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122-627: The Pantepec River begins in the mountains of the state of Hidalgo , it crosses the Sierra Norte de Puebla , enters the state of Puebla and goes down to the Gulf Coastal Plain in the state of Veracruz . After converging with the Vinazco River , it becomes known as Tuxpan, and ends up flowing into the Gulf of Mexico at the municipality of Tuxpan , Veracruz. The river is about 130 kilometers long. It

244-532: A custom brought and imposed by the Spanish after the Conquest. Prior to this, the indigenous peoples buried their dead underneath their houses. The first cemetery in the city was located next to what is now the cathedral. Today, this cemetery no longer exists, as it has been abandoned and built over. Another notable cemetery in the area is the one at Santa Ana Hueytlalpan, where evidence of Otomi traditions can be seen such as

366-541: A few bullet holes. Between 2004 and 2006, the city and El Santo's son worked to replace the statue, eventually hiring self-taught sculptor Edwin Barrera who created the life-sized soldier statues at the military base in the Cuatro Caminos. The current stone monument is 2.30 meters tall and is a reproduction of the wrestler with his cape and mask in a fighting stance. The Museo de Datos Históricos (Museum of Historical Facts)

488-700: A significant number of sulfur and hot water springs such as La Cantera in Tula , Mixquiahual and Vito in Atotonilco , Tephé in Ejido Tephé, Humedades y Dios Padra in Ixmiquilpan and Tolantongo and Textacapa in Cardonal . There are three main climates in the state. The lowlands are hot with temperatures rising as high as 44C in the summer in places such as the municipality of Pisaflores . Temperate regions can have hot days but often

610-428: A small Jewish enclave which claims to be descended from Sephardi Jews which came to New Spain in the 16th century. Hidalgo is known for its mountainous terrain, though part of the state is on a coastal plain. With a population of 2.858 million and an area of roughly 20,813 square km, Hidalgo is one of Mexico's smaller states. The state contains a number of ecotourism, cultural and archeological attractions including

732-589: A temperate climate with an average year round temperature of 15C. It is bordered by the Sierra de Tenango and the highlands of Apan. It is a large fertile valley with extensive agriculture. The very northern part of the Valley of Mexico is located within the state, which is separated from the area in which Mexico City is found by a series of low lying mountains. This part of the Valley extends from Tizayuca towards Pachuca . It

854-575: A total of 390 animals. Species include lions, tigers, antelopes, lizards, bears, deer and a hippopotamus which is the zoo's mascot. Overlooking the city are a number of large satellite dishes, which were constructed in the 1960s, initially to televise the 1968 Olympic Games . These dishes would give the city the nickname of “City of the Satellites.” Today, they provide various services. The two largest satellite dishes are 32 meters in diameter and weigh 330 tons each. These provide international service. A third

976-577: Is 15 meters in diameter and links the country with networks in the United States. The last is only 7 meters and is national. These dishes are the largest and the most important in Mexico. One distinctive neighborhood whose origins can be traced back to the original founding of the Spanish city is Colonia Francisco I. Madero. Located at the base of the Cerro del Tezontle, it began as an indigenous settlement outside

1098-414: Is 56.6 meters tall and made of grey sandstone with a sober Neoclassical facade, and a portal flanked by 17 meter tall Ionic columns. In the interior, there is a holy water font in stone and a wood pulpit decorated with reliefs. There is also an organ with more than 16,000 flutes. The old cloister has rounded arches and ceiling supported by thick wood beams. The Floresta Garden is formed by two sections,

1220-553: Is also located in the Sierra Madre Oriental system and is characterized by small plains surrounded by stony peaks. There are five major canyons located here, which take their names from the rivers that form them, from south to north: Amajac , Meztitlan , Amolon, Mezquititlán and Tolantongo . Although lower than the temperate Sierra Alta, the Sierra Baja still has a temperate climate due to strong, moist winds which flow from

1342-407: Is called the "Danza de Xantolo", in which masked figures in robes dance in candlelight. In other communities, youths in costume will dance from house to house, to be invited in to eat dishes prepared for the occasion. Another tradition is to have bands play at the cemeteries on November 2, where tombs are cleaned and decorated with flowers, garlands and more. The Mezquital Valley has best preserved

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1464-522: Is eight meters high. The function of this site was that of a ceremonial center. At the top of the pyramid, there is a monolithic altar, which was probably used for the deposit of offerings. The name means House of Green Wood. Most people of the city are familiar with the San Miguel Municipal Cemetery located on Miguel Hidalgo Street in the main city. However, the city and municipally have a number of notable cemeteries. Cemeteries here are

1586-861: Is extensive mining, both of precious metals as well as lead and building stone, such as sandstone and marble. Over 38 million kilograms of silver and 200 tons of fine gold have been extracted since the Spanish colonial era began in the 16th century. That nearly equals the weight of the stone used to build the Tembleque Aqueduct. In additions to mines, the area is home to extensive forests of oyamel fir , pines. and oaks. Many of its peaks are rocky and barren such as Zumate in Omitlán , Peñas Cargadas in Real del Monte and Peña del Conejo in San Jerónimo. The Valley of Tulancingo has

1708-576: Is formed by the springs of the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental , and along its course towards the Gulf of Mexico it receives the waters of numerous tributaries in the Sierra Norte of Puebla. Due to the great rainfall in this river basin, during the rainy season it usually suffers floods, some of which have caused great social disasters. In October 1999, the Pantepec River swept away several houses in

1830-446: Is heavily regulated. The area is an important dairy product producer as well as a producer of cider, made from locally grown apples. The city is known as the premier wool textile center in the country, specializing in thread and yarn, cashmeres, blankets, as well as embroidered blouses and skirts During the pre-Hispanic era, this area produced cotton textiles, especially in the mountain areas of Huehuetla and Tenango. These were part of

