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87-467: This site on the west bank of the River Cam has marshland and wet woodland with mature willows. Flora include butterbur , and the reserve has the uncommon musk beetle , which lays its eggs in the willows. There is access by a road from the junction of Newnham Road and Barton Road. Today, the name Paradise designates the nature reserve adjoining Owlstone Croft, but formerly it embraced the whole area up to

174-536: A licence authority. The agency is funded in part from the UK government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Additional money is raised from the issuing of licences and permits such as abstraction licences, waste handler registrations, navigation rights and rod (fishing) licences. Funding for asset management and improvement and acquisition of flood risk management assets has traditionally come from local authorities via flood defence committees. This

261-588: A Place in the river Cham called Paradise", and William Stukeley , the eighteenth century antiquary, when at Corpus College in 1704 wrote: "I used to frequent, among other lads, the river in Sheep's Green, and learnt to swim in Freshman's and Soph's Pools, as they are called, and sometimes in Paradise, reckoning it a Beneficial Exercise". And it was here, in 1811, that Byron 's brilliant friend Matthews became entangled in weeds and

348-667: A community who call themselves the Camboaters. Navigation on the lowest section of the Cam, below and including Bottisham Lock, is the responsibility of the Environment Agency . The stretch above Jesus Lock is sometimes known as the middle river (with the section above the Mill Pond being referred to as the upper river). Between Jesus Lock and the Mill Pond, it passes through the Backs below

435-527: A further kilometre. At this point its course turns east and from here until it merges with the Granta it forms the parish boundary between a succession of villages, though until it reaches Barrington it remains at a distance of around a kilometre from any settlement of any size. Just after flowing under the Roman Ermine Street , it crosses the avenue of Wimpole Hall and a few kilometres later it receives

522-556: A high standard and based on sound science. The agency is the regulatory authority for all waste management activities including the licensing of sites such as landfill , incineration and recycling facilities. It also regulates the movement of hazardous wastes such as fibrous asbestos , infectious clinical wastes and harmful chemicals. The agency issues environmental permits to waste management sites and any individuals or companies found to have caused pollution or have infringed their licence conditions can be prosecuted. In serious cases

609-414: A maximum of eleven, had powers to mortgage the tolls, in order to raise capital for improvements to the river immediately. This they did, and built sluices at Jesus Green, Chesterton, Baits Bite and Clayhithe. Most of the tolls were collected at Clayhithe. Prior to 1722, Denver sluice had been destroyed, and although Cambridge Corporation opposed its reconstruction, it was rebuilt by 1750. The river entered

696-485: A period of steady profitability, with toll receipts rising from £432 in 1752 to over £1,000 by 1803. In 1835 they peaked at £1,995, and then declined slightly until 1846. The Convervators also raised some revenue from rents on the public houses which they owned adjacent to each of the sluices. Another Act of Parliament was obtained on 21 July 1813 which allowed the Conservators to alter the tolls and charge penalties, while

783-565: A person to operate them. The colleges and at least one private operator also own punts which are available for members of the public to travel on. Canoeing and kayaking , both recreational and competitive, are popular at all times of year, especially on the section above the Mill Pond towards Grantchester. Both Cambridge Canoe Club (on Sheep's Green ) and Cambridge University Canoe Club (just upstream from Newnham ) are based here. Powered boats may navigate as far upstream as La Mimosa restaurant (next to Jesus Green) all year round, and as far as

870-525: A report by consultants in 2001, these are estimated to prevent annual average damage costs of approximately £3.5 billion. The agency also invests in improving or providing new installations in areas where there remains a high risk of flooding, particularly where, because of the possible consequences, the damage risk is the highest. The Thames Barrier was completed long before the EA was created but more recent examples of major defences against coastal flooding include

957-730: Is a non-departmental public body , established in 1996 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government 's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs , with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England (and until 2013 also Wales). Based in Bristol , the Environment Agency is responsible for flood management, waste management , regulating land and water pollution, and conservation. The Environment Agency's stated purpose is, "to protect or enhance

