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70-686: The first and the most important takht was established by Guru Hargobind in 1609: Akal Takht (the Throne of the Timeless God), located just opposite the gate of Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple) , in Amritsar. While the Harmandir Sahib, or Golden Temple, represents Sikh spiritual guidance, the Akal Takht symbolizes the dispensing of justice and temporal activity. It is the highest seat of temporal authority of

140-615: A battle against the Mughals at Rohilla . The battle was in response to the militarisation of the Sikhs. The Mughals who were led by Governor Abdul Khan were defeated by the Sikhs. During the reign of Jahangir's son and successor Shah Jahan that started in 1627, relations became bitter again. Shah Jahan was intolerant. He destroyed the Sikh stepwell at Lahore . In 1628, Shah Jahan's hunting party plundered some of Guru Hargobind's property, which triggered

210-454: A debate in the Sikh community, and among historians and scholars. Shiromani Akali Dal (Delhi) president and former president of Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (DSMGC) Paramjit Singh Sarna has stirred a controversy by demanding that Gurdwara Janamasthan Nankana Sahib in Pakistan be declared the sixth takht (seat of authority) of Sikhs. Acting jathedar of Akal Takht, Giani Harpreet Singh

280-623: A man of authority with a large number of followers. (In fact) several thousand persons used to accompany him as he moved from place to place. His contemporary Hafiz Adam, a faqir belonging to the group of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi's followers, had also come to have a large number of murids and followers. Both these men (Guru Tegh Bahadur and Hafiz Adam) used to move about in Punjab, adopting a habit of coercion and extortion. Tegh Bahadur used to collect money from Hindus and Hafiz Adam from Muslims. The royal waqia navis (news reporter and intelligence agent) wrote to

350-497: A military organizer, invoked both political and Islamic justifications for the execution. Guru Tegh Bahadur composed 116 hymns in 15 ragas (musical measures), and these were included in the Guru Granth Sahib (pages 219–1427) by his son, Guru Gobind Singh. They cover a wide range of spiritual topics, including human attachments, the body, the mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death, and deliverance. Guru Tegh Bahadur built

420-756: A number of community water wells and langars (community kitchens for the poor). Tegh Bahadur visited the towns of Mathura, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi. His son, Guru Gobind Singh , who would be the tenth Sikh guru, was born in Patna in 1666 while he was away in Dhubri , Assam, where the Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib now stands. There he helped end the war between Raja Ram Singh of Bengal and Raja Chakardwaj of Ahom state (later Assam). After his visit to Assam, Bengal, and Bihar, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Rani Champa of Bilaspur , who offered to give

490-418: A result revealing its dangerous contents. The Brahmin then died of abdominal afflictions. Guru Hargobind studied religious texts with Bhai Gurdas and was trained in swordsmanship and archery by Baba Budda . He was also instructed on various languages, religious philosophy, astronomy, medicine, horse-riding, and administration. Hargobind spent a good deal of his early years engrossed in hymns being sung at

560-576: A revered location of Sikh spirituality and heritage that embodies the teachings and legacy of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.Guru Gobind Singh Ji's treasures and the Guru Granth Sahib are housed in its sanctuary, Sachkhand. According to the Budha Dal organization of Nihangs , the Budha Dal is the fifth takht. A proposal for a sixth Sikh takht at Guru Nanak Dev’s birth place in Nankana Sahib in Pakistan has sparked

630-599: Is a prime example of the architecture, which combines Rajput and Sikh architectural elements. The Hola Mohalla festival and Gurpurabs are two of the many occasions and celebrations that are enthusiastically observed throughout the year. Under the management of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), the Takht welcomes pilgrims from all over the world who come to honor, circumambulate, and take part in prayers and rituals, maintaining its status as

700-614: Is anachronistic. Chandra further writes that Ghulam Husain's account places Guru Tegh Bahadur's confinement and execution in Lahore, while Sikh tradition places it in Delhi, and Chandra finds no reason to reject said tradition. The Sikh sakhis (traditional accounts) written during the eighteenth century indirectly support the narrative in the Persian sources, saying that "the Guru was in violent opposition to