1952-454: Is in the building that was the first train station for the city. This museum traces the city's history from the pre-Hispanic era to the present day. It contains two rooms: one dedicated to photographs and the other with archeological finds including those of the Huajomulco culture. The Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Library is located in a building constructed in the 19th century on what was part of

2074-481: Is increasingly polluted and is causing damage to these northern zones. The state is negotiating federal and other help to treat and recycle this water so that it does not do further damage to state agriculture and environment. At least 93 people, including eight children, were killed, and 46 were injured when a clandestine gasoline pipe exploded in Tlahuelilpan on January 19, 2019. Several indigenous groups within

2196-525: Is located in what is called the “Urban Industrial Corridor of the South," where most of the state's economic activity is located. Outside of this corridor, the economy remains based on subsistence farming and has high levels of poverty, with the per capita income only 61.5% of the national average. Industry accounts for more than 25% of the state's gross domestic product. Tulancingo de Bravo Tulancingo (officially Tulancingo de Bravo ; Otomi : Ngu̱hmu )

2318-611: Is part of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain system, and in the temperate climate zone of the state. Some of Hidalgo's main peaks are located here, including Cerro del Aguila, Cerro del Santo Roa, and Cerrro de Agua Fria. There is also Cerro la Aguja de Calnali, a volcanic cinder cone . Many of Hidalgo's caves are located here, such as Texcatete in Zacualtipan ; Texcapa in Tepehuacán ; and Tecamachal and Villacastla in Molango . The Sierra Baja

2440-410: Is separated from the Valley of Mezquital by the Sierra de Tezontlalpan and from the rest of the Valley of Mexico by the low lying Sierra de los Pitos. The climate here is temperate and semi arid with occasional freezes. Except for the forests on the mountain tops, the flora and fauna are those found in more arid regions such as maguey, yucca , rabbits, armadillos and mesquite trees. Since many of

2562-484: Is still large scale unemployment and underemployment in the area, with many migrating to the United States. Many are men who have moved to Dallas and specialize in selling ice cream. The municipality provides public education from preschool to university level. There are 68 pre-schools, 29 primary schools and 30 secondary or middle school schools, in which 1,225 teachers work. There are ten high schools (bachillerato) and six institutions of higher education. These include

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2684-666: Is still made and can be sampled. The area also contains many of the state's former colonial monasteries as well as civic constructions such as the Padre Tembleque Aqueduct . The Sierra and Huasteca Corridor covers this mountain range which is home to the Huastec people . The area includes ecotourism activities, camping and fishing in an area filled with dense vegetations and heated water sources. Municipalities featured here include Huejutla de Reyes , Zacualtipán and Molango where many indigenous people live. The cuisine of

2806-822: Is still smothered in the alcoholic beverage pulque and wrapped in maguey leaves for flavor. This preparation of barbacoa is considered to be the state dish. The state secretary of tourism has divided the state's attraction into "corridors" with similar themes. The Corridor de la Montaña (Mountain Corridor) is devoted to ecotourism and includes a number of different climates and ecosystems. These areas favor activities such as camping, extreme sports and well as family activities. They include places such as old mining haciendas, archeological sites and state parks. Municipalities which are promoted under this category include Mineral del Monte , Huasca de Ocampo and Mineral del Chico . The Corridor de los Balnearios (Water Park Corridor) list most of

2928-699: Is the Tulancingo River, which is part of the Metztitlán River system. There are four small lakes called Los Alamos, Otontepec, San Alejo and La Ciénega. The climate is temperate to cold with an annual average temperature of 14C and average rainfall of between 500 and 550 mm per year. Most rain falls from June to October. Forested areas include trees such as pine, ocotea , oyamel , cedar and walnut trees. Most wildlife consist of small mammals such as rabbits and squirrels with birds such as hummingbirds, doves and woodpeckers and reptiles such as snakes. In

3050-616: Is the making of leather goods such as sandals, chaps, gloves, etc. Textile items are usually made of wool and include sarapes and rebozos. Pottery includes both burnished and glazed objects. One unique handcrafted item is a type of “God’s eye” called a “tenango.” The city has grown rapidly over the past 20 or so years as multinational corporations have moved operations here. However, this growth has put inflationary pressure on goods and services, especially basic foodstuffs as transportation connections here are not as good as in other Mexican cities and foreign interests can pay more for goods. There

3172-400: Is the mining district in the mountains around Pachuca and Real del Monte . Cerro de las Navajas is located here, a mountain made primarily of obsidian . The mining district and mountains extend from Pachuca north towards the municipality of Huasca, then east towards Actopan. From Pachuca it also extends a short ways south to Mineral de la Reforma and Comarca . In most of this region there

3294-548: Is the second-largest city in the Mexican state of Hidalgo . It is located in the southeastern part of the state and also forms one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo , as well as the Archdiocese of Tulancingo . Located 93 km from Mexico City, this area is the most important wool textile producer in the country and was home to El Santo , Mexico's most famous lucha libre wrestler, and to Gabriel Vargas (cartoonist) , author of

3416-445: The Free and Sovereign State of Hidalgo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo ), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City , constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico . It is divided into 84 municipalities and its capital city is Pachuca de Soto . It is located in east-central Mexico and is bordered by San Luis Potosí and Veracruz on the north, Puebla on

3538-553: The Mexican Revolution , local armed groups, such as the one led by Francisco P. Mariel in Huejutla, faced off against government troops. Forces led by Nicolas Flores took Jacala and threatened Zimapan and Ixmiquilpan in 1911. Later that same year Gabriel Hernández took Tulancingo and Pachuca, forcing the then-governor out of power. After Porfirio Díaz fled the country, several factions vied for power here. The government of

3660-567: The Mexican War of Independence . The indigenous peoples of the state, such as the Otomi , retain much of their traditional culture . In addition to Mexicans of Spanish descent , there are also notable immigrant cultures: those of the descendants of Cornish miners from Cornwall (located in South West England ) who arrived in the 19th century, a few self-proclaimed Italian descendants, and

