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40-531: [REDACTED] Look up sa:परान्तक , sa:परान्त , or प्रान्त in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Parantaka was a name adopted by a number of South Indian kings. It may refer to: Parantaka I (907–950), Chola king Parantaka II (957–970), Chola king Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadayan (765–815), Pandyan king Parantaka Viranarayanan (880–905), Pandyan king See also [ edit ] Prant ,
80-481: A former administrative division of India Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Parantaka . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parantaka&oldid=1218532648 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
120-654: A long period Adam's Peak was supposed to be the highest mountain in Ceylon, but actual survey makes it only 7353 ft. above sea-level. This elevation is chiefly remarkable as the resort of pilgrims from all parts of the East. The hollow in the lofty rock that crowns the summit is said by the Brahmans to be the footstep of Siva , by the Buddhists of Buddha , by the Mahommedans of Adam , whilst
160-399: A much earlier period than that of Parantaka I, but he introduced many salutary reforms for the proper administration of local self-Government. The copper-plate inscriptions detail Parantaka I's promotion of agricultural prosperity by the digging of numerous canals all over the country. He also utilised the spoils of war to donate to numerous temple charities. He is reported to have covered
200-550: A religious context; this name also has meaning in Pāli , and may be translated roughly as "the sacred foot". It refers to the footprint-shaped mark at the summit, which is believed by Buddhists to be that of the Buddha . Some Christian and Islamic traditions assert that it is the footprint of Adam , left when first setting foot on Earth after having been cast out of paradise, giving it the name "Adam's Peak". Sri Lankan Hindu tradition refers to
240-498: A single margin of brass and studded with gems. It is revered as a holy site by Buddhists , Sri Lankan Hindus , and some Muslims and Christians . It has specific qualities that cause it to stand out and be noticed, including its dominant and outstanding profile, and the boulder at the peak containing an indentation resembling a footprint. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition : For
280-589: A stairway and iron stanchions with chains to help the pilgrims. The first ascent of the peak by an Englishman was made by Lieutenant William Malcolm of the 1st Ceylon Regiment on 26 April 1815, from the Ratnapura side; his account of the ascent was published in the Government Gazette on 10 May 1815. John Davy , brother of the noted chemist Sir Humphry Davy , visited the peak in 1817. He recorded observing an oversized footprint carved in stone and ornamented with
320-507: A triangular shadow on the surrounding plain and can be seen to move quickly downward as the sun rises. For Buddhists, the footprint mark is the left foot of the Buddha, left behind when Buddha visited Sri Lanka, as a symbol for worship at the invitation of the Buddhist god Saman. Tamil Hindus consider it the footprint of Shiva . It is also fabled that the mountain is the legendary mount Trikuta ,
360-454: A variety of difficult routes up thousands of steps. The journey takes several hours at least. The mountain is most often scaled from December to May. During other months it is hard to climb the mountain due to very heavy rain, extreme wind, and thick mist. The peak pilgrimage season is in April, and the goal is to be on top of the mountain at sunrise when the distinctive shape of the mountain casts
400-464: Is an inscription of Parantaka I from Tiruvorriyur . It is important as it shows that his dominions included regions beyond Thondaimandalam : Here we have his son Arinjaya making a donation. Once again it is from Tiruvorriyur : We also have several inscriptions of his son Rajaditya from Tirunavalur. One such inscription is the following from the temple of Rajadityesvara in Tirunavalur. The temple
440-511: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Parantaka I Parantaka Chola I ( Tamil : பராந்தக சோழன் I; 873 CE–955 CE) was a Chola emperor who ruled for forty-eight years, annexing Pandya by defeating Rajasimhan II and in the Deccan won the Battle of Vallala against Rashtrakutas which happened before 916 CE. The best part of his reign