770-526: Is built where one of Guru Tegh Bahadur's disciples burned his house down to cremate the Guru's body. Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib in Punjab marks the site where, in November 1675, the head of the martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated after being brought there by Bhai Jaita (renamed Bhai Jiwan Singh according to Sikh rites ) in defiance of the Mughal authority of Aurangzeb. The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur hardened

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840-485: Is said to have grabbed the snake in his hand by its head and squeezed it until it died. A third attempt on his life was by a Brahmin directed again by Prithi Chand and his wife, the Brahmin planned to blend poison with curd and feed the child Hargobind with it but when he attempted to do so, Hargobind knocked the curd out of the Brahmin's grasp and it fell onto the floor, where a dog - named Pista; then ate some of it and died as

910-456: Is situated in Patna city which is also the capital of Bihar state. Guru Gobind Singh was born here in 1666 and He spent His early childhood here before moving to Sri Anandpur Sahib. Besides being the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh, Patna was also visited by Guru Nanak and Guru Tegh Bahadur at different points of time. Here also stayed Guru Gobind Singh's mother, Mata Gujri and it was house of Salis Rai Johri. Takht Sri Hazur Sahib , one of

980-497: Is the main text of Sikhism. Tegh Bahadur was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb , the sixth Mughal emperor, in Delhi , India. Sikh holy premises Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of Guru Tegh Bahadur. His day of martyrdom ( Shaheedi Divas ) is commemorated in India every year on 24 November. Guru Tegh Bahadur

1050-535: Is unclear why he was released. Scholars suggest that Jahangir had more or less reverted to tolerant policies of Akbar by about 1611 after he felt secure about his throne, and the Sunnis and Naqshbandi court officials at the Mughal court had fallen out of his favour. Another theory states that Jahangir discovered the circumstances and felt that Guru Hargobind was harmless, so he ordered his release. According to Surjit Singh Gandhi, 52 rajas (kings) who were imprisoned in

1120-669: The Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar, Hargobind constructed the Akal Takht ( the throne of the timeless one ). The Akal Takht represents the highest seat of earthly authority of the Khalsa (the collective body of the Sikhs) today. Guru Hargobind was born in Gurū kī Waḍālī , on 19th June of 1595, in a Sodhi Khatri Family in a village 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of Amritsar, the only son of Guru Arjan ,

1190-498: The 18th century while Sikhs were fighting a guerrilla war in the forests they used to gather at the Akal Takht on special occasions such as Vaisakhi . Here the community used to have general meetings and approve resolutions. The Akal Takht is the oldest of the Five Takhats. Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib is incredibly significant historically since it is the home of the Khalsa , a Sikh community of initiated individuals. The Khalsa Panth

1260-483: The Emperor Alamgir [Aurangzeb]... of their manner of activity, adding that if their authority increased they could become even refractory. Chandra cautions against taking Ghulam Husain's argument at face value, as Ghulam Husain was a relative of Alivardi Khan — one of the closest confidantes of Aurangzeb — and might have been providing an "official justification". Also, the Guru's alleged association with Hafiz Adam

1330-772: The Guru a piece of land in her state. The Guru bought the site for 500 rupees . There, he founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the foothills of the Himalayas. In 1672, Tegh Bahadur traveled in and around the Malwa region to meet the masses as the persecution of non-Muslims reached new heights. Many scholars identify the traditional Sikh narrative as follows: A congregation of Hindu Pandits from Kashmir requested help against Aurangzeb's oppressive policies, and Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to protect their rights. According to Trilochan Singh in Guru Tegh Bahadur: Prophet and Martyr ,

1400-544: The Guru gained thousands of followers of soldiers and horsemen during his travels between 1672 and 1673 in southern Punjab, essentially having a nomadic army, and provided shelter to rebels who were resistant to Mughal representatives. Aurangzeb was warned about such activity as a cause of concern that could possibly lead to insurrection or rebellion and to eliminate the threat of the Guru at the earliest opportunity. Chandra writes that in contrast to this dominating theme in Sikh literature, some pre-modern Sikh accounts had laid