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1044-401: Is also responsible for increasing public awareness of flood risk, flood forecasting and warning and has a general supervisory duty for flood risk management. As of 2008 the Environment Agency also has a strategic overview role for all flood and coastal erosion risk management. The term "Flood Risk Management" in place of "Flood Defence" recognises that managed flooding is essential to meet

1131-664: Is around £22& per annum. The agency uses the registration fees of some 31,000 craft on the waterways to provide some of the income. The agency's responsibilities include the non-tidal River Thames , the Medway Navigation , River Wye and River Lugg , the Royal Military Canal and the Fens and Anglian systems . The Environment Agency is organising the Fens Waterways Link a major construction project to link rivers in

1218-477: Is carried out in line with the National Planning Policy Framework . The agency provides technical advice on the flood risk assessment that must be submitted with most planning applications in flood risk areas. The agency also runs public awareness campaigns to inform those at risk who may be unaware that they live in an area that is prone to flooding, as well as providing information about what

1305-696: Is extant and the foundations of the mill can be seen when the water is low. Byron's Pool is named after the poet, Lord Byron , who is reputed to have swum there. It was certainly a bathing place for Rupert Brooke and the Cambridge neo-Pagans . Brooke used to canoe from Cambridge to lodgings in Grantchester, which included the Old Vicarage . His homesick poem of 1912 evokes the river: —" The Old Vicarage, Grantchester ", Collected Poems (1916) One of Brooke's contemporaries, Gwen Darwin , later Raverat, grew up in

1392-631: Is fed by many streams. The two principal tributaries of the Cam are the Granta and the Rhee , though both are also known as the Cam. The Rhee begins just off the High Street ( Ashwell Springs ), at Ashwell in Hertfordshire . Running north out of Ashwell, it forms the county boundary between Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire for around two kilometres, then the boundary between Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire for

1479-477: Is no limit on the amount of the fine and sentences of up to five years imprisonment may be imposed on those responsible for the pollution or on the directors of companies causing pollution. The agency has an important role in conservation and ecology specifically along rivers and in wetlands. More general responsibility for the countryside and natural environment in England falls to the organisation Natural England . The Environment Agency's activities support users of

1566-624: Is not murky and is clean enough from its source to its confluence with the Great Ouse to support fish. The fishing rights on the west bank are leased annually to the Cambridge Fish Preservation and Angling Society. The Cam below Bottisham Sluice may still hold burbot , a fish thought to be extinct in English waters since the early 1970s. The last known burbot caught in Britain was in 1969, on

1653-410: Is prohibited above 'La Mimosa' Pub (at the upstream end of Jesus Green ) between 1 April and 30 September, when the middle and upper river are open only to manually propelled craft. The most common of these are the flat-bottomed punts . Between 1 October and 31 March powered boats are allowed as far as Mill Pool, but few people take advantage of this, as there are very few public mooring places along

1740-434: Is required by law under the provisions of a number of European Directives to be reported both to Parliament and to be made public. Some of these duties have been in force through predecessor agencies and as a consequence the agency maintains some long term data sets which in some cases such as the harmonised monitoring scheme exceed 30 years of consistent data collection. Monitoring is also carried out of many discharges to

1827-423: Is used to fund vital work to improve and protect fish and fisheries. Income generated is invested directly back into the angling community, improving fish stocks, boosting opportunities for anglers as well as undertaking fisheries enforcement, habitat improvement and fish rescues when needed. It is not used to fund wider water quality investigations or enforcement action. This is funded directly by government. After

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1914-561: The Canal & River Trust , the Environment Agency is the second largest navigation authority in the United Kingdom managing navigation for 634 miles (1,020 km) of England's rivers. The Agency's lock-keepers maintain and operate systems of sluices , weirs and locks to manage water-levels for navigation, and where necessary to control flooding. Annual spending to maintain these installations, with an estimated replacement value of £700M,

