141-579: Parasaurolophus ( / ˌ p ær ə s ɔː ˈ r ɒ l ə f ə s , - ˌ s ɔːr ə ˈ l oʊ f ə s / ; meaning "beside crested lizard" in reference to Saurolophus ) is a genus of hadrosaurid "duck-billed" dinosaur that lived in what is now western North America and possibly Asia during the Late Cretaceous period , about 76.9–73.5 million years ago. It was a large herbivore that could reach over 9 metres (30 ft) long and weigh over 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons), and were able to move as
282-429: A biped and a quadruped . Three species are universally recognized: P. walkeri (the type species ), P. tubicen , and the short-crested P. cyrtocristatus . Additionally, a fourth species, P. jiayinensis , has been proposed, although it is more commonly placed in the separate genus Charonosaurus . Remains are known from Alberta , New Mexico , and Utah , as well as possibly Heilongjiang if Charonosaurus
423-417: A hadrosaurid , Saurolophus would have been a bipedal / quadrupedal herbivore , eating a variety of plants . Its skull permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing , and its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in
564-736: A sexually dimorphic characteristic in adults. James Hopson , one of the first researchers to describe lambeosaurine crests in terms of such distinctions, suggested that P. cyrtocristatus , with its small crest, was the female form of P. tubicen . Thomas Williamson suggested it was the juvenile form. Neither hypothesis became widely accepted. As only six good skulls, one juvenile braincase, and one recently discovered juvenile skull are known, additional material will help clear up these potential relationships. Williamson noted that in any case, juvenile Parasaurolophus probably had small, rounded crests like P. cyrtocristatus , that probably grew faster as individuals approached sexual maturity . Recent restudy of
705-838: A (largely) solid crest. The following cladogram of hadrosaurid relationships was published in 2013 by Alberto Prieto-Márquez et al. in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica : Acristravus gagstarsoni Brachylophosaurus canadensis Maiasaura peeblesorum Shantungosaurus giganteus Edmontosaurus regalis Edmontosaurus annectens Kerberosaurus manakini Sabinas OTU Prosaurolophus maximus Saurolophus morrisi (now Augustynolophus ) Saurolophus osborni Saurolophus angustirostris Wulagasaurus dongi Kritosaurus navajovius Big Bend UTEP OTU Secernosaurus koerneri Willinakaqe salitralensis Gryposaurus latidens Gryposaurus notabilis Gryposaurus monumentensis As
846-443: A 9 metres (30 ft) long individual would have weighed more than 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons). Gregory S. Paul estimated that an average adult individual of the type species would measure 7.5 metres (25 ft) long and weigh 2.6 metric tons (2.9 short tons). Its skull is about 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) long, including the crest, whereas the type skull of P. tubicen is over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long, indicating it
987-408: A comprehensive enough description to compare the species with S. osborni . In 1939–40, two partial skeletons were found in the late Maastrichtian age Moreno Formation of California . These specimens were referred to cf. Saurolophus sp. In 2010, one of the skulls was instead assigned to Edmontosaurus . A 2013 study placed the two specimens in a new species, S. morrisi . In 2014, the species
1128-526: A faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. After
1269-718: A few in German , Dutch , Norwegian , Danish and Swedish . Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before
1410-404: A few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, Salutati , Celtis , George Buchanan and Thomas More . Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include Isaac Newton 's Principia . Latin was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in
1551-402: A hadrosaurid, Parasaurolophus was a large bipedal and quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing . Its teeth were continually being replaced and were packed into dental batteries containing hundreds of teeth, but only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. It used its beak to crop plant material, which
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#17328759424371692-529: A handful of good specimens. Meaning "near crested lizard", the name Parasaurolophus is derived from the Greek words para /παρα ("beside" or "near"), saurus / σαυρος ("lizard"), and lophos /λοφος ("crest"). It is based on ROM 768, a skull and partial skeleton missing most of the tail and the back legs below the knees, which was found by a field party from the University of Toronto in 1920 near Sand Creek along
1833-419: A juvenile braincase previously assigned to Lambeosaurus , now assigned to Parasaurolophus , provides evidence that a small tubular crest was present in juveniles. This specimen preserves a small upward flaring of the frontal bones that was similar to but smaller than what is seen in adult specimens; in adults, the frontals formed a platform that supported the base of the crest. This specimen also indicates that
1974-847: A lambeosaurine with a similar skull (but no complete crest yet) from the Amur region of northeastern China. The two may form the clade Parasaurolophini . P. cyrtocristatus , with its short, rounded crest, may be the most basal of the three known Parasaurolophus species or it may represent subadult or female specimens of P. tubicen . The following cladogram is after the 2007 redescription of Lambeosaurus magnicristatus (Evans and Reisz, 2007): Hadrosaurinae Aralosaurus Tsintaosaurus Jaxartosaurus Amurosaurus Charonosaurus P. cyrtocristatus P. tubicen P. walkeri Nipponosaurus Lambeosaurus lambei L. magnicristatus Corythosaurus Olorotitan Hypacrosaurus altispinus H. stebingeri As
2115-450: A large object, the crest has clear value as a visual signal and sets this animal apart from its contemporaries. The large size of hadrosaurid eye sockets and the presence of sclerotic rings in the eyes imply acute vision and diurnal habits, evidence that sight was important to these animals. If, as is commonly illustrated, a skin frill extended from the crest to the neck or back, the proposed visual display would have been even showier. As