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#1733094087619480-510: The Chera Perumals as his close allies and the relationship was further strengthened by two marriages. The king is assumed to have married two distinct Chera princesses (the mothers of his two sons, Rajaditya and Arinjaya ). A member of the retinue of pillaiyar (prince) Rajadittadeva gave a gift to the Vishnu temple at Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur in the 32nd year of Parantaka I. Tirunavalur
520-517: The Chidambaram Siva Temple with golden roof. " Thillaiyambalathhukku pon koorai veiyntha thevan " He was a devout Saiva (follower of Siva) in religion. A record obtained from the ancient temple at Anbil near Tiruchirappalli , sung by nayanmars, which has fragmented documents dating back to at least six thousand years, informs that instituted some services in the temple with one hundred and eight servitors. However, these documents might be
560-607: The Kalu Ganga (river). Access to the mountain is possible by 6 trails: Ratnapura–Palabaddala, Hatton–Nallathanni, Kuruwita–Erathna, Murraywatte, Mookuwatte and Malimboda. The Nallathanni and Palabaddala routes are most favoured by those undertaking the climb, while the Kuruwita–Erathna trail is used less often. These trails are linked to major cities or towns by bus, accounting for their popular use. The Murraywatte, Mookuwatte and Malimboda routes are seldom used but do intersect with
600-618: The Buddha preached this sutra on top of the mountain. According to this sutra, the mountain was the abode of Rāvanā , overlord of the Raskshasas and ruler of Laṅkā. Other names in Sanskrit sources include Mount Lanka, Ratnagiri (Mountain of Gems), Malayagiri (Mount Malaya) or Mount Rohana. The mountain is also seen as the abode of the deity Saman and also goes by various names associated with this, including Sumanakūta ("Sumana's Mountain") and Samanalakanda ("Mountain of Saman" or "Mountain of
640-663: The Butterflies"). The mountain is located in the southern reaches of the Central Highlands in the Ratnapura District and Nuwara Eliya District of the Sabaragamuwa Province and Central Province —lying about 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Ratnapura and 32 km (20 mi) southwest of Hatton. The surrounding region is largely forested hills, with no mountain of comparable size nearby. The region along
680-587: The Chola throne. He bore numerous epithets such as Viranarayana , Virakirti , Vira-Chola , Vikrama-Chola , Irumadi-Sola (Chola with two crowns alluding to the Chola and the Pandya kingdoms), Devendran (lord of the gods), Chakravartin (the emperor), Panditavatsalan (fond of learned men), Kunjaramallan (the wrestler with elephants) and Surachulamani (the crest jewel of the heroes). Parantaka I died in 955. His second son Gandaraditya succeeded him. The following
720-541: The Cholas were defeated and crown prince Rajaditya was killed in the battlefield while sitting on elephant. Although Parantaka I was engaged for the greater part of his long reign in warlike operations, yet he was not unmindful of the victories of peace. The internal administration of his country was a matter in which he took a keen interest. He laid out the rules for the conduct of the village assemblies in an inscription. The village institutions of South India, of course, date from
760-499: The Country, returned with many booties. After his exploits in the Pandya country and in Lanka, he took the title of Maduraiyum Eelamum Konda Parakesarivarman – Parakesarivarman who conquered Madurai and Sri Lanka. Aditya I had two sons namely Parantaka I and Kannara Deva. The eldest son was Parantaka, born to a Chera wife; the youngest son was Kannara Devan, born to Rashtrakuta wife. After
800-524: The Palabaddala road midway through the ascent. The usual route taken by most pilgrims is ascent via Hatton and descent via Ratnapura. Although the Hatton trail is the steepest, it is also shorter than any of the other trails by approximately five kilometres. Once one of the starting 'nodes' of Palabadalla, Nallathanni or Erathna is reached, the rest of the ascent is done on foot through the forested mountainside on