2001-565: The Conservators of the River Cam was formed in 1702, charged with keeping the river navigable. The Conservators are responsible for the two locks in and north east of Cambridge: Jesus Lock and Baits Bite Lock. The stretch north (downstream) of Jesus Lock is sometimes called the lower river. The stretch between Jesus Lock and Baits Bite Lock is much used for rowing . There are also many residential boats on this stretch, their occupants forming

2088-685: The Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC) which provides warnings of flooding which may affect England and Wales. Formed in 2009, the FFC is based in the Operations Centre at the Met Office headquarters in Exeter . The agency is the main regulator of discharges to air, water, and land – under the provisions of a series of Acts of Parliament. It does this through the issue of formal consents to discharge or, in

2175-508: The Granta and (unusually) its present name derives from the city of Cambridge ( Old English : Grantebrycge ) rather than the other way around: After the city's present name developed in Middle English , the river's name was backformed to match. This was not universally applied, however, and the upper stretch of the river continues to be informally known as the Granta . It has been said that

2262-727: The Medmerry managed realignment scheme in West Sussex in 2013. Recent examples of major inland flood prevention schemes include the Jubilee River . The Environment Agency provides flood forecasting and warning systems and maintains maps of areas liable to flood, as well as preparing emergency plans and responding when an event occurs. The Environment Agency carries out an advisory function in development control – commenting on planning applications within flood risk areas, providing advice to assist planning authorities in ensuring that any development

2349-586: The River Dee in England and EA staff exercise operational responsibility for those parts of the River Severn catchment in Wales. The Environment Agency employs around 10,600 staff. It is organised into eight directorates that report to the chief executive. There are two "policy and process" directorates. One deals with Flood and Coastal Risk Management and the other with Environment and Business. These are backed up by

2436-598: The River Restoration Centre at Cranfield University . Until the formation of the Environment Agency, the Government took specialist advice on the management of the environment from civil servants employed in appropriate ministries. This led to considerable duplication of effort and frequent disagreements between Government and the regulatory agencies. The Environment Agency now advises Government directly about those issues within its purview. The operational arm of

2523-459: The River Tweed and River Solway catchments where special arrangements exist with SEPA to avoid duplication but retain management on a catchment basis. Complex arrangements exist for the management of river regulation reservoirs , which are used to store winter water in the wetter parts of England to maintain levels in the summer time so that there is sufficient water to supply the drier parts of

2610-454: The Severn bore . The EA operates a variety of equipment and machinery along with a transport fleet in order to carry out the specialised duties of its officers, namely in survey, incident response and monitoring. Due to the remit of the EA, this includes land vehicles, marine vessels and light aircraft. The agency uses its influence and provides education to change attitudes and behaviour towards

2697-632: The Association in 1643 regulated use of the river for trade, but the biggest change was the construction of Denver Sluice on the River Great Ouse, which reduced river levels on the lower river as tidal waters were excluded from the Ouse. Both the university and the Corporation of Cambridge complained to Parliament in 1697 that the trade route to the town from King's Lynn had been severely impaired. In 1699,

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2784-460: The Backs, and the river is too narrow and the bridges too low to afford easy passing or turning for many boats. Punts and canoes can be manhandled around the weir above the Mill Pool by means of the rollers, a slipway from lower to upper level. From the Mill Pool and its weir, the river can be followed upstream through Grantchester meadows to the village of Grantchester and Byron's Pool, where it

2871-410: The Cam at Byron's Pool. " The Reeve's Tale " from Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales begins: At Trumpyngtoun, nat fer fro Cantebrigge, Ther gooth a brook, and over that a brigge, Upon the whiche brook ther stant a melle; And this is verray sooth that I yow telle: A millere was ther dwellynge many a day. The mill formerly stood by Brasley Bridge on Grantchester Road. The mill pond