2256-428: A large space for an eardrum implies a sensitive middle ear. Furthermore, the hadrosaurid lagena is elongate like a crocodilian's, indicating that the auditory portion of the inner ear was well-developed. Based on the similarity of hadrosaurid inner ears to those of crocodiles , he also proposed that adult hadrosaurids were sensitive to high frequencies, such as their offspring might produce. According to Weishampel, this
2397-410: A long curved tube projecting upwards and back from the skull in its largest form. Charonosaurus from China, which may have been its closest relative, had a similar skull and a potentially similar crest. Visual recognition of both species and sex, acoustic resonance, and thermoregulation have been proposed as functional explanations for the crest. It is one of the rarer hadrosaurids, known from only
2538-533: A minimum size of about 2000 m2, which suggest that over 100 Saurolophus carcasses may have contributed to the event. However, they discussed that even though evidence clearly reflects a catastrophic mass-mortality of a social group of S. angustirostris and provide the first evidence of gregariousness in this taxon, the exact conditions and cause surrounding the group death can not be determined. Bell and team also noted that while Dragon's Tomb provides direct evidence for social behaviour in S. angustirostris , there
2679-525: A more circular profile. As its name implies, Parasaurolophus was initially thought to be closely related to Saurolophus because of its superficially similar crest. However, it was soon reassessed as a member of the lambeosaurine subfamily of hadrosaurids— Saurolophus is a hadrosaurine . It is usually interpreted as a separate offshoot of the lambeosaurines, distinct from the helmet-crested Corythosaurus , Hypacrosaurus , and Lambeosaurus . Its closest known relative appears to be Charonosaurus ,
2820-596: A more diverse theropod fauna. Unlike other Mongolian formations like the well-known Djadochta Formation that includes Velociraptor and Protoceratops , the Nemegt is interpreted as being a well-watered region, like the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. When examined, the rock facies of the Nemegt formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Sediments also indicate that
2961-548: A native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during the Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period . In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until
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#17328759424373102-565: A partial skull with a similar crest ( BYU 2467) from the Campanian age Kaiparowits Formation of Garfield County , Utah . Since then, another skull has been found in Utah with the short, rounded P. cyrtocristatus crest morphology. Parasaurolophus is known from three certain species: P. walkeri , P. tubicen , and P. cyrtocristatus . All of them can be clearly distinguished from each other and have many differences. The first named species, therefore
3243-551: A result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through
3384-567: A rich habitat existed, offering diverse food in abundant amounts that could sustain Cretaceous dinosaurs. It coexisted with the rare hadrosaurid Barsboldia , flat-headed pachycephalosaurian Homalocephale and domed Prenocephale , the large ankylosaurid Saichania , rare titanosaurs sauropods Nemegtosaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia , the alvarezsaurid Mononykus , three types of troodontids including Zanabazar , several oviraptorosaurians including Rinchenia and Nemegtomaia ,
3525-407: A separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within the history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to
3666-695: A small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university. In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture . Canada's motto A mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea") and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross
3807-429: A sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of the language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be
3948-565: A spoken and written language by the scholarship by the Renaissance humanists . Petrarch and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by Isaac Casaubon , Joseph Scaliger and others. Nevertheless, despite
4089-432: A strictly left-to-right script. During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200, a new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as
4230-466: A swan and theorized that an animal could use its elongated nasal passages to create noise. However, the nasal tubes of Hypacrosaurus , Corythosaurus , and Lambeosaurus are much more variable and complicated than the airway of Parasaurolophus . A large amount of material and data supports the hypothesis that the large, tubular crest of Parasaurolophus was a resonating chamber. Weishampel in 1981 suggested that Parasaurolophus made noises ranging between
4371-409: A v-shaped gap or notch in the vertebrae at the base of the neck. Originally thought to be pathologic, Parks published a second interpretation of this, as a ligament attachment to support the head. The crest would attach to the gap via muscles or ligaments, and be used to support the head while bearing a frill, like predicted to exist in some hadrosaurids. One other possibility, is that during preparation,
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4512-689: A vernacular, such as those of Descartes . Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language ) and later native or other languages. Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than
4653-411: Is Veritas ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages . For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ,
4794-857: Is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ), the lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to
4935-626: Is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to legend , this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules , the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In
5076-427: Is a skull and postcrania, so the cranium of the species is well-described. Bell et al. re-evaluated the entire species in a 2011 publication with Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . Their description found the skull to be generalized among hadrosaurines, and are much larger than any skulls of S. osborni . The most unusual feature for a hadrosaurine is the long, protruding, solid crest that extends upwards diagonally from