840-475: The Portuguese Christians were divided between the conflicting claims of St Thomas and the eunuch of Candace , queen of Ethiopia . The footstep is covered by a handsome roof, and is guarded by the priests of a rich monastery half-way up the mountain, who maintain a shrine on the summit of the peak. It is an important pilgrimage site, especially for Buddhists. Pilgrims walk up the mountain, following
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#1733094087619880-529: The battle of Vellore . The Pandya king fled into exile in Sri Lanka and Parantaka I completed his conquest of the entire Pandya country. Parantaka I spent many years in the newly conquered country reducing it to subjugation, and when he felt he had at last achieved his aim, he wanted to celebrate his victory by a coronation in Madurai in which he was to invest himself with the insignia of Pandyan monarchy . However he
920-502: The battle of Vallala, a large number of Rashtrakuta soldiers died and their army began to weaken. Krishna II withdrew and his forces retreated. The Cholas advanced further and attacked the Rashtrakutas and chased away from their territory. Eventually the Cholas defeated the Rashtrakutas. Parantaka Chola's early series of victories would also includes this Rashtrakuta War. At the height of his success, Parantaka's dominions comprised almost
960-468: The capital of Ravana in the Ramayana from where he ruled Lanka. A bell lies on top of the temple and tradition holds that pilgrims can ring it as many times as they have achieved the pilgrimage to the top of the peak. A shrine to Saman, a Buddhist deity (people who have spent spiritual lives during their life on earth and done pacificist service are deified by Sri Lankan Buddhists) charged with protecting
1000-407: The death of Aditya I, Rashtrakuta king Krishna II tried to establish his influence in the Chola country by placing his grandson Kannara Deva on the throne. But in 907 CE, Parantaka became the king. Disappointed by this, Krishna II invaded the Chola country. On Rashtrakuta side, prince Indra III lead the battle, while the Chola side was led by King Parantaka and Prince Rajaditya . During 911 CE in
1040-580: The footprint as that of the Hindu deity Shiva , and thus names the mountain Shiva padam (Shiva's foot) in Tamil . Tamils may also use the name Shivanolipatha Malai to refer to the mountain. Another Sinhala name for the mountain is Samanalakanda , which refers either to the deity Saman , who is said to live upon the mountain, or to the butterflies ( samanalayā ) that frequent the mountain during their annual migrations to
1080-420: The forests of Adam's Peak against invaders from India, and later returned to Anuradhapura. The famous Chinese pilgrim and Buddhist traveller Fa Hien stayed in Sri Lanka in 411–12 CE and mentions Sri Pada although it is not made clear whether he actually visited it. The Mahawamsa again mentions the visit of King Vijayabahu I (1058–1114) to the mountain. King Vijayabahu I's Ambagamuwa rock inscription records that
1120-407: The information about an earlier Parantaka I since lived before only one thousand years. These servitors worked on ancient jaiminiya recension of samaveda and continuously performed many rituals like the live vasantayaagam, somayagam, atiratram, agnihotram etc. From his inscriptions we can gather a few details about Parantaka I's personal life. He had many wives, of whom no fewer than eleven appear in
1160-500: The inscriptions. He was religious but secular and encouraged various faiths. We find various members of his family building temples and regularly making donations to various shrines across the kingdom. Kotanta Rama, incidental with Rajaditya, was the eldest son of Parantaka I. There is an inscription of him from Tiruvorriyur making a donation for some lamps during the 30th year of his father. Besides him he had several other sons; Arikulakesari , Gandaraditya and Uttamasili. Parankata had
1200-418: The king himself ascended the mountain and worshipped the Buddha's footprint on the mountain. The Italian merchant Marco Polo in his Travels of 1298 CE noted that Adam's Peak was an important place of pilgrimage but did not mention a footprint in the rock. The Arab traveler Ibn Battuta climbed to the summit of the mountain which he called Sarandīb in 1344 CE. In his description, he mentions