2958-505: The Cam, and in 2010 a fisherman reported spotting two in the Great Ouse. Above Hinxton and Great Chesterford the river holds a stock of wild brown trout, though it is also stocked by the Audley Fly Fishers club and other angling societies who own the rights. All boats require a navigation licence from either the Conservators of the River Cam or the Environment Agency. There are public moorings just below Jesus Lock on both sides of

3045-653: The City Council for holders of its long-term mooring permits. There are also some privately owned moorings. There is a public slipway next to the garden of the Green Dragon pub in Water Street, Chesterton . This is occasionally used for launching small boats. Punting is the most popular form of boating on the stretch of the river between Jesus Lock and Grantchester. Several of the colleges own punts, and they can also be hired from various companies, either with or without

3132-439: The Corporation sought to obtain an Act of Parliament which would allow them to improve the river from Clayhithe to Queens Mill at Cambridge. This was obtained on 27 February 1702 and created the Conservators of the River Cam, a legal body with authority to charge tolls for use of the river, which ranged from four shillings (20p) a ton for wine to one penny (0.4p) per person for passengers. The Conservators, of which there were

3219-501: The Environment Agency as a whole and is responsible for the appointment of the chairman and the Environment Agency board. In addition the Secretary of State is responsible for overall policy on the environment and sustainable development within which the agency undertakes its work; the setting of objectives for the agency's functions and its contribution to sustainable development; the approval of its budget and payment of government grant to

3306-479: The Environment Agency consists of 14 areas, all of which report to the Director of Operations. As of April 2014, the Environment Agency removed its regional level of administration (formerly Anglian Region, Midlands Region, North West Region, South East Region, South West Region and Yorkshire & North East Region) to be replaced by an "area once, national once" model. The 14 area names were also changed to better reflect

3393-410: The Environment Agency has the power to revoke the environmental permits issued to sites that contravene the conditions of their permits stopping all waste handling activities. The agency has a duty to maintain and improve the quality of surface waters and ground-waters and, as part of the duty, it monitors the quality of rivers, lakes, the sea and groundwater on a regular basis. Much of this information

3480-630: The European, national and local level. Local authorities regulate air pollution from smaller industrial processes. The agency works with local authorities, National Highways and others to implement the UK government's air quality strategy in England as mandated in the Environment Act 1995 . The Environment Agency has an Air Quality Modelling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU) that aims to ensure that air quality assessments for permit applications, enforcement and air pollution incident investigations are consistent, of

3567-454: The Evidence directorate. The fourth directorate is a single Operations "delivery" unit, responsible for national services, and line management of all the regional and area staff. The remaining directorates are central shared service groups for Finance, Legal Services, Resources and Communications. In support of its aims, the agency acts as an operating authority , a regulatory authority and

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3654-619: The Fens and Anglian Systems for navigation. The first stage is the South Forty-Foot Drain . Functions in relation to most canals are undertaken by the Canal and River Trust . The Environment Agency is the harbour authority for Rye and the conservancy authority for the Dee Estuary . The Environment Agency has also published information about tidal bores , these being the Trent Aegir and

3741-609: The Lammas Land. There were once tennis courts known as the Paradise Courts on the University Hockey Ground. This hockey ground, located at the junction of Barton Road and Grantchester Street, has since been developed for housing. References to Paradise go back a long way. The earliest mention of bathing in Cambridge records that in 1567 the son of Walter Haddon, while at King's College , was drowned "while washing himself in

3828-589: The Mill Pool between 1 October and 31 March. The lower river between Jesus Lock and Baits Bite Lock is the training and racing home of the Cambridge University Combined Boat Clubs ' university and college, and the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association 's town, rowing teams. The Cambridge Lent , May and Town Bumps rowing races, where boats set off at regular intervals, and the object is to catch and touch (that is, 'bump')