5217-405: Is consistent with parents and offspring communicating. Computer modeling of a well-preserved specimen of P. tubicen , with more complex air passages than those of P. walkeri , has allowed the reconstruction of the possible sound its crest produced. The main path resonates at around 30 Hz, but the complicated sinus anatomy causes peaks and valleys in the sound. The other main behavioral theory
5358-548: Is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously. The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from
5499-440: Is in fact part of the genus. The genus was first described in 1922 by William Parks from a skull and partial skeleton found in Alberta. Parasaurolophus was a hadrosaurid , part of a diverse family of large Late Cretaceous ornithopods that are known for their range of bizarre head adornments, which were likely used for communication and increased hearing. This genus is known for its large, elaborate cranial crest, which forms
5640-709: Is interpreted as having a significant marine influence, due to an encroaching Western Interior Seaway , the shallow sea that covered the midsection of North America through much of the Cretaceous . S. osborni may have preferred to stay inland. It lived alongside other dinosaur species including the ornithopods Hypacrosaurus altispinus and Parksosaurus warreni , ankylosaurid Anodontosaurus lambei , pachycephalosaurid Sphaerotholus edmontonense , ornithomimids Dromiceiomimus brevitertius and an unnamed species of Struthiomimus , small theropods including Atrociraptor marshalli and Albertonykus borealis , and
5781-426: Is its cranial crest, which is present in young individuals, but is smaller. It is long and spike-like and projects upward and backward at about a 45° angle, starting from over the eyes. This crest is often described as solid, but appears to be solid only at the point, with internal chambers that may have had a respiratory and/or heat-regulation function. The unique crest of Saurolophus is made up almost completely by
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5922-512: Is known from at least 15 specimens. It differs from S. osborni by some details of the skull, as well as in the pattern of scales found in skin impressions. The Mongolian species had a longer skull (by 20%) and the front of the snout (the premaxillary bones) were more upwardly directed. S. angustirostris also had a distinctive row of rectangular scales along the midline of the back and tail, known as 'midline feature-scales'; these are not currently preserved in S. osborni . In S. angustirostris ,
6063-661: Is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore . Spain's motto Plus ultra , meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and
6204-463: Is no hole at the end of the crest for a snorkeling function. There are no muscle scars for a proboscis and it is dubious that an animal with a beak would need one. As a proposed airlock, it would not have kept out water. The proposed air reservoir would have been insufficient for an animal the size of Parasaurolophus . Other hadrosaurids had large heads without needing large hollow crests to serve as attachment points for supporting ligaments. Also, none of
6345-399: Is now believed that it may have had several functions: visual display for identifying species and sex, sound amplification for communication, and thermoregulation. It is not clear which was most significant at what times in the evolution of the crest and its internal nasal passages. As for other lambeosaurines, it is believed that the cranial crest of Parasaurolophus changed with age and was
6486-629: Is now known as the slightly younger Kirtland Formation in San Juan County , New Mexico. This specimen was sent to Uppsala , where Carl Wiman described it as a second species, P. tubicen , in 1931. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word tǔbǐcěn , meaning "trumpeter". A second, nearly complete P. tubicen skull ( NMMNH P-25100) was found in New Mexico in 1995. Using computed tomography of this skull, Robert Sullivan and Thomas Williamson gave
6627-407: Is suggested by other lambeosaurine skulls, the crest of Parasaurolophus likely permitted both species identification (such as separating it from Corythosaurus or Lambeosaurus ) and sexual identification by shape and size. Barnum Brown (1912) noted the presence of fine striations near the back of the crest that he hypothesized could be associated with the presence of a frill of skin, comparable to
6768-958: Is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany, YLE radio in Finland (the Nuntii Latini broadcast from 1989 until it
6909-516: Is that the crest was used for intra-species recognition. This means that the crest could have been used for species recognition, as a warning signal, and for other, non-sexual uses. These could have been some of the reasons crests evolved in Parasaurolophus and other hadrosaurids. Instead, social and physiological functions have become more supported as function(s) of the crest, focusing on visual and auditory identification and communication. As
7050-519: Is the largest of the Parasaurolophus species. It lived in New Mexico, where three specimens are known, and can be differentiated from its other species. It possesses a long and straight crest, with a very complex interior compared to the other species. All known specimens of P. tubicen come from the De-Na-Zin Member of the Kirtland Formation . In 1961, the third species, P. cyrtocristatus
7191-526: Is yet no evidence for it in S. osborni . Nevertheless, gregariousness is apparently widespread in hadrosaurines. David W.E. Hone and Mahito Watabe in 2011 reported the left humerus of a nearly complete S. angustirostris skeleton (MPC-D 100/764) from the Bügiin Tsav locality of the Nemegt Formation, which was heavily damaged from bite marks attributed to the sympatric Tarbosaurus . As suggested by
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#17328759424377332-531: The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In
7473-562: The Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are
7614-511: The Late Cretaceous period of Asia and North America , that lived in what is now the Horseshoe Canyon and Nemegt formations about 70 million to 66 million years ago. It is one of the few genera of dinosaurs known from multiple continents . The type species , S. osborni , was described by Barnum Brown in 1912 from Canadian fossils. A second valid species, S. angustirostris , is represented by numerous specimens from Mongolia , and
7755-561: The Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo-Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed " inkhorn terms ", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by