3782-493: The Mezquital Valley area. However, no major battles of the Mexican War of Independence were fought in the state. Instead, a number of smaller operations against local Spaniards were conducted. When the war ended in 1821, the country was divided into a number of states. The modern state of Hidalgo was initially part of the very large territory called “Mexico” (which extended in all directions from Mexico City), which eventually

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3904-580: The Olmecs , Xicalancas and other tribes. A city was founded in 645 BCE by the Toltecs with the name Tolancingo as part of the empire centered in Tula . During this period, the city was home to school and temples. A calendar stone was sculpted here and a temple called Mitlancalco was built to receive the bodies of priests and princes. After 1116 CE, the Toltec Empire declined and the city was abandoned. According to

4026-705: The Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests habitat, with Mexican pine ( Pinus pseudostrobus ) in the higher mountains. Wildlife includes 31 species of reptiles , thirteen species of duck, six of doves, and three of falcons , as well as mammals such as skunks, spider monkeys , wild boar , anteaters , and gray foxes. A small habitat in the state is the Huasteca highland rainforest . It has plants blooming nearly year-round. Forests include tree species such as: “Tlacuilo,” Oaks ( Quercus species) , Copaifera , “Zuchiate,” Mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla ) , and Mexican white cedar ( Cupressus lusitanica ) . The area has one of

4148-532: The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo in 1961, with the purpose of turning out engineers and other professionals to provide the impetus for the development of industry. These efforts soon paid dividends and construction growth, especially of suburban subdivisions for workers in newly built factories. The growth of the Greater Mexico City area reached the southern border of Hidalgo state in

4270-615: The 12th century, initially establishing themselves in Mixquiahuala , then founding Tizayuca later. Eventually, the Aztecs took over most of what is now the southern portion of the state, incorporating it into the Aztec Empire . After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , the conquistadors carved out territories for themselves from Aztec lands. Hernán Cortés took possession of lands to

4392-502: The 1920s with the reconstruction of telephone lines and the construction of highways within the state. In the 1930s, a number of companies such as Cruz Azul Cement were expropriated and popular credit schemes such as the Banco de Credito Ejidal were created. Over 130 schools in rural areas were also built. Construction and modernization of infrastructure would continue through the rest of the 20th century. This wave of mining activity declined in

4514-538: The 19th century with the oldest notable writers being Ignacio Rodríguez Galván and José María Rodríguez y Cos . Rodríguez Galván was born in 1816 in Tizayuca and is considered to be the first Mexican Romance writer. He wrote poetry and plays as well as founding a newspaper called Año Nuevo. Rodríguez y Cos was born in 1823 in Tulancingo and represents Positivism in Mexico, writing poetry and plays. The most important poet from

4636-454: The 2020 Census, 1.58% of Hidalgo's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican , or of African descent. Population of the state historically has risen and fallen based on the state of the economy especially, the health of the mining sector. When mining activity fell in the mid-20th century, the population fell as well. The population began to recover in the 1980s. From then until 2000, the population grew from 1,547,493 to 2,235,591, leaving

4758-412: The 20th century is Efrén Rebolledo from Actopán, who lived from 1877 to 1929. Other important writers from this century include Xavier Sorondo , Margarita Michelena , Gabriel Vargas , Ricardo Garibay , Gonzalo Martré and Miguel Ángel Granados Chapa Notable painters appear in the 20th century including Byron Galvez , Yadira Gutiérrez and José Hernández Delgadillo . The best known musician from

4880-539: The 4 elements Corridor) is named for its major location of Tulancingo and the sports that are promoted here. Sporting activities are classed under the elements of air, water, fire and earth and include hot air ballooning , fishing, boating, rustic ironwork produced in Apulco and hiking in the natural landscapes. The area extends from the municipality of Tulancingo to the municipality of Huehuetla . (4 elementos) The Corridor de las Haciendas (Haciendas Corridor) contains most of

5002-521: The Emperors, was used by both Agustín de Iturbide and Maximiliano I as a residence. It is located on the corner of 1 de Mayo and Cuauhtémoc Streets. It is the only house in which both emperors stayed. The Casa de los Huesitos de Chabacano or House of the Little Apricot Pits is a Neoclassical work from the 19th century. The name comes from its owner in the early 20th century who ran a grocery store from

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5124-459: The Gulf of Mexico. It is mostly valley floor with some peaks. This relatively flat surface is mostly of light volcanic rock cut with ravines , small canyons, large hills and volcanoes. The larger canyons include Los Ermitaños, which forms a “Y” over one kilometer long. The highest point is the Cerro del Tezontle, named after the volcanic rock it is principally made up of. Other elevations include Cerro Viejo, Napateco and Las Navajas. The main river

5246-662: The Huasteca area, the ruins of Tula , natural hot water springs, old haciendas and mountain ranges. Prehistoric artifacts have been found in the Hidalgo regions of Tepeapulco , Tulancingo , Actopan and Huichapan . Their antiquity ranges from 14,000 to 2,500 B.C.E. The oldest evidence of Hidalguense occupation has been found in Huapalcalco in the municipality of Tulancingo The first settlers of these territories were Olmec groups, who exploited deposits of jade and serpentine . Exploitation of obsidian cobbled relief, as in

5368-520: The Jardin Floresta (Floresta Garden). The cathedral's origins date back to 1528 when it was established as a Franciscan monastery, with a church dedicated to Francis of Assisi . This church was reconstructed in 1788 by Damián Ortiz de Castro, and was dedicated to John the Baptist , who is the city's patron saint . The cloister of the old Franciscan monastery was left intact. In 1862, this church became

5490-710: The Jewish faith. Many of these claim ancestry from Sephardi Jews who came to New Spain in the 16th century to escape the Inquisition in Spain. When it reached New Spain , these people moved to the rural hills to continue their practice clandestinely. These are mostly concentrated in the community of Venta Prieta . While their claims have not been proven, there are indications that they are true. Most practitioners in Venta Prieta are Conservative . Hidalgo's literary history extends back to