3915-550: The Rhee a mile south of Grantchester at Hauxton Junction. From source to its confluence with the Rhee it is 41.7 kilometres (25.9 mi) in length. A further tributary, also known as the Granta, runs 10 mi (16 km) from south of Haverhill to join the larger Granta south of Great Shelford . Another minor tributary is Bourn Brook which has its source near the village of Eltisley , 10 mi (16 km) west of Cambridge, running east through Caxton , Bourn and Toft to join

4002-420: The River Cam prior to the draining of the Fens . As the university colleges rose in importance, the course of the river through the town, known as the Backs, was moved further to the east to accommodate their new buildings. A report conducted in 1618 by Richard Atkyns highlighted the problems caused by sandbanks above Clayhithe and watermills obstructing navigation. An order made by the parliamentary Committee of

4089-471: The River Cam. The Cam is normally a placid river but flooding does occasionally happen. The most recent serious floods were in 2001, first in February and again on 22–23 October, and then in February 2009. The Environment Agency is responsible for managing water levels and issuing flood warnings for the entire river. Download coordinates as: Environment Agency The Environment Agency ( EA )

4176-466: The South Level Act of 1827 created Commissioners who had responsibility for the river below Bottisham . This act also appointed the vice-chancellor of the university and the mayor as navigation commissioners. The Conservators built locks at Baits Bite and Bottisham, and removed the sluice at Chesterton. The river was sufficiently profitable that the Conservators were able to contribute £400 towards

4263-454: The agency for its activities in England and approval of its regulatory and charging regimes. Its chief executive is Sir James Bevan. Sir Philip Dilley resigned as chairman on 11 January 2016, with Emma Howard Boyd becoming acting chair. Emma Howard Boyd took up the post of chair formally on 19 September 2016. The Environment Agency was created by the Environment Act 1995 , and came into existence on 1 April 1996. It had responsibility for

4350-417: The agency's sponsoring government departments. Approximately half the agency's expenditure is on flood risk management, and a third is spent on environment protection (pollution control). Of the remainder, 12% goes to water resources , and 6% to other water functions including navigation and wildlife. The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has the lead sponsorship responsibility for

4437-417: The aquatic environment including sewage effluents and trade and agricultural discharges. The agency manages the use and conservation of water through the issue of water abstraction licences for activities such as drinking water supply, artificial irrigation and hydro-electricity generation. The agency is in charge of inland rivers, estuaries and harbours in England. Its remit also extends into Scotland in

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4524-469: The boat in front, are held here. The Cam Sailing Club was founded in 1899. It is based at Clayhithe near Waterbeach and organises sailing races most weekends between March and November. Swimming on the upper river is popular in the summer, and people bathe at Grantchester Meadows all year round. Hardy bathers take part in the New Year's Day swim. Cambridge had been an inland port due to its location on

4611-462: The case of large, complex or potentially damaging industries by means of a permit. Failure to comply with such a consent or permit or making a discharge without the benefit of a consent can lead to criminal prosecution. A magistrates' court can impose fines of up to £50,000 or 12 months imprisonment for each offence of causing or knowingly permitting pollution. If prosecuted in the Crown Court , there

4698-754: The cost of rebuilding the Great Bridge, now called the Magdalene Bridge , in 1823, and a further £300 for the rebuilding of the Small Bridge, now Silver Street Bridge, in 1841. A year later they constructed a house at Clayhithe, which cost £880, and included a large room for meetings and banquets. Just three years later the Eastern Counties Railway reached Cambridge, and the navigation declined rapidly. Receipts dropped from £1,393 in 1846 to £367 in 1850, and were just £99 in 1898. Most commercial carrying on

4785-621: The country with drinking water. The Environment Agency fisheries service has a statutory duty to maintain, improve and develop migratory and freshwater fisheries as set out in the Environment Act 1995. The interpretation of this is set out in Ministerial guidance as: The Environment Agency has the power under the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975 to license fishing for salmon trout, freshwater fish, eels, lamprey and smelt and to set duties for