1470-466: The Guru was a bandit whose plunder and rapine of Punjab along with his rebellious activities precipitated his execution. According to Chandra, the earliest Persian source to chronicle his execution is Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin by Ghulam Husain Khan c. 1782, where Tegh Bahadur's (alleged) oppression of subjects is held to have incurred Aurangzeb's wrath: Tegh Bahadur, the eighth successor of (Guru) Nanak became

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1540-405: The Guru's execution: In this dark age, Tegh Bahadur performed a great act of chivalry ( saka ) for the sake of the frontal mark and sacred thread. He offered all he had for the holy. He gave up his head, but did not utter a sigh. He suffered martyrdom for the sake of religion. He laid down his head, but not his honor. Real men of God do not perform tricks like showmen. Having broken the pitcher on

1610-507: The Guru. The pattern was repeated when Guru Har Rai chose his second son as his successor instead of his eldest son. According to Sikh tradition based on an old Punjabi manuscript Panjah Sakhian, Samarth Ramdas met Guru Hargobind at Srinagar in the Garhval hills. The meeting, corroborated in a Marathi source, Ramdas's Bakhar, by Hanumant Swami, written in 1793, probably took place in the early 1630s during Samarth Ramdas's pilgrimage travels in

1680-530: The Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar. On 25 May 1606, guru Arjan Dev Ji, five days before his own death, selected his son Hargobind as his successor and instructed his son to start a military tradition to protect the Sikh people and always keep himself surrounded by armed Sikhs for protection. Shortly afterwards, Arjan was arrested and tortured. The Mughal Emperor Jahangir, ordered the Guru Ji's execution. The Guru ji could not be killed.I Guru Arjan Dev Ji walked into

1750-516: The Islamic persecution, fighting four wars against Shah Jahan's armies. His attempts to transform the Sikh community brought him in conflict with the Mughal authority. Along with the execution of Guru Arjan Dev by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Hargobind from the very start was a dedicated enemy of the Mughal rule. He advised Sikhs to arm and fight the Mughals. The death of his father at

1820-631: The Khalsa and the seat of the Sikh religion's earthly authority. There, the Guru held his court and decided matters of military strategy and political policy. Later on, the Sikh Nation (Sarbat Khalsa) took decisions here on matters of peace and war and settled disputes between the various Sikh groups. In December 2010, the Deccan Odyssey train, taken on charter from the Government of Maharashtra , started with

1890-548: The Khalsa. Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib is located near the cradle of the Khalsa and has witnessed several important Sikh historical events. During the reign of Guru Gobind Singh, it functioned as a hub for both martial and spiritual pursuits. There are numerous historically and religiously significant buildings inside the Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib complex. Along with additional structures honoring different facets of Sikh religious and cultural practices, this comprises

1960-928: The Mughals. Tegh Bahadur was brought up in the Sikh culture and trained in archery and horsemanship . He was also taught the old classics such as the Vedas , the Upanishads , and the Puranas . He was married on 3 February 1632 to Gujri . In the 1640s, nearing his death, Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki moved to his ancestral village of Bakala in Amritsar district , together with Tegh Bahadur and Gujri. After Hargobind's death, Tegh Bahadur continued to live in Bakala with his wife and mother. In March 1664, Guru Har Krishan contracted smallpox . When his followers asked who would lead them after him, he said, " Baba Bakala ", meaning his successor

2030-558: The Muslim rulers of the country" in response to the dogmatic policies implemented by Aurangzeb. Both Persian and Sikh sources agree that Guru Tegh Bahadur militarily opposed the Mughal state and was therefore targeted for execution in accordance with Aurangzeb's zeal for punishing enemies of the state. Bhimsen, a contemporary chronicler of Guru Gobind Singh, wrote (c.1708) that the successors of Guru Nanak maintained extravagant lifestyles, and some of them, including Tegh Bahadur, rebelled against