5612-524: The Plaza de la Constitución and Parque Juárez. This area originally was the “Manzana Fundacional” or Foundation (City) Block and the atrium of the original Franciscan monastery in the early 16th century. Shortly after that time, the name was changed to Jardín Floresta. Leathergoods, cider, hats and wool items can be found for sale in La Floresta. The city has a number of notable churches. The La Expiración Chapel

5734-461: The Railroad Museum, at the entrance to the highway that connects Tulancingo to Acatlán and Huasca del Ocampo , is a statue of Tulancingo's famous son, Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta, better known as El Santo or The Silver Mask, Mexico's most famous lucha libre wrestler. The wrestler was born here in 1917 and is buried here as well. A statue was originally placed here in late 1999, and at the same time,

5856-509: The Tribute Codex (Códice de los Tributos), the Tulancingo area was a commercial center for the Otomi -Tepehua and Totonaca people since about 1000 CE bringing traders from lands now in the states of Hidalgo, Puebla and Veracruz. Traditional trading still exists in the form of the Thursday “ tianguis ” or market. The Chichimecas came to rule here under Xolotl starting around 1120. The city

5978-542: The Tulancingo Valley, some of the oldest human remains of Mexico were found in Tecolote Cave. However, the most important site is Huapalcalco. This site is located about three km from the center of modern Tulancingo and contains a pre-Hispanic pyramid and cave paintings. In the cliffs of Huapalcalco and nearby, there are fifty groups of cave paintings, some of which date back as far as 10,000 BCE. The pre-Hispanic site

6100-598: The Tulancingo area was again reorganized politically under Itzcoatl and Nezahualcoyotl . During the Spanish Conquest , Prince Ixtlilxochitl gathered an army here to join Hernán Cortés to conquer Tenochtitlan . Officially, the area came under Spanish rule in 1525, and evangelists arrived soon afterwards. The Franciscans arrived from Texcoco to build a hermitage in the Zapotlan neighborhood. This would eventually become

6222-507: The United States Mining Smelting and Refining Company. Pulque haciendas , primarily selling to nearby Mexico City , were prosperous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The prosperity of the state was best seen in the capital of Pachuca with the construction of many civic structures, but many rural areas were still quite impoverished. This situation would make the state favor the oncoming Mexican Revolution . During

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6344-863: The Universidad Tecnologica de Tulancingo http://www.utec-tgo.edu.mx/ and the Universidad Politecnica de Tulancingo http://www.upt.edu.mx/ There are 42.4 km of major roadways with over half being federal and the rest state. There is a small airport with a 1,000 meter runway. Most public transportation is by bus, both locally and inter-city. There are two bus stations, first and second class, out of which operate bus lines to Mexico City, Tampico , Tuxpan , Poza Rica as well as to nearby communities in Hidalgo. There are satellite relay stations providing television reception for six broadcast channels and three local radio stations (XENQ, XEQB and XHTNO). Pleasanton, California , United States There

6466-653: The Valley of Tulancingo and extends down to the Huasteca region of the states of Puebla and Veracruz . The range is also known as the Sierra de Huayacocotla, with low lying mountains of a humid, cloudy temperate climate with frequent rain in the summer. Two of Hidalgo's main dams, the Tejocotal and the Omitemetl, are located on the rivers here, and are part of the Necaxa Hydroelectrical System. La Comarca Minera

6588-492: The Virgen de los Angeles, or Virgin de los Angelitos (little angels). Devotion to this image began in 1736, but the name was officially given in 1790. In 1862, she was named as the patroness of the diocese of Tulancingo. The church was begun in 1878, but the case and main altar, sacristy and other features were not built until 1942. In 2008, she was named the sovereign (titular) of the archdiocese. Most major religious processions in

6710-583: The area had not been fully subjugated by the 18th century, especially in the Sierra Gorda and Sierra Baja areas. These groups and others manage a significant amount of success in maintaining cultural, political and economic autonomy through the colonial period. Much of the state still maintains a number of strong indigenous identities. Many in Hidalgo, especially the indigenous, supported Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 's cause, providing leaders such as José María Correa and José Antonio Magos, both of whom were active in

6832-623: The area is also emphasized. The Tolteca Corridor centers on the archeological site of Tula , which was the home of one of the principal pre-Hispanic civilizations of Mexico. Many of the oldest monasteries of the state, founded in the 16th century, are located here. Hacienda Demiñho , which was once one of the most important and largest haciendas in the state, is located in this area. Featured municipalities include Tula de Allende , Atotonilco de Tula , Tepeji del Rio , Mixquiahuala , Tlahuelilpan , Tlaxcoapan and Tezontepec . Main article: Geografía del Estado de Hidalgo . The terrain of

6954-641: The areas of Mexico with the highest levels of malnutrition. The valley averages 2000 meters above sea level and has a temperate climate with freezes being rare. Principal rivers include the Tula , Amajac and the Metztitlan. Other rivers in the state flow into these three, such as the Rosas, Cuautitlan, Guadalupe and Salado, which flow into the Tula River . One exception to this is the San Juan River, which forms part of

7076-401: The arrangement of Mexican marigolds and offerings of seasonal fruits, mole, sweets and alcohol. The Santa María Cemetery also has indigenous touches but this one has Nahua influence. Los Ermitanos is a nature preserve which contains two almost parallel ravines and numerous rock formations such as towers, cliffs and narrow peaks. The area has a cold climate and fog is common. The economy of

7198-412: The building and would paint apricot pits for neighborhood children to use as toys. The house is still in private hands and located on the corner of Juárez and 1 de Mayo Streets. The Exquitlán Hacienda is a building constructed from the late 19th century by Pánfilo García Otamendi. The work was completed using materials brought from France and was inaugurated in 1908. The Municipal Zoo has 180 species and