4872-420: The downstream end. Jesus lock is manually operated, and has mitre gates at both ends. Boat sizes are restricted to 96.8 ft (29.5 m) by the length of Bottisham lock, and to 14 ft (4.3 m) by the width of Baits Bite lock. Jesus lock is only 9.7 ft (3.0 m) wide. The navigable lodes of Reach , Swaffham Bulbeck and Bottisham, the last of which is no longer navigable, can be reached from

4959-431: The environment are commented on in any detail. For many years the agency has been offering strong advice against the development of land in floodplains because of the risk of flooding. Whilst in some instances, this advice may not have been appreciated in its entirety, in a large number of cases this advice has been used to reach decisions on planning applications. The Environment Agency is also an advisory board member of

5046-560: The environment, taken as a whole" so as to promote "the objective of achieving sustainable development " (taken from the Environment Act 1995 , section 4). Protection of the environment relates to threats such as flood and pollution. The vision of the agency is of "a rich, healthy and diverse environment for present and future generations". The Environment Agency's remit covers almost the whole of England, about 13 million hectares of land, 22,000 miles (35,000 km) of river and 3,100 miles (5,000 km) of coastline seawards to

5133-524: The environment. Action, in several policy areas, is directed towards business and commerce at all levels, children in education, the general public and government and local government. This last area is quite distinct from the agency's statutory role to advise government. In local government planning processes, the Environment Agency is a statutory consultee on all planning matters from county strategic plans down to individual planning applications. In reality only those applications judged to pose special risks to

5220-429: The fire spread quickly in the inside of the wall leading to substantial smoke damage throughout. The building was quickly evacuated and the fire under control in under an hour. The resulting internal document proposed additional standards for the handling of materials that offer environmental advantages but may be considered more susceptible to ignition. On 1 April 2013, that part of the Environment Agency covering Wales

5307-452: The flood warning codes and symbols mean and how to respond in the event of a flood. The agency operates Floodline , a 24-hour telephone helpline on flooding. Floodline covers England, Wales and Scotland but not Northern Ireland, and provides information and advice including property flood-risk checks, flood warnings, and flood preparation advice. In partnership with the Met Office it runs

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5394-436: The house at Clayhithe is now the residence of the foreman of the Conservators. The Conservators are still responsible for the river above Bottisham lock, while the lower river has been managed by the Environment Agency since its creation in 1995. The three locks are all of different sizes. Bottisham and Baits Bite locks are both fully automated, with a vertical guillotine gate at the upstream end and traditional mitre gates at

5481-512: The hyacinth glass for growing bulbs in water only. 52°11′38″N 0°06′51″E  /  52.194°N 0.1141°E  / 52.194; 0.1141 River Cam The River Cam ( / ˈ k æ m / ) is the main river flowing through Cambridge in eastern England . After leaving Cambridge, it flows north and east before joining the River Great Ouse to the south of Ely , at Pope's Corner. The total distance from Cambridge to

5568-747: The old mill by the Mill Pond. Her book, Period Piece , is a memoir of a childhood messing about on the river. The mill house is now part of Darwin College . Children's author Philippa Pearce , who lived in Great Shelford until her death in December 2006, featured the Cam in her books, most notably Minnow on the Say . The river is renamed the River Say, with Great and Little Shelford becoming Great and Little Barley, and Cambridge becoming "Castleford" (not to be confused with

5655-628: The predecessor bodies were disbanded and the local authorities relinquished their waste regulatory role. At the same time, the agency took responsibility for issuing flood warnings to the public, a role previously held by the police. In 2010 a new national headquarters for the agency was opened at Horizon House in Deanery Road, Bristol . The building, which was designed by Alec French Architects, received Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment ( BREEAM ) certification for its environmentally friendly construction and operation which includes