7896-518: The Mongolian species, was larger; it got as large as 13 m (43 ft) in length, and larger remains are reported. It has been estimated to have potentially weighed up to 11 tonnes (11 long tons; 12 short tons). The largest known skull of S.angustirostris measures 1.22 m (4.0 ft) in length. Aside from size, the two species are virtually identical, with differentiation hindered by lack of study. The most distinctive feature of Saurolophus
8037-775: The Red Deer River in Alberta. These rocks are now known as the Campanian age Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation . William Parks named the specimen P. walkeri in honor of Sir Byron Edmund Walker , the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Ontario Museum . Parasaurolophus remains are rare in Alberta, with only one other partial skull that is possibly from the Dinosaur Park Formation and three Dinosaur Park specimens lacking their skulls that possibly belong to
8178-559: The Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City . The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to Ecclesiastical Latin of the Latin language. Contemporary Latin is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. Latin has greatly influenced the English language , along with a large number of others, and historically contributed many words to
8319-553: The Romance languages . During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as Curse tablets and those found as graffiti . In the Late Latin period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts. As it
8460-622: The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. While the written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian . Despite dialectal variation, which
8601-416: The basilisk lizard . Peter Dodson interpreted similar features in other duckbills as having use in sexual identification. Maryańska and Osmólska, noting the hollow base, suggested that the crest increased the surface area of the respiratory cavity, and helped in thermoregulation. James Hopson supported a function as a visual signal, and further mentioned the possibility that the inflatable skin flaps over
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#17328759424378742-457: The frequencies 55 and 720 Hz , although there was some difference in the range of individual species because of the crest size, shape, and nasal passage length, most obvious in P. cyrtocristatus (interpreted as a possible female). Hopson found that there is anatomical evidence that hadrosaurids had a strong hearing. There is at least one example, in the related Corythosaurus , of a slender stapes (reptilian ear bone) in place, which combined with
8883-807: The ornithomimosaurs Anserimimus and Gallimimus , and the giant theropods Deinocheirus and Therizinosaurus , including the tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus . S. angustirostris was common, and would have been an important large herbivore in the Nemegt Formation. By comparison, S. osborni was rare in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and faced competition from other duckbills (genus Hypacrosaurus ). [REDACTED] Data related to Saurolophus at Wikispecies [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Latin Latin ( lingua Latina , pronounced [ˈlɪŋɡʷa ɫaˈtiːna] , or Latinum [ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃] )
9024-496: The postcranial skeleton except for the feet, neck, and parts of the tail. Its specific name is derived from the Latin words curtus , meaning "shortened" and cristatus , meaning "crested". The specimen was found in either the top of the Fruitland Formation or, more likely, the base of the overlying Kirtland Formation. The range of this species was described in 1979, when David B. Weishampel and James A. Jensen described
9165-412: The type , is P. walkeri . One certain specimen from the Dinosaur Park Formation is referred to it, but many more are almost certainly referable. Like stated above, it is different from the other two species, with it having a simpler internal structure than P. tubicen , along with a straighter crest and different internal structuring than P. cyrtocristatus . The next named species is P. tubicen , which
9306-499: The tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus sarcophagus . The dinosaurs from this formation form part of the Edmontonian land vertebrate age. A 2001 study suggested that Saurolophus osborni was part of a distinct inland fauna characterized by an association between Anchiceratops ornatus and it, while the contemporary coastal fauna was characterized by the association of Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis and Edmontosaurus regalis . However,
9447-399: The vertebrae were tall, as was common in lambeosaurines. At their tallest over the hips, they increased the height of the back. Skin impressions are known for P. walkeri , showing uniform tubercle-like scales, but no larger structures. The most noticeable feature was the cranial crest that protruded from the rear of the head and was made up of the premaxilla and nasal bones . The crest
9588-616: The American Museum of Natural History, this skeleton was the first nearly complete dinosaur skeleton from Canada. It was found in rocks of early Maastrichtian age, in the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation (then known as the Edmonton Formation) near Tolman Ferry on the Red Deer River in Alberta. Brown wasted little time in describing his material, giving it its own subfamily. Saurolophus
9729-617: The British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos , such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University 's motto
9870-599: The English lexicon , particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are heavily used in English vocabulary in theology , the sciences , medicine , and law . A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As
10011-562: The Fruitland Formation was swampy, positioned in the lowlands, and close to the shore of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway . The lowermost part of the Fruitland Formation is just younger than 75.56 ± 0.41 mya, with the uppermost boundary dating to 74.55 ± 0.22 mya. Saurolophus Saurolophus ( / s ɔː ˈ r ɒ l ə f ə s / ; meaning "lizard crest") is a genus of large hadrosaurid dinosaur from
10152-580: The Grinch Stole Christmas! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales, " fabulae mirabiles ", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook . Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series,