7320-476: The building's construction, objects from the office from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Built in 1893 by Gabriel Mancera, this building was the second train station for the city and bears witness to the time period when Tulancingo served as a major hub of transportation and communication in Hidalgo state. Nearby, the Vagón del Ferrocarril (Railroad Car) cafeteria offers crafts and other regional products. Near

7442-461: The cathedral's old cemetery. The current library has been in operation since 1984. The Jardin del Arte (Art Garden) and Ricardo Garibay Cultural Center were built were the old Municipal Palace was demolished in 1984. These areas host national and international exhibitions and events featuring art, music and theatrical works. The Municipal Market is built on what was the Plaza of the Count of Orizaba. In

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7564-413: The city in 1915, with Carranza visiting in 1916. The municipal territory contains a number of small rivers and streams as well as mountainsides, making it susceptible to flooding. Two most recent major floods occurred in 1999 and 2007. Major flooding occurred in and around the city in 1999, with communities such as La Rosa, on the outskirts, the hardest hit, when rivers and streams overflowed. The flooding

7686-424: The city proceed from here and end at the cathedral. The La Merced Temple was constructed in 1892 by José Antonio Agüero. However, the building collapsed before it was finished, leading to a new construction which exists today. Other notable churches include the San José Church and the Church of La Villita. The Railroad Museum (Museo del Ferrocarril) is located in the old train station. It contains old photographs of

7808-445: The city proper. The Valley of Tulancingo was partitioned between Francisco de Avila and Francisco de Terrazas. The fertile soil and warm climate attracted many Spanish settlers, especially older ones. In time, the area became known as the “Retiring place of Old Conquistadors .” During the Mexican War of Independence , the city was attacked several times by insurgents in 1812, 1814 and 1815. However, royalist forces were able to hold

7930-561: The city proper. As the city grew, it eventually was incorporated. The initial separation of the indigenous from the Europeans allows native culture to survive for a time after the Conquest. Old religious practices were maintained in secret and traditional herbal medicine continued to be practiced. Some residents claimed to be nahuals or Mesoamerican demons, making the Spanish of the city afraid to go into this area. Since then, people of this area have been called derisively “nahuals.” More recently, crosses have been placed in this area, especially in

8052-422: The city until Nicolás Bravo and Guadalupe Victoria took it in 1821, near the very end of the war. Bravo remained here for a time, founding a newspaper called El Mosquito de Tulancingo and constructing a gunpowder factory. This would lead to “de Bravo” being added as an appendage to the city's name in 1858. After Agustín de Iturbide was proclaimed emperor in 1822, he maintained a residence in Tulancingo, where he

8174-448: The city. Because the city was loyal to the centralist cause, Ocampo was not placed in prison, but rather allowed to walk the streets where the citizens would supervise him. This continued until Santa Anna decided to send Ocampo out of the country. During the French Intervention in Mexico , the large State of Mexico was divided into three military districts for defensive purposes. The one in which Tulancingo belonged would eventually become

8296-452: The days around November 2 honor the dead with altars and offerings, although each community has its own variations. One area which is known for its traditions is Huejutla de Reyes , where altars dedicated to the dead are especially large and profusely decorated with flowers, colored paper and traditional foods, with the intention of counteracting mourning. In a number of areas, rituals based on Huasteca traditions are also performed. One of these

8418-434: The deposits of the Sierra de las Navajas , developed during the Mesoamerican Preclassic period . The first evidence of social stratification in Hidalgo has been found at La Loma in the municipality of Tepeji del Río de Ocampo . The modern day state of Hidalgo is located within the pre-Hispanic region of Mesoamerica . Numerous migrations of indigenous people took place through here, mostly arriving or passing through from

8540-415: The east, Tlaxcala and State of Mexico on the south and Querétaro on the west. In 1869, Benito Juárez created the State of Hidalgo and made Pachuca its capital city; "de Soto" was added later in recognition of Manuel Fernando Soto  [ es ] , who is considered the most important driving force in creating the state. The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , the initiator of

8662-421: The economic backbone of the area through the colonial period and into most of post Independence period. The fortunes of the mining industry would rise and fall during the colonial period; one of the most productive eras came under the control of Pedro Romero de Terreros in the 18th century. Despite Spanish control and evangelization efforts since the 16th century, many of the Otomi and other indigenous groups of

8784-425: The estimated 100,000 affected in Hidalgo state. The climate is temperate to cold with an annual average temperature of 14C and average rainfall of between 500 and 550 mm per year. Most rain falls from June to October. The city is the second largest and second most important in the state. It lies at the foot of the Cerro del Tezontle mountain, which gives views of the city and much of the surrounding valley. At

8906-499: The governorship of the area by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán . By the 18th century, the economy of the Hidalgo area was dominated by mining and agricultural haciendas . Much of the agricultural production during the colonial period was centered on livestock such as sheep and pigs as well as the making of pulque from the native maguey plant. However, the mining of silver, gold and other metals in the Pachuca / Real del Monte area would prove to be

9028-624: The head of this see in Huejutla . Its territory included parishes from Puebla , Hidalgo and Mexico State. Soon after Juárez and the federalists ousted the Emperor Maximilian, the state of Hidalgo was created. Tulancingo was considered as a place to locate the new state's capital but Pachuca was chosen instead. During the Mexican Revolution , forces loyal to Francisco I. Madero under Gabriel Hernandez took Tulancingo in 1910. Madero himself visited in 1912. Forces loyal to Venustiano Carranza took

9150-463: The highway it marks was renamed Boulevard Rodolfo Guzman Huerta, El Santo. The ceremony was hosted by his son, a wrestler named El Hijo del Santo and 100 others including various from the lucha libre world. However, the original statue placed here was met with derision among the populace for its diminutive size and “null athletic characteristics,” being called the “Monument to E.T. ” by many residents. The statue suffered vandalism, which even included

9272-438: The intersection of 16 de Septiembre and Avenide del Trabajo to “scare” the nahuals that supposedly still live here. The annual Feria de Tulancingo [1] is the main event for the city featuring the commercial, agricultural and industrial activities of the area. As municipal seat, the city of Tulancingo is the local governing authority for over one hundred communities, which cover a territory of 290.4km2. However, about 75% of