5742-499: The provision of fishing licences. Fishing licence income along with a small amount of Grant in Aid (GiA) provides the funding to deliver the statutory duty to maintain, improve and develop freshwater and migratory fisheries, including the current fisheries service provided to recreational anglers. The EA's funding principles mean that income from the sale of fishing licences is entirely ringfenced re-invested back into fisheries work. Many of

5829-479: The real town of the same name in West Yorkshire). River Cam is referred to as "Camus, reverend Sire" in line 103 of John Milton 's pastoral elegy Lycidas . Edward King , in whose memory the elegy was composed, was a fellow student at Cambridge. Like many rivers, the Cam is extensively used for several forms of recreational activity. These include angling, swimming and various kinds of boating. The water

5916-437: The requirements of a sustainable flood strategy. It is often not economically feasible or even desirable to prevent all forms of flooding in all locations, and so the Environment Agency uses its powers to reduce either the likelihood or consequences of flooding. The Environment Agency is responsible for operating, maintaining and replacing an estimated £20 billion worth of flood risk management (FRM) installations. According to

6003-494: The river and on the western bank just north of the bridge at Clayhithe (both with a maximum stay of 48 hours), and unofficial moorings on the railings adjoining Riverside in Cambridge (unlimited stay, but usually fully occupied) which are under review by Cambridge City Council and likely to be reduced to eight or nine formalised residential moorings, or removed altogether. The moorings on the commons in Cambridge (Jesus Green, Midsummer Common and Stourbridge Common) are reserved by

6090-409: The river had stopped by World War I , although Banhams operated two steam tugs and three barges until the late 1930s, carrying gas water from Cambridge Gasworks to King's Lynn, where it was used in the manufacture of fertiliser. The last recorded passenger services had ceased nearly 100 years earlier, in 1839 and were started again in 2008 with the passenger vessel moored on Jesus Green. Traffic using

6177-474: The river is the "Granta" above the Silver Street Bridge (in Cambridge) and the "Cam" below it. The Rhee tributary is also formally known as the Cam, and the Granta has a tributary on its upper stretch also known as the Granta. On Ordnance Survey maps, the two main tributaries' alternative names are recognised: "River Cam or Granta" and "River Cam or Rhee". The Cam has no connection with the much smaller River Cam in Gloucestershire . An organisation called

6264-454: The river today consists of private cruisers making the journey to Jesus Lock, with the section above Baits Bite lock regularly in use by the University rowing clubs, both for practice and for races. Motorised craft can navigate along the Backs in winter, but headroom is severely restricted. The Conservators of the River Cam now have an office in the former lock-keepers cottage at Baits Bite, while

6351-560: The rivers and wetlands, including anglers and boaters. The agency states that they take a "leading role in limiting and preparing for the impacts of climate change." The agency is a regulator for the release of air pollutants into the atmosphere from large, complex industrial processes. This will soon include emissions from some large-scale agricultural activities, but air pollutant releases from many agricultural activities will continue to be unregulated. Major sources of air pollution, such as transport, are subject to various measures at

6438-567: The sea is about 40 mi (64 km) and is navigable for punts, small boats, and rowing craft. The Great Ouse also connects to England's canal system via the Middle Level Navigations and the River Nene . In total, the Cam runs for around 69 kilometres (43 mi) from its furthest source (near Debden in Essex ) to its confluence with the Great Ouse. The original name of the river was

6525-604: The societal and environmental outcomes the fisheries service currently deliver, and aspire to deliver on a greater scale, is through partnership working. Working with partners such as the Angling Trust, the Wild Trout Trust and the Riverfly partnership allows the EA to maximise fishing licence income through match funding to deliver against key benefits for fishing and fisheries across the country. Income from fishing licence sales

6612-406: The stream known as Fulfen Slade. It then skirts the edges of a number of villages as it moves into Cambridgeshire, successively Littlebury , Little Chesterford , Great Chesterford , Ickleton , Hinxton , Duxford and Whittlesford , powering a number of water mills along the way. Forming the boundary between Great Shelford and Little Shelford , it turns west to flow past Hauxton to merge with

