quickly went into the hands of the second son of Louis-Raphaël, Henry-Louis (1823–1908). By that time, his father was already planning to open a new company in Paris (August 30, 1848), the 'Bischoffsheim, Goldschmidt et Cie' , with a capital of 750,000 francs. Members were Louis-Raphaël, Hayum-Salomon (1821–1888), his nephew and son of Benedikt Goldschmidt, and Raphaël-Louis, his firstborn. In 1850,
713-610: The machines continued under the direction of Bull's childhood friend and long-time collaborator Reidar Knutsen along with his brother Kurt Andréas Knutsen. As the business grew, several outside investors were brought in, leading to the incorporation of the company H.W. Egli Bull in 1931. In 1933, more investors joined and the company changed its name to Compagnie des Machines Bull, a name it would keep until 1964. The company has undergone many takeovers and mergers since its formation. In particular, it has had various ownership relations with General Electric , Honeywell , and NEC from
744-536: The new bank joined forces with Crédit Lyonnais to head the financial consortium set up to float one-third of the Franco-Prussian War indemnity loan of 3 billion francs for the French government. The major part of the funds raised by Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas came through its Brussels outlet as a result of the close relations established with certain German financiers. After a few years of collegial governance,
775-660: The private bankers Eugène Goüin ( Tours ), Adolphe-Ernest Fould of the Fould family , E. et A. Schnapper Stern ( Paris ), Brugmann ( Brussels ), Tietgen ( Copenhagen ), founded the Banque de Paris , with its headquarters near the Opera at 3 rue d'Antin, Paris. The two banks, Banque de Crédit et de Dépôt des Pays-Bas and Banque de Paris , merged on January 27, 1872, to form the Banque de Pari s et des Pays- Bas . During its first year of existence,
806-469: Was able to take full advantage of the legislation of 2 December 1945 and 17 May 1946, which ratified the status of a full-service bank. The bank was thus poised to develop its activities freely in commercial banking for French companies and, before long, on an international scale. The 1960s to 1980 saw Paribas start an investment bank in New York which it expanded into an internal banking network with offices in
837-524: Was closely linked to controversial Iraq business man Nadhmi Auchi . Links date back to the 1970s with the jointly controlled Continental Bank of Luxembourg . In early 1990, Auchi was the largest shareholder in Paribas with 12% share through Auchi's holding company General Mediterranean Holdings or GenMed. He played a key role in Paribas involvement of the Iraq Oil for Food programme signed by Saddam Hussein and
868-617: Was considered the founder of the banking dynasty. The father settled in Mainz in 1790, quickly becoming the French army supplier and an important member of the Jewish community there. When he died in 1814, his four children were orphans. Louis-Raphaël, the oldest, was forced to abandon his studies at age 14 and began working for Hayum Salomon Goldschmidt (1772–1843), who owned a bank in Frankfurt . He became friends with his son, Benedict-Hayum Goldschmidt, who
899-556: Was his own age. In 1820, Louis-Raphaël left Frankfurt and moved to Amsterdam , at the time a major financial center, to create a bank in his name. The following year, he got his brother Jonathan-Raphaël Bischoffsheim to form a financial management company. In 1827, Louis-Raphaël opened a new branch in Antwerp under the management of his brother Jonathan-Raphaël, who left the family bank in 1832, after he married Henriette Goldschmidt, sister of Amélie, to move permanently to Brussels . After his marriage to Goldschmidt's daughter in 1822,
930-459: Was not aware of this case and the fees charged by Alain Bernard and Jean-Didier Maille. Louis-Rapha%C3%ABl Bischoffsheim Louis-Raphaël Bischoffsheim ( French pronunciation: [lwis ʁafaɛl biʃɔfsɛ̃] ; 22 June 1800 – 14 November 1873) was a German international banker and a member of the prominent Bischoffsheim family . Louis-Raphaël was born on 22 June 1800 and was the eldest son of Nathan-Raphaël Bischoffsheim (1773–1814), who
961-629: Was one of the reasons that Paribas was chosen in the funding agreement in the Iraq Oil-for-Food Programme . The technique of oil pre-financing consists of loans secured on future oil revenues. It was developed in the 1970s by Marc Rich and his commodities brokerage Glencore and has been designated by the UN and the World Bank as a cause of impoverishment of oil producing countries and as one of key phenomena of kleptocracy . Paribas Luxembourg