10293-461: The United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal . It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from
10434-552: The University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The Latin Misplaced Pages has more than 130,000 articles. Italian , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Romanian , Catalan , Romansh , Sardinian and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin borrowings in English and Albanian , as well as
10575-598: The association between S. osborni and Anchiceratops was later noted to be in error, Anchiceratops only occurs lower in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, before the major transgression of the Western Interior Seaway represented by the Drumheller Marine Tongue. S. angustirostris was one of the largest herbivores of the Nemegt Formation , which lacked large ceratopsians , but had sauropods and
10716-407: The back of the skull roof. Unlike lambeosaurines , the crests are made up completely of the nasal bone . The premaxilla bones make up almost 50% of the entire skull length, and both sides are filled with small holes. Only in adult individuals has the front of the premaxillary contact been fused. Longer than the premaxilla, the nasal bones are the longest in the skull. They make up the entire length of
10857-425: The benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Parts of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana are written in Latin. Enya has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin
10998-409: The careful work of Petrarch, Politian and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following. Neo-Latin literature was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name
11139-415: The classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as Neo-Latin , or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of renewed study , given their importance for the development of European culture, religion and science. The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown. The Renaissance reinforced the position of Latin as
11280-461: The country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as Sebastiane , The Passion of the Christ and Barbarians (2020 TV series) , have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost (" Jughead "). Subtitles are usually shown for
11421-535: The crest also suggests a thermoregulatory function. The first to propose the cranial crests of lambeosaurines related to temperature regulation was Wheeler (1978). He proposed that there was a nerve connection between the crest and the brain , so that the latter could be cooled by the former. The next people to publish a related idea were Teresa Maryańska and Osmólska, who realized that like modern lizards, dinosaurs could have possessed salt glands, and cooled off by osmo-regulation. In 2006 Evans published an argument about
11562-420: The crest was joined to the vertebrae above the shoulders by ligaments or muscles, and helped with moving and supporting the head. This is unlikely, because in all modern archosaurs, the nuchal ligament attaches to the neck or base of the skull. Othenio Abel proposed it was used as a weapon in combat among members of the same species, and Andrew Milner suggested that it could be used as a foliage deflector, like
11703-519: The crest, and are never preserved as fused. Barnum Brown, who described the first specimens, put it in its own subfamily in "Trachodontidae" (=Hadrosauridae), the Saurolophinae. At the time, this also included Corythosaurus and Hypacrosaurus , the only well-known examples of what would become the Lambeosaurinae . Brown thought that Saurolophus had an expanded tip to the ischium bone in
11844-493: The decline in written Latin output. Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 , which permitted the use of the vernacular . Latin remains
11985-488: The deltopectoral crest, suggesting that this Tarbosaurus was actively selecting which biting style employ to scavenge the bone. Comparisons between the scleral rings of Saurolophus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been cathemeral , active throughout the day at short intervals. S. osborni is known only from the upper part (unit 4) of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation . The formation
12126-407: The disarticulated portion of the braincase. Their relative position was then approximated based on cranial landmarks and comparison with other hadrosaurids. Because of weathering, many of the smaller neural canals and foramina could not be identified for certain. Many hypotheses have been advanced as to what functions the cranial crest of Parasaurolophus performed, but most have been discredited. It
12267-427: The earliest developmental stage at the time of their deaths. Based on these juveniles, Dewaele and team indicated that during the ontogeny of S. angustirostris the distinct crest found in adults was poorly developed in infancy, the snout grew proportionally longer, the orbit became more oval-shaped, the doming of the frontal became less prominent, and the coronoid process became higher. Bell and team in 2018 described
12408-570: The educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as the Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin
12549-508: The famous Dragon's Tomb assambleage of the Altan Uul II locality, Nemegt Formation, which contains a large-sized bonebed of S. angustirostris . This bonebed is largely monodominant (one dominant species), with at least three size-classes (juveniles, subadults, and adults) of S. angustirostris . Examinations made to Dragon's Tomb suggest that at least 21 Saurolophus individuals can be currently found. The team indicated that this bonebed has
12690-427: The frill being depicted in many other sources, though the advent of the now-debunked "snorkel" hypothesis, and conflation of the frill hypothesis with the idea that the crest serves as an anchor point for neck ligaments, along with lack of strong evidence for its presence, has seen it fall out of favor in most modern depictions. P. walkeri is known from one specimen which might contain a pathology . The skeleton shows
12831-450: The functions of lambeosaurine crests, and supported why this could be a causing factor for the evolution of the crest. Parasaurolophus is often hypothesized to have used its crest as a resonating chamber to produce low frequency sounds to alert other members of a group or its species. This function was originally suggested by Wiman in 1931 when he described P. tubicen . He noted that the crest's internal structures are similar to those of