2100-688: The Pandits to seek out the ninth Sikh guru for assistance in their plight and hence a group was formed for carrying out the task. Guru Tegh Bahadur left from his base at Makhowal to confront the persecution of Kashmiri Pandits by Mughal officials but was arrested at Ropar and put to jail in Sirhind. Four months later, in November 1675, he was transferred to Delhi and asked to perform a miracle to prove his nearness to God or convert to Islam. The Guru declined, and three of his colleagues, who had been arrested with him, were tortured to death in front of him: Bhai Mati Das

2170-476: The River Ravi. Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He put on two swords: one indicated his spiritual authority ( pīrī ) and the other, his temporal authority ( mīrī ). He followed his martyred father's advice and always kept himself surrounded by armed Sikhs for protection. The number fifty-two was special in his life, and his retinue consisted of fifty-two armed men. He thus founded

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2240-461: The aim to have a journey across four Sikh takhts, with a flight by devout and sightseers to the fifth takht ( Takht Sri Patna Sahib ). A special train for the pilgrimage to the five takhts, named Panj Takht Special Train , began service on 16 February 2014. Akal Takhat Sahib means Eternal Throne. It is also part of the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar . Its foundation was laid by Guru Hargobind,

2310-497: The blame on an acrimonious succession dispute: Ram Rai, elder brother of Guru Har Krishan , was held to have instigated Aurangzeb against Tegh Bahadur by suggesting that he prove his spiritual greatness by performing miracles at the Court. Satish Chandra expresses doubt about the authenticity of these meta-narratives, centered on miracles — Aurangzeb was not a believer in them, according to Chandra. He further expresses doubt pertaining to

2380-412: The child Hargobind. However, the nurse placed poison around her nipple which was to harm Hargobind as he suckled her but the young boy refused to latch onto her and thus the nurse's plan failed and she became ill to the poison herself. The second poisoning plan involved a snake-charmer being sent by Prithi Chand and his wife to assassinate the young Hargobind by releasing a snake onto him but the young boy

2450-478: The city of Anandpur Sahib and was responsible for saving a faction of Kashmiri Pandits , who were being persecuted by the Mughals. After the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a number of Sikh gurudwaras were built in his and his associates' memory. The Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk , Delhi, was built over where he was beheaded. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib , also in Delhi,

2520-536: The convoy of Kashmiri Pandits who tearfully pleaded with the Guru at Anandpur were 500 in number and were led by a certain Pandit Kirpa Ram, who recounted tales of religious oppression under the governorship of Iftikhar Khan . The Kashmiri Pandits decided to meet with the Guru after they first sought the assistance of Shiva at the Amarnath shrine , where one of them is said to have had a dream where Shiva instructed

2590-511: The custom among Sikhs after the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armed bodyguards, but he otherwise lived an austere life. Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively in different parts of the Indian subcontinent , including Dhaka and Assam , to preach the teachings of Guru Nanak , the first Sikh guru. The places he visited and stayed in became sites of Sikh temples. During his travels, he started

2660-400: The fifth Sikh Guru. He suffered from smallpox as a child. According to Sikh hagiographies, Guru Hargobind survived two poisoning attempts by his uncle Prithi Chand and his wife, Karmo, as well as another attempt on his life, when a cobra was thrown at him by Prithi Chand. The first poisoning attempt involved Karmo dispatching her personal nurse to pretend to be interested in looking after

2730-515: The fine imposed on Guru Arjan had not been paid by the Sikhs and Hargobind. It is not clear as to how much time he spent as a prisoner. The year of his release appears to have been either 1611 or 1612, when Hargobind was about 16 years old. Persian records, such as Dabestan-e Mazaheb suggest he was kept in jail for twelve years, including over 1617–1619 in Gwalior, after which he and his camp were kept under Muslim army's surveillance by Jahangir. It

2800-493: The first armed conflict. Hargobind's army fought battles with the Mughal armies of Shah Jahan at Amritsar , Kartarpur and elsewhere. Hargobind defeated the Mughal troops near Amritsar in the Battle of Amritsar in 1634. A provincial detachment of Mughals again attacked the Guru, but the attackers were routed and their leaders slain. Guru Hargobind also led his armies against the provincial Mughal governors . The Guru anticipated

