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28-453: Panjgur ( Balochi : پنجگور دمگ , Urdu : ضلع پنجگور ) is a district in the western part of Balochistan province of Pakistan . Panjgur was one of three tehsils of Makran District until 1 July 1977, when the district became a part of Makran Division . The other two districts of Makran Division are Kech (Turbat) and Gwadar . Chitkan is the district headquarter. Panjgur has sixteen (16) Union Councils. Panjgur (literally: Five Graves)

56-675: A Caspian language with Parthian influences, but the topic lacks sufficient research. Parthian was a Western Middle Iranian language . Language contact made it share some features of Eastern Iranian languages , the influence of which is attested primarily in loanwords . Some traces of Eastern influence survive in Parthian loanwords in Armenian. Parthian loanwords appear in everyday Armenian vocabulary; nouns, adjectives, adverbs, denominative verbs, and administrative and religious lexicons. Taxonomically, Parthian, an Indo-European language , belongs to

84-495: A physician from the land of Babylon." [Fragment missing in which Mani seems to describe his miraculous healing of the Shah's handmaiden] and in ⟨her⟩ whole body the handmaiden became healthy ⟨again⟩. In great joy ⟨she⟩ said to me: "From where are you, my lord and saviour?" Although Parthian was quite similar to Middle Persian in many aspects, clear differences in lexical, morphological and phonological forms can still be observed. In

112-531: A professional setting and by educated folk. The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000). a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs) In 1933, the Soviet Union adopted a Latin-based alphabet for Balochi as follows: The alphabet

140-521: Is subject–object–verb . Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features split ergativity . The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique and the verb agrees with the object . Balochi, like many Western Iranian languages, has lost the Old Iranian gender distinctions. Much of the Balochi number system

168-731: Is a Northwestern Iranian language , spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan , Iran and Afghanistan . In addition, there are speakers in Oman , the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , Turkmenistan , East Africa and in diaspora communities in other parts of the world. The total number of speakers, according to Ethnologue , is 8.8 million. Of these, 6.28 million are in Pakistan. According to Brian Spooner , Literacy for most Baloch-speakers

196-481: Is home to several archaeological sites, including centuries-old tombs, an old dam called Band-e-Gillar, remnants of a fort at Khudabadan (the historical fort of Nawab Kharan) and some remnants of the old port of Issai. The seasonal Rakshan River flows right in the middle of Panjgur, dividing it into two parts, the northern and southern Panjgur. In Iranian languages , "panj" means "five" and "gor" means "graves". There are five popular graves in this district, which give it

224-588: Is identical to Persian . According to Mansel Longworth Dames , Balochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows: Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century, and the Persian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary. However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts. British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script. Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted

252-585: Is not in Balochi, but in Urdu in Pakistan and Persian in Afghanistan and Iran. Even now very few Baloch read Balochi, in any of the countries, even though the alphabet in which it is printed is essentially identical to Persian and Urdu. Balochi belongs to the Western Iranian subgroup, and its original homeland is suggested to be around the central Caspian region. Balochi is an Indo-European language , spoken by

280-424: Is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ] and [wʱ] . Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, [f θ x] and for voiced stops [β ð ɣ] . /n l/ are also dentalized as [n̪ l̪] . Difference between a question and a statement is marked with the tone, when there is no question word. Rising tone marks

308-454: Is still used very frequently. آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے The Balochi Standard Alphabet , standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters. It is an extension of the Perso-Arabic script and borrows a few glyphs from Urdu . It is also sometimes referred to as Balo-Rabi or Balòrabi. Today, it is the preferred script to use in

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336-498: Is still written in a modified Arabic script based on Persian . In 2002, a conference was held to help standardize the script that would be used for Balochi. The following alphabet was used by Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi in his lexicon of Balochi Sayad Ganj ( سید گنج ) (lit. Sayad's Treasure ). Until the creation of the Balochi Standard Alphabet , it was by far the most widely used alphabet for writing Balochi, and

364-553: Is used to denote nasalization of the preceding vowel . In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi. In Eastern Balochi, it

392-576: The Baloch and belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family. As an Iranian language , it is classified in the Northwestern group . Glottolog classifies four different varieties, namely Koroshi , Southern Balochi and Western Balochi (grouped under a "Southern-Western Balochi" branch), and Eastern Balochi, all under the "Balochic" group. ISO 639-3 groups Southern, Eastern, and Western Baloch under

420-700: The Persian alphabet . The first collection of poetry in Balochi, Gulbang by Mir Gul Khan Nasir was published in 1951 and incorporated the Arabic Script . It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi

448-599: The Balochi macrolanguage, keeping Koroshi separate. Balochi, somehow near similarity with the Parthian and on the other hand, it has near kinship to the Avestan . There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and the dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes. The dialectal differences are not very significant. One difference is that grammatical terminations in