1240-529: The mountain is a wildlife reserve, housing many species varying from elephants to leopards, and including many endemic species. Adam's Peak is important as a watershed. The districts to the south and the east of Adam's Peak yield precious stones—emeralds, rubies and sapphires, for which the island has been famous, and which earned for it the ancient name of Ratnadvipa. Adam's Peak is the source of three major rivers in Sri Lanka : Kelani River , Walawe River , and
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1280-558: The print is held to be the footprint of the Buddha , in Sri Lankan Hindu tradition that of Hanuman or Shiva (its Tamil name, சிவனொளிபாதமலை , Sivanolipaathamalai , means 'Mountain of Shiva's Light'), and in some Islamic and Christian traditions that of Adam or St. Thomas . The mountain is also known as Mount Malaya in Buddhist sources, particularly the Mahayana Lankavatara Sutra , which states that
1320-491: The region. The name Sri Paada, however, is the more commonly used. Other local and historic names include Ratnagiri ("jewelled hill"), Samantakuta ("Peak of Saman"), Svargarohanam ("the climb to heaven"), Mount Rohana and other variations on the root Rohana . Sri Pada is mentioned in the 5th-century chronicle Mahawamsa , where it is stated that the Buddha visited the mountain peak. The chronicle Rajavaliya states that King Valagamba (1st century BCE) had taken refuge in
1360-464: The same period. Whilst there are many ancient monuments on the mountain, there is an important Peace Pagoda located halfway up, built by Nipponzan Myohoji in 1978. Due to its multicultural and religious significance to the various people that inhabit the country, the mountain is referred to by a variety of names. The often used Sri Pada is derived from Sanskrit , used by the Sinhalese people in
1400-421: The steps built into it. The greater part of the track leading from the base to the summit consists of thousands of steps built in cement or rough stones. The trails are illuminated with electric light during the six-months period considered in-season, making night-time ascent possible and safe to do even when accompanied by children. Rest stops and wayside shops along the trails serve refreshments and supplies during
1440-628: The whole of the Tamil country right up to Nellore in Andhra Pradesh. It is clear from other Chola grants that Parantaka I was a great militarist who had made extensive conquests. He may have had it recorded, but those records are lost to us. He is known to have defeated the kings of Deccan kingdoms by 912 CE and completed at least temporarily the conquests started by his father Aditya. Later in 949 CE, Rashtrakuta king Krishna III waged war against Cholas, so Parantaka sent an army under his son Rajaditya but
1480-488: Was also called Tiruttondîsvaram : [REDACTED] Sri Pada Adam's Peak is a 2,243 m (7,359 ft) tall conical sacred mountain located in central Sri Lanka . It is well known for the Sri Pada ( Śrī Pāda ; Sinhala : ශ්රී පාද , 'sacred footprint'), a 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) rock formation near the summit whose name is also used for the mountain itself . In Buddhist tradition
1520-576: Was also known as "Rajadittapuram" after Rajaditya . It is assumed that a large number of warriors from the aristocratic families of the Chera kingdom were part of the contingent of this Chera-Chola prince. In the 39th year of Parantaka I, his daughter-in-law, Mahadevadigal, a queen of Rajaditya and the daughter of Lataraja donated a lamp to the temple of Rajadityesvara for the merit of her brother. He had at least two daughters: Viramadevi and Anupama. Uttamasili does not appear to have lived long enough to succeed to
1560-610: Was failed in this attempt by the Pandyan king, who had carried them away and left them in the safe custody of the Lankan king. Towards the end of his reign, Parantaka I tried to capture them by invading Lanka. Mahavamsa records that the Lankan king Udaya IV took the Pandya crown and the jewels and hid himself in the Rohana hills. Parantaka I's armies had captured the Anuradhapura kingdom and pillaged
1600-464: Was marked by increasing success and prosperity. Parantaka I continued the expansion started by his father, and invaded the Pandya kingdom in 915. He captured the Pandyan capital Madurai and assumed the title Madurain-konda (Capturer of Madurai). The Pandyan ruler Maravarman Rajasinha II sought the help of Kassapa V of Anuradhapura who sent an army to his aid. Parantaka I defeated the combined army at
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