2870-611: The five Takhts in Sikhism, is well-known for its profound theological and historical significance and is situated in Nanded, Maharashtra state on the bank of river godavari., India. In Sikh history, it is significant since it was founded near the location where the 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji , gave his farewell speech and died in 1708. The Takht was constructed in the early 1800s by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The magnificent Hazur Sahib Gurudwara, with its white marble domes and elaborate artwork,

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2940-399: The fort as hostages for "millions of rupees" and for opposing the Mughal empire were dismayed as they were losing a spiritual mentor. Guru Hargobind requested the rajas to be freed along with him as well and stood surety for their loyal behavior. Jahangir ordered their release as well. Hargobind got a special gown stitched which had 52 hems . As Hargobind left the fort, the captive kings caught

3010-697: The guru, some authors and sources, such as Kesar Singh Chhibar and the Bhat Vahis , record his year of birth as being 1590. The animated Punjabi movie Dastaan-E-Miri Piri is about Guru Hargobind and his contribution to the Sikh faith and community. The life story and teachings of Guru Hargobind influenced the 2023 season theme and artwork of the Dallas Cowboys football team. Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Tegh Bahadur ( Punjabi : ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ ( Gurmukhi ) ; Punjabi pronunciation: [gʊɾuː t̯eːɣ bəɦaːd̯ʊɾᵊ] ; 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675)

3080-450: The hands of Jahangir prompted him to emphasize the military dimension of the Sikh community. He symbolically wore two swords, which represented miri piri . He founded the Akal Sena , the first Sikh army. He built a fort to defend Ramdaspur and created a formal court, Akal Takht . Jahangir responded by jailing the 14-year-old Guru Hargobind at Gwalior Fort in 1609, on the pretext that

3150-550: The head of the Emperor of Delhi, he departed to the world of God. No one has ever performed a deed like him. At his departure, the whole world mourned, while the heavens hailed it as a victory. More Sikh accounts of Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution, all claiming to be sourced from the "testimony of trustworthy Sikhs", only started emerging in around the late eighteenth century, and are thus, often conflicting, according to historian Satish Chandra . Persian and non Sikh sources maintain that

3220-454: The hems of the cloak and came out along with him. After his release, Guru Hargobind more discreetly strengthened the Sikh army and reconsolidated the Sikh community. His relations with Jahangir remained mostly friendly. He accompanied Jahangir to Kashmir and Rajputana and subdued Tara Chand of Nalagarh , who had continued for a long time in open rebellion and all efforts to subdue him had failed. During Jahangir's reign, Hargobind fought

3290-499: The main Gurdwara edifice, which houses the Takht. Some of Guru Gobind Singh's weapons are kept in Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib along with other relics and artifacts related to him. The sense of bravery and martial spirit that are essential to Sikh identity are recalled by these items. Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib is a major destination for Sikhs worldwide. Visiting the Takht allows devotees to honor

3360-490: The martyr's nine-year-old son, Gobind, who reacted slowly but deliberately by eventually organizing the Sikh group into a distinct, formal, symbol-patterned community". It inaugurated the Khalsa identity. In one of his poetic works, the classical Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah , referred to Guru Tegh Bahadur as " Ghazi ", an honorific title for a warrior. In India, 24 November is observed as Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day ( Shaheedi Diwas ). In certain parts of India, this day of

3430-404: The military tradition in the Sikh faith. Guru Hargobind Ji had three wives: Damodari, Nanaki, and Marvahi. He had children from three wives. Two of his eldest sons from the first wife died during his lifetime. Guru Tegh Bahadur , his son from Nanaki, became the ninth Sikh Guru. The Sodhis of Anandpur Sahib are the descendants of Baba Suraj Mal Sodhi, one of Guru Hargobind's sons. The Guru

3500-502: The narrative of the persecution of Hindus in Kashmir within Sikh accounts, remarking that no contemporary sources mentioned the persecution of Hindus there. Louis E. Fenech refuses to pass any judgement, in light of the paucity of primary sources; however, he notes that these Sikh accounts had coded martyrdom into the events, with an aim to elicit pride rather than trauma in readers. He further argues that Tegh Bahadur sacrificed himself for