12972-423: The genus a monographic treatment in 1999 that covered aspects of its anatomy and taxonomy, as well as the functions of its crest. Williamson later published an independent review of the remains that disagreed with the taxonomic conclusions. John Ostrom described another good specimen ( FMNH P27393) from New Mexico as P. cyrtocristatus in 1961. It includes a partial skull with a short, rounded crest and much of
13113-462: The genus. In some faunal lists, there is a mention of possible P. walkeri material in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana , a rock unit of the late Maastrichtian age. This occurrence is not noted by Sullivan and Williamson in their 1999 review of the genus and has not been further elaborated upon elsewhere. In 1921, Charles H. Sternberg recovered a partial skull ( PMU .R1250) from what
13254-459: The growth of the crest in Parasaurolophus and the facial profile of juvenile individuals differed from the Corythosaurus - Hypacrosaurus - Lambeosaurus model, in part because the crest of Parasaurolophus lacks the thin bony 'coxcomb' that makes up the upper portion of the crest of the other three lambeosaurines. Many early suggestions focused on adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle, following
13395-453: The helmet crest (called a 'casque') of the cassowary . Still, other proposals made housing specialized organs the major function. Halszka Osmólska suggested that it housed salt glands , and John Ostrom suggested that it housed expanded areas for olfactory tissue and much improved sense of smell of the lambeosaurines, which had no obvious defensive capabilities. Most of these hypotheses have been discredited or rejected. For example, there
13536-412: The hip, as dinosaurs now recognized as lambeosaurines had, but this appears to have been based on a mistakenly associated lambeosaurine ischium. Additionally, he misinterpreted the crests of Saurolophus and lambeosaurines as being made of the same bones. Most publications before 2010 classified Saurolophus as a member of Hadrosaurinae, often known colloquially as the "flat-headed hadrosaurs". In 2010,
13677-582: The hypothesis that hadrosaurids were amphibious, a common line of thought until the 1960s. Thus, Alfred Sherwood Romer proposed it served as a snorkel , Martin Wilfarth that it was an attachment for a mobile proboscis used as a breathing tube or for food gathering, Charles M. Sternberg that it served as an airtrap to keep water out of the lungs , and Ned Colbert that it served as an air reservoir for prolonged stays underwater. Other proposals were more mechanical in nature. William Parks, in 1922, suggested that
13818-679: The invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as: The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How
13959-432: The jaws by a cheek -like organ. Its feeding range would have extended from the ground to about 4 m (13 ft) above. The distinctive spike-like crest of Saurolophus has been interpreted in multiple ways, and could have had multiple functions. Brown compared it to the crest of a chameleon , and suggested it could provide an area for muscle attachment and a connection point for a nonbody back frill like that seen in
14100-441: The juvenile is not long and tubular like the adults, but low and hemispherical. The skull of RAM 14000 is almost complete, with the left side only lacking a piece of the maxilla . However, the skull was split down the middle by erosion , possibly when it was resting on the bottom of a river bed . The two sides are displaced slightly, with some bones of the right being moved off the main block, also by erosion. After reconstruction,
14241-409: The juvenile is the most complete, as well as youngest Parasaurolophus ever found, and measures 2.5 m (8.2 ft). This individual fits neatly into the currently known Parasaurolophus growth stages, and lived approximately 75 million years ago. Even though no complete skull of the intermediate age between RAM 14000 and adult Parasaurolophus has been found yet, a partial braincase of about
14382-534: The lack of damage to the rest of the skeleton (such as large wounds in skeletal remains indicative of predation ), this tyrannosaurid was likely scavenging an already dead S. angustirostris . It is unlikely that a large-bodied predator such as Tarbosaurus would have left sparse feeding traces on a single humerus having an entire carcass to feed on. The humerus shows three distinctive feeding methods, interpreted as punctures, drag marks, and bite−and−drag marks. Hone and Watabe noted that bite marks were mostly located at
14523-675: The language of the Roman Rite . The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of
14664-440: The large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained the common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as
14805-492: The large skeleton that became S. angustirostris as described by Anatoly Rozhdestvensky . Other skeletons from a variety of growth stages have also been discovered, and S. angustirostris is now the most abundant Asian hadrosaurid. Two species are regarded as valid today: the type species S. osborni , and S. angustirostris . S. osborni (Brown, 1912) is known from a skull and skeleton, two other complete skulls, and skull fragments. S. angustirostris (Rozhdestvensky, 1952)
14946-462: The late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. Latin grammar is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and
15087-431: The later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon script to what ultimately became
15228-593: The less common hadrosaurs in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, such as Parasaurolophus , may represent the remains of individuals who died while migrating through the region. They might also have had a more upland habitat where they may have nested or fed. The presence of Parasaurolophus and Kritosaurus in northern latitude fossil sites may represent faunal exchange between otherwise distinct northern and southern biomes in Late Cretaceous North America. Both taxa are uncommon outside of
15369-421: The less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", Latin did not undergo language death . By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural language change eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct Romance languages in