9394-452: The last decades of the 19th century, it was converted into a market but the building was neglected. In 1948, the current market was constructed. There are five tianguis markets, including one that specializes in counterfeit products (called “fayuca”), two public traditional markets, and a Central de Abastos or wholesale market. The city has a number of historic homes, mostly dating from the 19th century. The Casa de los Emperadores or House of

9516-415: The late 20th and early 21st century with the municipality of Tizayuca formally added into the region in 2005. One problem the extreme southern part of the state has had in the past decade is the contamination of water from the drainage of the Valley of Mexico . Mexico City pumps out excess water from the area, as the valley has no natural drainage, to the north into Mexico and Hidalgo states. This water

9638-441: The major water parks, spas, natural pools and thermal springs in the state. Hidalgo ranks second in Mexico for the number of thermal springs. These springs have an average temperature of 38C but some reach as high as 80C. They exist due to rivers of magma that flow under the surface. Municipalities promoted under this category include Ixmiquilpan , Actopan and Cardonal . The Corridor Tulancingo y los 4 elementos (Tulancingo and

9760-453: The mid-20th century, causing the deterioration of the state's economy, especially in the Pachuca area. In the 1950s and 1960s efforts were undertaken to shift the state's economy from agriculture and mining to manufacturing. In 1952, an automotive motor production facility called Diesel Nacional (DINA) was constructed. The old Instituto Científico Literario Autónomo de Hidalgo was converted to

9882-640: The mining sector fell again. In 1861, the government of the vast State of Mexico was centered in Toluca , west of Mexico City. The distance of the capital was one of the reasons why the state of Hidalgo would eventually separate. When French forces invaded central Mexico in 1862 , the large territory of Mexico was divided into three military sectors for defence. The second district had its capital in Actopan and its borders were roughly commensurate with that of modern Hidalgo. The French succeeded in placing Maximilian I on

10004-453: The modern cathedral, consecrated to John the Baptist . This was the beginning of the European city, which was initially constructed for the use of Europeans only; no indigenous were allowed to live there. Those indigenous who worked in city were obliged to live outside it on the outskirts at the base of the Cerro del Tezontle. Today this area is known as Colonia Francisco I. Madero and is part of

10126-401: The mountain tops of the peaks. Despite this, the region is considered to be Hidalgo's granary, growing corn, beans, wheat, tomatoes, onions, oats, olives, cactus fruit, tejocote and much more. It produces more than half of the alfalfa and green chili peppers in Mexico. Due to the lack of rainfall, irrigation from the areas above and below ground streams is important. However, it is also one of

10248-628: The mountains surrounding Pachuca lack tree cover, little slows the prevailing winds which can reach speeds of up to 120 km per hour. This gives the capital city the nickname of La Bella Airosa (Beautiful Windy City). The Valley of Mezquital is three valleys called the Actopan , the Ixmiquilpan and the Tasquillo as well as flat areas known as Tula and Alfajayucan . The vegetation is mostly that of semi arid regions with mesquite trees and various types of cacti growing. The only areas with tree cover are those near streams and other water sources and on

10370-447: The municipality divides into three sectors, agriculture, manufacturing, industry and mining and commerce. Agriculture employs 5.9% of the population, manufacturing, industry and mining employ 30.5% and commerce employs 63.6%. The soil is semi arid and fertile. Just over sixty percent of the municipality's land is used for agriculture, pastures and for forest products. There is both seasonal and year-round irrigated agriculture practiced in

10492-570: The municipality of Huehuetla, Hidalgo , and 254 people in the state of Puebla. When the Pantepec overflows, the soft soils of the Sierra Norte break away from the mountain slopes, and this endangers its inhabitants, especially between the months of June and October, when the rains are highest in the region. This article related to a river in Mexico is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hidalgo (state) Hidalgo ( Spanish pronunciation: [iˈðalɣo] ), officially

10614-529: The municipality's population of 129,935 lives in the city proper. Other major communities include Jaltepec (pop. 5,177), Santa Ana Hueytlalpan (pop. 5,261) and Javier Rojo Gómez (pop. 4,972). The municipality borders the municipalities of Metepec , Acaxochitlán , Cuautepec and Singuilucan . It is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the Sierra Hidalgo, as it begins its descent to

10736-428: The municipality. Major crops include corn, barley , beans, wheat and animal feed. Most crops are produced seasonally with the total corn crop divided equally between seasonal and irrigated lands. Crops produced year round and usually irrigated include cactus fruit (tunas) , alfalfa and hay. Livestock includes cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses and domestic fowl. Pine and some other trees are harvested for wood, but this

10858-591: The north, with many eventually settling in the Valley of Mexico. The Toltecs initially settled in Xochicoatlán , now the municipality of Molango , at the beginning of the 7th century. From here they dispersed to locales such as Huejutla and Tollatzingo (now called Tulancingo ) where they eventually had their capital of Tollan, today known as Tula. The Toltecs were eventually overrun by Chichimecas , who established their capital in Metztitlán . The Aztecs arrived in

10980-467: The northeast of Mexico City extending into modern Hidalgo state. Evangelization efforts followed soon thereafter with the first Franciscans arriving in 1523. This changed the social, economic and cultural structure of the areas as the Spanish took control of natural resources — especially minerals — and the labor the Indians provided. It also led to a massive decrease in the native population, especially during

11102-598: The northeast. The Sierra Gorda mountain range is a branch of the Sierra Madre Oriental which crosses northwest Hidalgo and ends in San Luis Potosí . These are mostly mountains of volcanic origin. The Tula and Moctezuma Rivers meet here, whose waters then cut the Moctezuma Canyon, which has walls up to 480 meters high. The Sierra de Tenango or Sierra Norte de Puebla mountain range begins to one side of