6699-645: The three-mile limit which includes 2 million hectares of coastal waters. In a sharing arrangement with the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), it also exercises some of its functions over parts of the catchments of the River Tweed and the Border Esk which are, for the most part, in Scotland . Similarly, in an arrangement with NRW , political and operational areas are not coterminus. NRW staff exercise responsibility for parts of

6786-416: The use of sustainable materials, natural ventilation and cooling, photoelectric panels and rainwater harvesting . On 24 April 2013, Horizon House suffered a fire leading to its closure for several weeks. An investigation into the fire found it was that result of workmen accidentally igniting the environmentally friendly cavity wall insulation on the ground floor and due to the design of the upward airflow

6873-399: The village of Haslingfield before joining the Granta at Hauxton Junction. From source to its confluence with the Granta it is 33.2 kilometres (20.6 mi) in length. The longer tributary, the Granta, starts in the parish of Debden to the east of the village of Widdington in Essex . After initially running south west to descend from the hills of Uttlesford , it turns north just west of

6960-476: The village of Henham . From there until Great Shelford it largely follows the course of the West Anglia Main Line railway. Its northward journey passes first through Newport , where it is joined by the streams known as Wicken Water and Debden Water. A couple of miles later it forms a picturesque addition to views of the stately home as it flows past the front of Audley End House , and is also joined by

7047-445: The walls of many of the colleges . This is the section of river most popular with tourists, with its picture-postcard views of elegant bridges, green lawns and graceful willows. This stretch also has the unusual feature of the remains of a submerged towpath : the riverside colleges did not permit barge horses on the Backs, so the beasts waded up the Cam to the mill pulling their loads behind them. Access for mechanically powered boats

7134-408: The waters of the minor River Mel that runs through Meldreth . It runs along the southern edge of the village of Barrington, where it still powers a water mill known as Bulbeck Mill. At Harston it passes Harston Mill, the site of a water mill from at least the 11th century until the need for mill died out in the mid-20th century, and the parish church of All Saints. It then touches the eastern edge of

7221-544: The whole of England and Wales but with specifically designated border arrangements with Scotland covering the catchment of the River Tweed . It took over the roles and responsibilities of the National Rivers Authority (NRA), Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) and the waste regulation authorities in England and Wales including the London Waste Regulation Authority (LWRA). All of

7308-459: Was drowned. The larger area now called Owlstone Croft was formerly called Paradise Garden. In 1740 it was taken over by Mr Rowe, who had introduced into Cornwall a system of forcing early vegetables for the London market, and here he produced them in a scientific way. His son Richard became associated with a Dutch bulb grower, outstripped all competitors in the production of beautiful flowers, and invented

7395-543: Was merged into Natural Resources Wales , a separate body managing the Welsh environment and natural resources. The Environment Agency is the principal flood risk management operating authority . It has the power (but not the legal obligation) to manage flood risk from designated main rivers and the sea. These functions in relation to other rivers (defined as ordinary watercourses ) in England are undertaken by local authorities or internal drainage boards . The Environment Agency

7482-406: Was provided in the form of 'flood defence grant-in-aid' from government (£578 million for England and £50 million for Wales). In addition, £347 million (34 per cent) was raised through statutory charging schemes and flood defence levies; and a further £50 million (5 per cent) came from other miscellaneous sources. In 2007–08 had an operational budget of £1.025 billion, of which £628m was grant from

7569-464: Was then effectively repaid by central government in later years as part of the Formula Spending Share. In 2005 this was simplified by making a direct transfer from Treasury to the Environment Agency in the form of flood defence grant-in-aid . The Environment Agency's total funding in 2007–08 was £1,025 million, an increase of £23 million on 2006–07. Of that total, £629 million (61 per cent)

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