15510-433: The name antedates S. angustirostris ). Until a 2011 reevaluation of the species by Phil R. Bell , S. angustirostris was not well-described. No autapomorphies , unique derived traits, had been established distinguishing it from S. osborni . Bell found in a publication earlier in the year that the two previous studies of S. angustirostris , by Rozhdestvensky in 1952, and Maryanska and Osmolska in 1981, do not provide
15651-438: The nasal bones, and in S. angustirostris it is solid. In adult specimens the crests are a rounded triangular shape in cross section. The crest protrudes past the edge of the skull backwards. Thin processes from the frontals and prefrontals extend along the underside of the crest, probably to strengthen it. At the end of the crest is a swelling of the nasal, which is often termed differently. The holotype of S. angustirostris
15792-451: The new species P. jiayensis . If this species is indeed inside Parasaurolophus , then the genus therefore lasted until the K-Pg extinction and is known from two continents. Like most dinosaurs, the skeleton of Parasaurolophus is incompletely known. The length of the type specimen of P. walkeri is estimated at 9.45 metres (31.0 ft), and allometry-based body mass estimates indicate that
15933-437: The nostrils could have acted as resonators and additional visual signals. This idea has been picked up by authors of popular dinosaur works, such as David B. Norman , who discussed hadrosaurid display at length and included a life restoration of such an adaptation in action. In 2015 Leonard Dewaele and colleagues described a small and partial nest containing several juveniles of S. angustirostris . The specimen (MPC-D 100/764)
16074-470: The one found in the modern basilisk lizard . His hypothesis was seemingly supported by skin preserved above the neck and back of Corythosaurus and Edmontosaurus . Subsequently, reconstructions of Parasaurolophus with a substantial frill of skin between the crest and neck appeared in influential paleoart including murals by Charles R. Knight and in the Walt Disney animated film, Fantasia . This led to
16215-544: The other two possessing a swelling at the base of the break. Analysis of the pathology undertaken by Bertozzo et al., published in December 2020, suggests the pathology to the shoulder and thoracic ribs in the holotype of P. walkeri was plausibly the result of the dinosaur being hit by a falling tree, perhaps during a severe storm. Based on the regrowth of bone, it is suggested that the hadrosaur survived for at least one to four months to perhaps years after being injured. None of
16356-462: The other varieties, as it was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing. For many Italians using Latin, though, there
16497-574: The pathologies on the holotype individual are believed to have caused or contributed to its death. Parasaurolophus walkeri , from the Dinosaur Park Formation , was a member of a diverse and well-documented fauna of prehistoric animals, including well-known dinosaurs such as the horned Centrosaurus , Chasmosaurus , and Styracosaurus ; ornithomimids Struthiomimus ; fellow duckbills Gryposaurus and Corythosaurus ; tyrannosaurids Gorgosaurus and Daspletosaurus ; and armored Edmontonia , Euoplocephalus and Dyoplosaurus . It
16638-505: The possible fact of P. cyrtocristatus being a female, many other studies have found that it is not because of the differences in age, distribution, and the large differences in the crest and its internal structure. A study published in PLoS ONE in 2014 found that one more species could be referred to Parasaurolophus . This study, led by Xing, found Charonosaurus jiayensis was actually nested deeply inside Parasaurolophus , which created
16779-417: The proposals explain why the crest has such a shape, why other lambeosaurines should have crests that look much different but perform a similar function, how crestless or solid-crested hadrosaurids got along without such capabilities, or why some hadrosaurids had solid crests. These considerations particularly impact hypotheses based on increasing the capabilities of systems already present in the animal, such as
16920-401: The right size is known. At 25% of the total adult size, the juvenile show that crest growth of Parasaurolophus began sooner than in related genera, such as Corythosaurus . It has been suggested that Parasaurolophus adults bore such large crests, especially when compared to the related Corythosaurus , because of this difference in age between when their crests started developing. The crest of
17061-416: The salt gland and olfaction hypotheses, and indicate that these were not primary functions of the crest. Additionally, work on the nasal cavity of lambeosaurines shows that olfactory nerves and corresponding sensory tissue were largely outside the portion of the nasal passages in the crest, so the expansion of the crest had little to do with the sense of smell. The large surface area and vascularization of
17202-405: The scales on the tail flank were arranged in vertical patterns, which may have corresponded to striped coloration in life. This area was covered in radial scale patterns in S. osborni , possibly indicating a more mottled or spotted coloration. S. kryschtofovici (Riabinin, 1930) is not considered valid; either it is regarded as a dubious name, or as a synonym of S. angustirostris (although
17343-409: The skull viewed from the side resembles other juvenile lambeosaurines found, being roughly a trapezoid in shape. A partial cranial endocast for RAM 14000 was reconstructed from CT scan data, the first ever for a Parasaurolophus of any ontogenetic stage. The endocast was reconstructed in two sections, one on the portion of the braincase articulated with the left half of the skull and the remainder on
17484-687: The southern biome, where, along with Pentaceratops , they are predominate members of the fauna. In the Fruitland Formation of New Mexico, P. cyrtocristatus shared its habitat with other ornithischians and theropods. Specifically, its contemporaries were the ceratopsian Pentaceratops sternbergii ; the pachycephalosaur Stegoceras novomexicanum ; and some unidentified fossils belonging to Tyrannosauridae , ? Ornithomimus , ? Troodontidae , ? Saurornitholestes langstoni , ? Struthiomimus , Ornithopoda , ? Chasmosaurus , ? Corythosaurus , Hadrosaurinae , Hadrosauridae , and Ceratopsidae . When Parasaurolophus existed,