11224-426: The ouster of Iturbide, Tulancingo favored a centralist form of government, rather than the state-based federalist one. It would provide refuge to centralists such as Nicolas Bravo during most of the 19th century. Bravo's forces were attacked here by federalist forces under Vicente Guerrero in 1828. Guerrero was victorious and Bravo fled into exile. In 1853, dictator Santa Anna imprisoned federalist Melchor Ocampo in

11346-662: The popular cartoon La Familia Burrón . It is also home to the Huapalcalco archeological site, which was the forerunner to the Teotihuacan civilization. The name derives from the Nahuatl words “tule” and “tzintle” which mean “in or behind the reeds.” This is confirmed by its Aztec glyph . The area is home to some of the oldest settlements in Latin America in Huapalcalco and El Pedregal. These first settlements have been attributed to

11468-452: The seat of the diocese or see of Tulancingo, gaining cathedral status. In 2007, Tulancingo became an archdiocese with the seat remaining here. This archdiocese is subject to the archdiocese of Mexico and covers a territory of 8,000 square miles (21,000 km ), or almost the entire state of Hidalgo and a few parishes in Veracruz . The bishop lives in the old cloister complex. The cathedral

11590-463: The sector. The British introduced steam-powered machinery and other modern techniques as well as a large quantity of Cornish miners . Many of these Cornish miners stayed and English names and foods such as pasties (called “ pastes ” in Spanish) help define the state, especially in the Pachuca and Real del Monte areas. These Englishmen were forced to sell their interest to Mexican capitalists in 1849, and

11712-514: The state had a new constitution. In 1920, the first airmail flight took place with a biplane piloted by Horacio Ruiz Gaviño taking off from Pachuca and landing in Mexico City 53 minutes later carrying 543 letters, 61 postcards and other items. The war left the mining industry in ruins again and the desertion of same by the American companies. Modernization of the nearly destroyed infrastructure began in

11834-612: The state have managed to maintain a relatively strong independent cultural identity since the Conquest. These ethnic groups include the Nahua , the Otomis and the Tepehuas , each still speaking their own language. The largest group is the Otomi, which has over 250,000 speakers in the state. The total number of people who speak an indigenous language of any kind was estimated at 320,029 in 2005. According to

11956-425: The state is Nicandro Castillo , who wrote mostly popular music in the mid-20th century. As part of a performing group called Los Plateados, his work became part of a number of Mexican films, including Cuando habla el corazón , Seda, sangre y sol and Así se quiere en Jalisco . Other important musicians from the state include Abundio Martínez and Demetrio Vite Hernández . The best known celebrity and artist from

12078-509: The state is Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta, better known as El Santo . Born in Tulancingo in 1917, not only was he Mexico's best known lucha libre wrestler, he experienced success in the movies, playing his lucha libre character battling evil. He never took off his mask in public, until a few weeks before his death in 1984. Day of the Dead in the state is referred to as the "Xantolo" which extends from October 31 to November 2. Like in other parts of Mexico,

12200-490: The state is very rugged. At its lowest point it is only a few meters above sea level, and at its highest it is over 3,300 meters above sea level. The state is divided into three geographical regions: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Sierra Madre Oriental (mountain ranges), and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , which contains the highest peaks. Each of these regions is distinct from the rest. The Sierra Alta region

12322-425: The state of Hidalgo. President Benito Juárez could not hold Tulancingo and French troops entered in 1863. French emperor Maximilian I would use the same house in this city that Iturbide used before. This emperor divided the country into fifty departments, making Tulancingo the head of one of them. In 1863, Tulancingo made the city the head of a see , under the archbishopric of Mexico City, despite desires to have

12444-399: The state shares with most of the rest of Mexico such as tacos, tamales , moles and a specialty of central Mexico, mixiote . Another common central Mexican dish popular in the state is barbacoa . This dish has its origins in the pre-Hispanic period, when it was meat cooked in an underground pit. Today, it is most often cooked in pots in more conventional ovens, but the meat, today mostly pork,

12566-482: The state until the Porfirio Díaz period, the economy, especially the mining sector was erratic. In the late 1880s, a number of modern inventions, such as the telegraph , telephone and railroad helped the Hidalgo economy. It also brought in another wave of foreign investment in the mining industry. By the mid-1900s, much of the mining production in Pachuca and Real del Monte was controlled by U.S. based interests such as

12688-456: The state was seized in 1915 by Agustin Sangins, who declared himself in favor of Victoriano Huerta , prompting opponents to take up arms in the Huasteca area, Jacala and Tulancingo. Victory initially went to those in support of Huerta. When Huerta's government fell, the state had a chaotic succession of governors, each of whom supported different factions. When the war finally wound down by 1920,

12810-842: The state with a large number of people under the age of thirty. The mining sector has also been responsible for immigration to the state, most notably that of the Cornish in the 19th century in the Pachuca and Real de Monte areas. While most descendants of these Cornish immigrants now are monolingual Spanish speakers, many have retained the Protestant faith. The Cornish have influenced the cuisine here as well, with one of Hidalgo's signature dishes being “pastes” (pa-stays) , which are Cornish dough pockets filled with Mexican style meat, vegetable and sweet fillings. Over 70% identify themselves as Catholic with significant minorities as Protestant or Evangelical. Another significant minority are those who practice

12932-447: The state's 176 former haciendas which were constructed between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Most were devoted to mining or the making of pulque . Many contain the original buildings, including the main residences as well as tours. Many of these are in rural municipalities, which conserve old traditions. In the Apan area, most of the old haciendas were devoted to the making of pulque, which

13054-512: The state's border with Querétaro . This river flows into the Pánuco River in San Luis Potosí . The Amajac begins in the Sierra de Pachuca and flows southeast. The Metztitlan River begins at the state's border with Puebla state and eventually flows into Metztitlan Lake. Principal lakes in the state are the Metztitlán , Zupitlan or Tulancingo, San Antonio, Pueblilla and Carrillos. The state also has