476-814: The Northwestern Iranian language group while Middle Persian belongs to the Southwestern Iranian language group. The Parthian language was rendered using the Pahlavi writing system , which had two essential characteristics. Firstly, its script derived from Aramaic , the script (and language) of the Achaemenid chancellery ( Imperial Aramaic ). Secondly, it had a high incidence of Aramaic words, which are rendered as ideograms or logograms ; they were written as Aramaic words but pronounced as Parthian ones (See Arsacid Pahlavi for details). The Parthian language

504-458: The Parthian language. Those Manichaean manuscripts contain no ideograms. Attestations of the Parthian language include: This sample of Parthian literature is taken from a Manichaean text fragment: Šāh wāxt ku: Až ku ay? – Man wāxt ku: Bizišk hēm až Bābel zamīg. [...] ud pad hamāg tanbār hō kanīžag društ būd. Pad wuzurg šādīft ō man wāxt ku: Až ku ay tū, man baγ ud anžīwag? Plural)!" The Shah said: "From where are you?" I said: "I am

532-517: The long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ẽː/ and /ãː/ . In addition to these eight vowels, Balochi has two vowel glides, that is /aw/ and /ay/. The following table shows consonants which are common to both Western (Northern) and Southern Balochi. The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as alveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects. The symbol ń

560-431: The name Panjgur or Panjgor. The district is administratively subdivided into following tehsils which contain a total of 16 Union Councils : (km²) (2023) (ppl/km²) (2023) (2023) According to 2023 census, the district had a population of 509,781. In the 2023 census, 4,079 (0.8%) people in the district were from religious minorities, mainly Christians. Balochi was the predominant language, spoken by 99.63% of

588-672: The northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes. An isolated dialect is Koroshi , which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the Fars province . Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties. The Balochi Academy Sarbaz has designed a standard alphabet for Balochi. The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long and three short . These are /aː/ , /eː/ , /iː/ , /oː/ , /uː/ , /a/ , /i/ and /u/ . The short vowels have more centralized phonetic quality than

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616-513: The population. Panjgur Airport (IATA: PJG, ICAO: OPPG) is a domestic airport. Its short runway stretches only 1524 meters. PIA started flights to Sharjah in 2013, but these have been suspended by PIA. People in Panjgur normally travel by buses to bigger cities like Quetta and Karachi. 26°40′N 64°15′E  /  26.667°N 64.250°E  / 26.667; 64.250 Balochi language Balochi ( بلۏچی , romanized: Balòci )

644-458: The question and falling tone the statement. Statements and questions with a question word are characterized by falling intonation at the end of the sentence. Questions without a question word are characterized by rising intonation at the end of the sentence. Both coordinate and subordinate clauses that precede the final clause in the sentence have rising intonation. The final clause in the sentence has falling intonation. The normal word order

672-461: The script fell out of use. Parthian language Parthian had a significant impact on Armenian , a large part of whose vocabulary was formed primarily from borrowings from Parthian, and had a derivational morphology and syntax that was also affected by language contact but to a lesser extent. Many ancient Parthian words were preserved and now survive only in Armenian. The Semnani or Komisenian languages may descend from Parthian directly or be

700-461: The text above, the following forms can be noticed: Other prominent differences, not found in the text above, include the personal pronoun ⟨az⟩, I , instead of ⟨an⟩ and the present tense root of the verb ⟨kardan⟩, to do , ⟨kar-⟩ instead of Middle Persian ⟨kun-⟩. Also, the Middle Persian linking particle and relative pronoun ⟨ī(g)⟩ was not present in Parthian, but the relative pronoun ⟨čē⟩, what ,

728-488: Was the language of the old Satrapy of Parthia and was used in the Arsacids courts. The main sources for Parthian are the few remaining inscriptions from Nisa and Hecatompylos , Manichaean texts, Sasanian multilingual inscriptions and remains of Parthian literature in the succeeding Middle Persian . The later Manichaean texts, composed shortly after the demise of the Parthian power, play an important role for reconstructing

756-514: Was used for several texts, including children's books, newspapers, and ideological works. In 1938, however, the official use of Balochi was discontinued. In 1989, Mammad Sherdil, a teacher from the Turkmen SSR , approached Balochi language researcher Sergei Axenov with the idea of creating a Cyrillic -based alphabet for Balochi. Before this, the Cyrillic script was already used for writing Balochi and

784-399: Was used in several publications but the alphabet was not standardized. In 1990, the alphabet was finished. It included the following letters: The project was approved with some minor changes ( қ , ꝑ , and ы were removed due to the rarity of those sounds in Balochi, and о̄ was added). From 1992 to 1993, several primary school textbooks were printed in this script. In the early 2000s,

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