The Panton Principles are a set of principles which were written to promote open science . They were first drafted in July 2009 at the Panton Arms pub in Cambridge .
52-569: The principles were written by Peter Murray-Rust , Cameron Neylon , Rufus Pollock , and John Wilbanks . They were then refined by the Open Knowledge Foundation and officially launched in February 2010. 1. Where data or collections of data are published it is critical that they be published with a clear and explicit statement of the wishes and expectations of the publishers concerning the re-use and re-purposing of individual data elements,
104-414: A Doctor of Philosophy with a thesis entitled A structural investigation of some compounds showing charge-transfer properties , he became lecturer in chemistry at the (new) University of Stirling and was first warden of Andrew Stewart Hall of Residence. In 1982, he moved to Glaxo Group Research at Greenford to head Molecular Graphics, Computational Chemistry and later protein structure determination. He
156-635: A certain degree semantic. In particular, such has been used for structuring scientific research i.a. by research topics and scientific fields by the projects OpenAlex , Wikidata and Scholia which are under development and provide APIs , Web-pages, feeds and graphs for various semantic queries . Tim Berners-Lee has described the Semantic Web as a component of Web 3.0. People keep asking what Web 3.0 is. I think maybe when you've got an overlay of scalable vector graphics – everything rippling and folding and looking misty – on Web 2.0 and access to
208-428: A corporation, there is a closed group of users and the management is able to enforce company guidelines like the adoption of specific ontologies and use of semantic annotation . Compared to the public Semantic Web there are lesser requirements on scalability and the information circulating within a company can be more trusted in general; privacy is less of an issue outside of handling of customer data. Critics question
260-453: A discrete item, distinct from other items perhaps listed on the page. Semantic HTML refers to the traditional HTML practice of markup following intention, rather than specifying layout details directly. For example, the use of <em> denoting "emphasis" rather than <i> , which specifies italics . Layout details are left up to the browser, in combination with Cascading Style Sheets . But this practice falls short of specifying
312-410: A few of the triples from the documents that result from dereferencing https://schema.org/Person (green edge) and https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1731 (blue edges). Additionally to the edges given in the involved documents explicitly, edges can be automatically inferred: the triple from the original RDFa fragment and the triple from the document at https://schema.org/Person (green edge in
364-552: A few other chemists, he was a founder member of the Blue Obelisk movement in 2005. In 2002, Peter Murray-Rust and his colleagues proposed an electronic repository for unpublished chemical data called the World Wide Molecular Matrix (WWMM). In January 2011, a symposium around his career and visions was organized, called Visions of a Semantic Molecular Future . In 2011, he and Henry Rzepa were joint recipients of
416-594: A limited and defined domain, and where sharing data is a common necessity, such as scientific research or data exchange among businesses. In addition, other technologies with similar goals have emerged, such as microformats . Many files on a typical computer can also be loosely divided into human-readable documents and machine-readable data. Documents like mail messages, reports, and brochures are read by humans. Data, such as calendars, address books, playlists, and spreadsheets are presented using an application program that lets them be viewed, searched, and combined. Currently,
468-404: A project (e.g. because he or she has moved to another university with other tasks), someone else will stand up to become the new leader and continue the project. This is a reference to the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who , in which the main character periodically regenerates into a different form, which is played by a different actor. As of 2014, Murray-Rust
520-508: A semantic Web integrated across a huge space of data, you'll have access to an unbelievable data resource … "Semantic Web" is sometimes used as a synonym for "Web 3.0", though the definition of each term varies. The next generation of the Web is often termed Web 4.0, but its definition is not clear. According to some sources, it is a Web that involves artificial intelligence , the internet of things , pervasive computing , ubiquitous computing and
572-625: A semantic web page might look like this: Tim Berners-Lee calls the resulting network of Linked Data the Giant Global Graph , in contrast to the HTML-based World Wide Web. Berners-Lee posits that if the past was document sharing, the future is data sharing . His answer to the question of "how" provides three points of instruction. One, a URL should point to the data. Two, anyone accessing the URL should get data back. Three, relationships in
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#1732881421618624-539: A small graph is being described, in RDFa -syntax using a schema.org vocabulary and a Wikidata ID: The example defines the following five triples (shown in Turtle syntax). Each triple represents one edge in the resulting graph: the first element of the triple (the subject ) is the name of the node where the edge starts, the second element (the predicate ) the type of the edge, and the last and third element (the object ) either
676-515: Is STRONGLY discouraged. These licenses make it impossible to effectively integrate and re-purpose datasets and prevent commercial activities that could be used to support data preservation. If you want your data to be effectively used and added to by others it should be open as defined by the Open Knowledge/Data Definition – in particular non-commercial and other restrictive clauses should not be used. 4. Furthermore, in science it