13176-717: The state's indigenous (especially Otomi ) culinary heritage based a number of traditional native animal and vegetable products. One of these is the use of a number of edible insects , many of which are considered delicacies such as escamoles (ant eggs) and maguey larvae as well as others such as larvae found on nopal plants, “chacas” (beetles) and “chicharras” ( cicadas ). Other local animals still used for food include tadpoles (called atepocates), salamanders and their larvae, squirrels and rabbits. Plant species still commonly used include mesquite beans, nopal and other cactus, and various cactus fruit such as “tunas” (cactus pears) and “ xoconostle .” These are often prepared in dishes that

13298-470: The state. The second region averages about 800 meters above sea level and is more temperate in climate. The coldest climates at the highest areas are the most populated and average about 2,000 meters above sea level. Major elevations in the state include Cerro la Peñuela (3,350 masl), Cerro el Jihuingo (3,240masl), Cerro la Paila (3,200 masl), Cerro las Navajas (3,180 masl), Cerro el Agual Azul (3,040 masl) and Cerro la Estancia (3,020 masl). In addition to

13420-399: The temperature is moderated by cooler winds and clouds. Cold climates dominate the highest altitudes where freezing temperatures at night are not uncommon. Rainfall varies widely from as low as 250mm per year to as high as 2,800mm per year. The main indicator of climate type is altitude. The north of the state has the lowest elevation and the hottest climate. It is also the smallest region of

13542-725: The textile industry here suffered but came back after the war was over led by the La Esperanza and Santiago Textil factories, and with about 21% of the wool fabric of the country produced here. The textile industry continued to develop with the production of dairy products becoming important as well. Other industry includes food processing, bottling, tobacco products, textiles, leather goods, wood and paper products, printing, chemicals, plastics and more. The three most important as far as employment are food processing, tobacco and textiles. Handcraft production centers mostly on pottery, making everyday items such as jars, cups and plates. Another craft

13664-515: The three main geographic/climate regions, the state subdivides into a number of sub-regions. Sub-regions include the La Huasteca area. This extends like a green sash across part of the state, and altitude does not exceed 800 masl. It is mostly located near the Gulf Coast and receives a significant amount of rainfall from this body of water. Most plants are either of arid and desert habitats , or of

13786-518: The throne of Mexico, who visited Pachuca in 1865. Soon thereafter, insurgent activity against the French government intensified and after Maximilian was overthrown, the new republican government decided to make this military district the state of Hidalgo in 1869. The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , the first leader of the Mexican Independence movement. From the establishment of

13908-529: The top there is a restaurant, playground, sports facilities and more. Industrial development has made the city a gateway to the Sierra Poblana and the Mexico's northern Gulf coast. Despite the city's long history, almost no early colonial structures still survive. It has its own Zona Metropolitana defined, containing 3 municipios, 204,708 people in the 2005 census up from 193,638 in 2000, covering some 674 square kilometers. The city centers on its cathedral and

14030-515: The tribute items collected by the Aztecs. Textile production continued into the colonial period, especially to mining communities in the Real del Monte and Pachuca areas. Sometime during this period, the fabric produced switched to mostly wool. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the textile industry here and in the rest of Mexico was modernized and the first train station was opened to ship products. The Mexican Revolution disrupted train service and

14152-438: The widest varieties of wild birds including eagles, hummingbirds , and wild turkeys. Reptiles include a wide variety of snakes, and mammals include coyotes, bobcats, wild boar, spotted deer, and rabbits. Tropical crops raised here include sugar cane , coconuts, pineapple, bananas, mamey , and tamarind . Traditionally, Hidalgo's economy has been based on mining and agriculture, with manufacturing more recently. Most industry

14274-421: Was caused by heavy and prolonged rainfall which affected several states in the region. Over 500 houses were abandoned in the city at the height of the disaster. Hurricane Dean caused flooding damage again in 2007, when in less than 12 hours of rain, eighteen colonias were underwater with water pouring off mountainsides. Many houses were completely destroyed and a number flooded by sewerage. Those here were among

14396-559: Was constructed in 1527 by Friar Juan de Padilla. It is located in the old Zapotlán neighborhood, one block from the San Miguel Municipal Cemetery. It is one of the few buildings left from when the Franciscans founded the Spanish settlement, and is considered to be the oldest chapel in the region. The Iglesia de los Angeles or Church of the Angels is dedicated to an image of the Virgin Mary called

14518-510: Was first excavated in the 1950s by Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH). Carbon dating has placed objects as far back as 1,100 BCE. In the 7th century, a ruler by the name of Quetzalcoatl ruled here until he left to found Teotihuacan. While the remains of this site do not look impressive, they are the forerunners of the Teotihuacan civilization. The center of the site is a five-level pyramid measuring twelve meters at its base and

14640-481: Was refounded by these people and the remaining Toltecs. The population increased with the arrival of the Tlaxcaltecas . In 1324, a king named Quinantzin , reorganized the area politically, making Tulancingo the head of a province. Tulancingo marched against Texcoco , but was defeated. In the early 15th century, this same Texcoco, under Huitzilihuit , conquered Tulancingo, putting it within the Aztec Empire . In 1431,

14762-475: Was split with the remaining portion becoming the modern State of Mexico . What is now Hidalgo was originally the districts of Tula, Tulancingo and Huejutla of the former entity. The state of Hidalgo would not be formally created until the 1860s. The economic consequences to the mines of Pachuca and Real del Monte during the War of Independence were ruinous. In 1824, British mining companies were brought in to revive

14884-430: Was supported by the populace. When Iturbide was dethroned, he withdrew from Mexico City to Tulancingo on his way to Veracruz and into exile. Under the 1824 Constitution , Tulancingo was head of a district of the then enormous State of Mexico , which today are the states of Mexico, Hidalgo, Morelos and Guerrero . The Tulancingo district included the areas around Apan , Otumba , Pachuca , and Zempoala . Despite

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