17625-430: The specimen was damaged, creating the possible pathology. The notch, however, is still considered more likely to be a pathology, even though some illustrations of Parasaurolophus restore the skin flap. Another possible pathology was noticed by Parks, and from around the notch. In the fourth, fifth, and sixth vertebrae, directly anterior to the notch, the neural spines were damaged. The fourth had an obvious fracture, with
17766-420: The subfamily Saurolophinae was brought back into use because Hadrosaurus appears to have branched off prior to the "hadrosaurine"–lambeosaurine split. As a result, Hadrosaurinae by definition cannot include the traditional "hadrosaurines". Saurolophinae is the oldest available name for the former "hadrosaurine" clade . Saurolophus , as the name suggests, is a saurolophine, as it has a saurolophine pelvis and
17907-574: Was a browser. Parasaurolophus is known from many adult specimens, and a juvenile described in 2013, numbered RAM 140000 and nicknamed Joe, after a volunteer at the Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology (RAM). The juvenile was discovered in the Kaiparowits Formation in 2009. Excavated by the joint expedition by museum and The Webb Schools , the juvenile has been identified as around only one year old when it died. Referred to Parasaurolophus sp.,
18048-450: Was a female of P. walkeri or P. tubicen , which were all thought to be males, although P. tubicen lived approximately a million years later. As noted by Thomas Williamson, the type material of P. cyrtocristatus is about 72% the size of P. tubicen , close to the size at which other lambeosaurines are interpreted to begin showing definitive sexual dimorphism in their crests (~70% of adult size). Even though many scientists have supported
18189-487: Was a larger animal. Its single known arm was relatively short for a hadrosaurid, with a short but wide shoulder blade . The thighbone measures 103 cm (41 in) long in P. walkeri and is robust for its length when compared to other hadrosaurids. The upper arm and pelvic bones were also heavily built. Like other hadrosaurids, it was able to walk on either two legs or four. It probably preferred to forage for food on four legs, but ran on two. The neural spines of
18330-567: Was a rare constituent of this fauna. The Dinosaur Park Formation is interpreted as a low-relief setting of rivers and floodplains that became more swampy and influenced by marine conditions over time as the Western Interior Seaway transgressed westward. The climate was warmer than present-day Alberta, without frost , but with wetter and drier seasons. Conifers were apparently the dominant canopy plants, with an understory of ferns , tree ferns , and angiosperms . Some of
18471-635: Was an important early reference for other hadrosaurs, as seen in the names of Prosaurolophus ("before Saurolophus ") and Parasaurolophus ("near Saurolophus "). However, little additional material has been recovered and described. Instead, more abundant remains from Asia have provided more data. Initial remains were not promising; a partial fragmentary ischium from Heilongjiang , China , that Riabinin named S. kryschtofovici . Much better remains were soon recovered, though, but from Mongolia 's early Maastrichtian-age Nemegt Formation . The 1946–1949 Russian - Mongolian paleontological expeditions recovered
18612-399: Was described by Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky . Saurolophus is distinguished by a spike-like crest which projects up and back from the skull. It was a herbivorous dinosaur which could move about either bipedally or quadrupedally . Barnum Brown recovered the first described remains of Saurolophus in 1911, including a nearly complete skeleton ( AMNH 5220 ). Now on display in
18753-413: Was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . Late Latin is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at
18894-454: Was held in the jaws by a cheek -like organ. Vegetation could have been taken from the ground up to a height of around 4 m (13 ft). As noted by Robert Bakker , lambeosaurines have narrower beaks than hadrosaurines, implying that Parasaurolophus and its relatives could feed more selectively than their broad-beaked, crestless counterparts. Parasaurolophus had a diet consisting of leaves, twigs, and pine needles which would imply that it
19035-411: Was hollow, with distinct tubes leading from each nostril to the end of the crest before reversing direction and heading back down the crest and into the skull. The tubes were simplest in P. walkeri , and more complex in P. tubicen , where some tubes were blind and others met and separated. While P. walkeri and P. tubicen had long crests with slight curvature, P. cyrtocristatus had a short crest with
19176-496: Was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead. Furthermore, the meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and
19317-563: Was named by John Ostrom . Its three known specimens have been found in the Fruitland and Kaiparowits formations of Utah and New Mexico. The second specimen, the first known from the Kaiparowits Formation, was originally unassigned to a specific taxon. Of the Parasaurolophus species, P. cyrtocristatus is the smallest and has the most curved crest. Because of its possession of the two above features, it has often been speculated that it
19458-441: Was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into the beginning of the Renaissance . Petrarch for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in
19599-433: Was reassigned to a new genus, Augustynolophus . Saurolophus is known from material including nearly complete skeletons, giving researchers a clear picture of its bony anatomy. S. osborni , the rarer Albertan species, was around 8.2–8.5 m (27–28 ft) long, with its skull 1.0 m (3.3 ft) long. It has been estimated to have weighed around 3 tonnes (3.0 long tons; 3.3 short tons). S. angustirostris ,
19740-399: Was recovered from the notorious Dragon's Tomb assambleage of the Nemegt Formation. The team noted that among remains, three or even four juveniles can be recognized, and two fragmentary eggshells were found in association. Juveniles within this block were identified as perinates , as they had skull lengths less than five percent of the length of the skulls of the adults, indicating they were in
19881-478: Was shut down in June 2019), and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin. A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin. Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include
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