728-479: Is STRONGLY recommended that data, especially where publicly funded, be explicitly placed in the public domain via the use of the Public Domain Dedication and Licence or Creative Commons Zero Waiver. This is in keeping with the public funding of much scientific research and the general ethos of sharing and re-use within the scientific community. Explicit dedication of data underlying published science into
780-832: Is a form of programming based on the declaration of semantic data and requires an understanding of how reasoning algorithms will interpret the authored structures. According to Marshall and Shipman, the tacit and changing nature of much knowledge adds to the knowledge engineering problem, and limits the Semantic Web's applicability to specific domains. A further issue that they point out are domain- or organization-specific ways to express knowledge, which must be solved through community agreement rather than only technical means. As it turns out, specialized communities and organizations for intra-company projects have tended to adopt semantic web technologies greater than peripheral and less-specialized communities. The practical constraints toward adoption have appeared less challenging where domain and scope
832-437: Is an Acme Gizmo with a retail price of €199, or that it is a consumer product. Rather, HTML can only say that the span of text "X586172" is something that should be positioned near "Acme Gizmo" and "€199", etc. There is no way to say "this is a catalog" or even to establish that "Acme Gizmo" is a kind of title or that "€199" is a price. There is also no way to express that these pieces of information are bound together in describing
884-646: Is from the perspective of human behavior and personal preferences. For example, people may include spurious metadata into Web pages in an attempt to mislead Semantic Web engines that naively assume the metadata's veracity. This phenomenon was well known with metatags that fooled the Altavista ranking algorithm into elevating the ranking of certain Web pages: the Google indexing engine specifically looks for such attempts at manipulation. Peter Gärdenfors and Timo Honkela point out that logic-based semantic web technologies cover only
936-555: Is more limited than that of the general public and the World-Wide Web. Finally, Marshall and Shipman see pragmatic problems in the idea of ( Knowledge Navigator -style) intelligent agents working in the largely manually curated Semantic Web: In situations in which user needs are known and distributed information resources are well described, this approach can be highly effective; in situations that are not foreseen and that bring together an unanticipated array of information resources,
988-618: The Herman Skolnik Award of the American Chemical Society . In 2014, he was awarded a Fellowship by the Shuttleworth Foundation to develop the automated mining of science from the literature. In 2009 Murray-Rust coined the term "Doctor Who" model for the phenomenon exhibited by the Blue Obelisk project and other Open Science projects, where when a project leader does not have the resources to continue to lead
1040-568: The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition . Peter Murray-Rust Peter Murray-Rust is a chemist currently working at the University of Cambridge . As well as his work in chemistry, Murray-Rust is also known for his support of open access and open data . He was educated at Bootham School , a private school in York , and at Balliol College, Oxford . After obtaining
1092-610: The Web of Things among other concepts. According to the European Union, Web 4.0 is "the expected fourth generation of the World Wide Web. Using advanced artificial and ambient intelligence, the internet of things, trusted blockchain transactions, virtual worlds and XR capabilities, digital and real objects and environments are fully integrated and communicate with each other, enabling truly intuitive, immersive experiences, seamlessly blending
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#17328814216181144-439: The meaning is machine-readable . While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in library and information science , industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept. Berners-Lee originally expressed his vision of the Semantic Web in 1999 as follows: I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all
1196-652: The Globewide Network Academy, and the Semantic Web . With Henry Rzepa , he has extended this to chemistry through the development of markup languages , especially Chemical Markup Language . He campaigns for open data , particularly in science, and is on the advisory board of the Open Knowledge International and a co-author of the Panton Principles for Open scientific data. Together with
1248-596: The Google approach is more robust. Furthermore, the Semantic Web relies on inference chains that are more brittle; a missing element of the chain results in a failure to perform the desired action, while the human can supply missing pieces in a more Google-like approach. [...] cost-benefit tradeoffs can work in favor of specially-created Semantic Web metadata directed at weaving together sensible well-structured domain-specific information resources; close attention to user/customer needs will drive these federations if they are to be successful. Cory Doctorow 's critique (" metacrap ")
1300-597: The Semantic Web is to make Internet data machine-readable . To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL) are used. These technologies are used to formally represent metadata . For example, ontology can describe concepts , relationships between entities , and categories of things. These embedded semantics offer significant advantages such as reasoning over data and operating with heterogeneous data sources. These standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on
1352-503: The Semantic Web. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Incubator Group for Uncertainty Reasoning for the World Wide Web (URW3-XG) final report lumps these problems together under the single heading of "uncertainty". Many of the techniques mentioned here will require extensions to the Web Ontology Language (OWL) for example to annotate conditional probabilities. This is an area of active research. Standardization for Semantic Web in
1404-558: The Web, fundamentally the RDF. According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries." The Semantic Web is therefore regarded as an integrator across different content and information applications and systems. The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data (or data web ) that can be processed by machines —that is, one in which much of
1456-493: The World Wide Web Consortium (" W3C "), which oversees the development of proposed Semantic Web standards. He defines the Semantic Web as "a web of data that can be processed directly and indirectly by machines". Many of the technologies proposed by the W3C already existed before they were positioned under the W3C umbrella. These are used in various contexts, particularly those dealing with information that encompasses
1508-688: The World Wide Web is based mainly on documents written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a markup convention that is used for coding a body of text interspersed with multimedia objects such as images and interactive forms. Metadata tags provide a method by which computers can categorize the content of web pages. In the examples below, the field names "keywords", "description" and "author" are assigned values such as "computing", and "cheap widgets for sale" and "John Doe". Because of this metadata tagging and categorization, other computer systems that want to access and share this data can easily identify
1560-487: The architecture of the Semantic Web. The functions and relationships of the components can be summarized as follows: Well-established standards: Not yet fully realized: The intent is to enhance the usability and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected resources by creating semantic web services , such as: Such services could be useful to public search engines, or could be used for knowledge management within an organization. Business applications include: In
1612-410: The basic feasibility of a complete or even partial fulfillment of the Semantic Web, pointing out both difficulties in setting it up and a lack of general-purpose usefulness that prevents the required effort from being invested. In a 2003 paper, Marshall and Shipman point out the cognitive overhead inherent in formalizing knowledge, compared to the authoring of traditional web hypertext : While learning
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1664-512: The basics of HTML is relatively straightforward, learning a knowledge representation language or tool requires the author to learn about the representation's methods of abstraction and their effect on reasoning. For example, understanding the class-instance relationship, or the superclass-subclass relationship, is more than understanding that one concept is a "type of" another concept. [...] These abstractions are taught to computer scientists generally and knowledge engineers specifically but do not match
1716-455: The content, i.e., to describe the structure of the knowledge we have about that content. In this way, a machine can process knowledge itself, instead of text, using processes similar to human deductive reasoning and inference , thereby obtaining more meaningful results and helping computers to perform automated information gathering and research. An example of a tag that would be used in a non-semantic web page: Encoding similar information in
1768-460: The context of Web 3.0 is under the care of W3C. The term "Semantic Web" is often used more specifically to refer to the formats and technologies that enable it. The collection, structuring and recovery of linked data are enabled by technologies that provide a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given knowledge domain . These technologies are specified as W3C standards and include: The Semantic Web Stack illustrates
1820-543: The data on the Web ;– the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A "Semantic Web", which makes this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The " intelligent agents " people have touted for ages will finally materialize. The 2001 Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, Hendler , and Lassila described an expected evolution of
1872-499: The data should point to additional URLs with data. Tags , including hierarchical categories and tags that are collaboratively added and maintained (e.g. with folksonomies ) can be considered part of, of potential use to or a step towards the semantic Web vision. Unique identifiers , including hierarchical categories and collaboratively added ones, analysis tools (e.g. scite.ai algorithms) and metadata , including tags, can be used to create forms of semantic webs – webs that are to
1924-486: The existing Web to a Semantic Web. In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that: "This simple idea…remains largely unrealized". In 2013, more than four million Web domains (out of roughly 250 million total) contained Semantic Web markup. In the following example, the text "Paul Schuster was born in Dresden" on a website will be annotated, connecting a person with their place of birth. The following HTML fragment shows how
1976-412: The figure) allow to infer the following triple, given OWL semantics (red dashed line in the second Figure): The concept of the semantic network model was formed in the early 1960s by researchers such as the cognitive scientist Allan M. Collins , linguist Ross Quillian and psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus as a form to represent semantically structured knowledge. When applied in the context of
2028-524: The given URI. In this example, all URIs, both for edges and nodes (e.g. http://schema.org/Person , http://schema.org/birthPlace , http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1731 ) can be dereferenced and will result in further RDF graphs, describing the URI, e.g. that Dresden is a city in Germany, or that a person, in the sense of that URI, can be fictional. The second graph shows the previous example, but now enriched with
2080-762: The links between them. RDF, OWL, and XML, by contrast, can describe arbitrary things such as people, meetings, or airplane parts. These technologies are combined in order to provide descriptions that supplement or replace the content of Web documents. Thus, content may manifest itself as descriptive data stored in Web-accessible databases , or as markup within documents (particularly, in Extensible HTML ( XHTML ) interspersed with XML, or, more often, purely in XML, with layout or rendering cues stored separately). The machine-readable descriptions enable content managers to add meaning to
2132-400: The modern internet, it extends the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages by inserting machine-readable metadata about pages and how they are related to each other. This enables automated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform more tasks on behalf of users. The term "Semantic Web" was coined by Tim Berners-Lee , the inventor of the World Wide Web and director of
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2184-471: The name of the node where the edge ends or a literal value (e.g. a text, a number, etc.). The triples result in the graph shown in the given figure . One of the advantages of using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) is that they can be dereferenced using the HTTP protocol. According to the so-called Linked Open Data principles, such a dereferenced URI should result in a document that offers further data about
2236-423: The physical and digital worlds". Some of the challenges for the Semantic Web include vastness, vagueness, uncertainty, inconsistency, and deceit. Automated reasoning systems will have to deal with all of these issues in order to deliver on the promise of the Semantic Web. This list of challenges is illustrative rather than exhaustive, and it focuses on the challenges to the "unifying logic" and "proof" layers of
2288-512: The public domain via PDDL or CCZero is strongly recommended and ensures compliance with both the Science Commons Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data and the Open Knowledge/Data Definition. Between the launch of the project and December 2011 the principles gained 150 endorsements from researchers. One researcher said the principles allow researchers to better claim credit for their work. The project won an innovation prize from
2340-526: The publishing system of Elsevier , where restrictions were imposed by Elsevier on the reuse of papers after the authors had paid Elsevier to make the paper freely available. Semantic Web The Semantic Web , sometimes known as Web 3.0 (not to be confused with Web3 ), is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of
2392-472: The relevant values. With HTML and a tool to render it (perhaps web browser software, perhaps another user agent ), one can create and present a page that lists items for sale. The HTML of this catalog page can make simple, document-level assertions such as "this document's title is 'Widget Superstore ' ", but there is no capability within the HTML itself to assert unambiguously that, for example, item number X586172
2444-527: The semantics of objects such as items for sale or prices. Microformats extend HTML syntax to create machine-readable semantic markup about objects including people, organizations, events and products. Similar initiatives include RDFa , Microdata and Schema.org . The Semantic Web takes the solution further. It involves publishing in languages specifically designed for data: Resource Description Framework (RDF), Web Ontology Language (OWL), and Extensible Markup Language ( XML ). HTML describes documents and
2496-422: The similar natural language meaning of being a "type of" something. Effective use of such a formal representation requires the author to become a skilled knowledge engineer in addition to any other skills required by the domain. [...] Once one has learned a formal representation language, it is still often much more effort to express ideas in that representation than in a less formal representation [...]. Indeed, this
2548-426: The treatment of data are described here. Creative Commons licenses (apart from CCZero), GFDL, GPL, BSD, etc. are NOT appropriate for data and their use is STRONGLY discouraged. Use a recognized waiver or license that is appropriate for data. 3. The use of licenses which limit commercial re-use or limit the production of derivative works by excluding use for particular purposes or by specific persons or organizations
2600-471: The whole data collection, and subsets of the collection. This statement should be precise, irrevocable, and based on an appropriate and recognized legal statement in the form of a waiver or license. When publishing data make an explicit and robust statement of your wishes. 2. Many widely recognized licenses are not intended for, and are not appropriate for, data or collections of data. A variety of waivers and licenses that are designed for and appropriate for
2652-591: Was Professor of Pharmacy in the University of Nottingham from 1996 to 2000, setting up the Virtual School of Molecular Sciences. He is now Reader Emeritus in Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge and Senior Research Fellow Emeritus at Churchill College, Cambridge . His research interests have involved the automated analysis of data in scientific publications, creation of virtual communities, e.g. The Virtual School of Natural Sciences in
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#17328814216182704-570: Was granted a Fellowship by Shuttleworth Foundation in relation to the ContentMine project which uses machines to liberate 100,000,000 facts from the scientific literature. Murray-Rust is also known for his work on making scientific knowledge from literature freely available, and in such taking a stance against publishers that are not fully compliant with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access . In 2014, he actively raised awareness of glitches in
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