3570-449: The ninth guru. He met each claimant he could find, making his obeisance and offering them two gold coins in the belief that the right guru would know of his silent promise to give them 500 coins. Every "guru" he met accepted the two gold coins and bid him farewell. Then he discovered that Tegh Bahadur also lived at Bakala. Makhan Shah gave Tegh Bahadur the usual offering of two gold coins. Tegh Bahadur blessed him and remarked that his offering

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3640-529: The north and Hargobind's journey to Nanakmata in the east. It is said that as they came face to face with each other, Hargobind had just returned from a hunting excursion. He was fully armed and rode a horse. "I had heard that you occupied the Gaddi of Guru Nanak", said the Maratha saint Ramdas, and asked what sort of sadhu was he. Hargobind replied, "Internally a hermit, and externally a prince. Arms mean protection to

3710-455: The poor and destruction of the tyrant. Guru Nanak had not renounced the world but had renounced Maya ". He nominated his grandson to succeed him as the seventh Guru Har Rai . He died in 1644 at Kiratpur Sahib , a town on the banks of the River Sutlej , and was cremated on the banks of the river, where now stands Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib. Whilst 1595 is the commonly accepted birth year of

3780-474: The resolve of Sikhs against Muslim rule and persecution. Pashaura Singh states that "if the martyrdom of Guru Arjan had helped bring the Sikh Panth together, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom helped to make the protection of human rights central to its Sikh identity". Wilfred Smith stated that "the attempt to forcibly convert the ninth Guru to an externalized, impersonal Islam clearly made an indelible impression on

3850-493: The return of a more significant Mughal force, so retreated into Shivalik Hills to strengthen his defenses and army, with a base in Kiratpur where he continued to stay till his death. Painde Khan was appointed the leader of the provincial troops by Shah Jahan and marched upon the Guru. Hargobind was attacked, but he won this battle as well. He also fought the Battle of Kartarpur . Chandu Shah , who had ordered Guru Arjan's death,

3920-498: The rich history and legacy of Sikhism, as well as to pay their respects and ask for blessings. Takht Sri Damdama Sahib ( Talwandi Sabo ) is situated in the village of Talwandi Sabo near Bathinda. Guru Gobind Singh stayed here for about a year and compiled the final edition of Guru Granth Sahib also known as the Damdama Sahib Bir in 1705. Damdama Sahib was proclaimed the fifth takht on November 18, 1966. Takht Sri Patna Sahib

3990-473: The sake of his own faith, saying that the janju and tilak mentioned in a passage in the Bachittar Natak refer to Tegh Bahadur's own sacred thread and frontal mark. Barbara Metcalf notes that Tegh Bahadur's familial ties to Dara Shikoh (Aurangzeb summoned both Guru Har Rai and later Guru Har Krishan to his court to account for their rumored support to Shikoh), along with his proselytization and being

4060-523: The sixth Sikh guru. The Akal Takhat is situated opposite to Harmandir Sahib and is connected by a passage. The building of the Akal Takht opposite the Golden Temple has a special meaning. While the Golden Temple stands for spiritual guidance the Akal Takhat symbolizes the dispensing of justice and temporal activity. In earlier days all Sikh warriors sought blessings here before going to battle fields. During

4130-523: The state: Tegh Bahadur proclaimed himself Padshah and acquired a large following, as a result, Aurangzeb had him executed. Muhammad Qasim's Ibratnama, written in 1723, claimed Tegh Bahadur's religious inclinations along with his life of splendor and conferral of sovereignty by his followers had him condemned and executed. Chronicler Sohan Lal Suri , the court historian of Ranjit Singh , in his magisterial Umdat ut Tawarikh (c. 1805) chose to reiterate Ghulam Husain Khan's argument at large: he states that

4200-568: The succession. The Mughal ruler gave land grants to Gurditta's eldest son Dhir Mal, living in Kartarpur, and attempted to encourage Sikhs to recognise Dhir Mal as the rightful successor to Hargobind. Dhir Mal issued statements in favour of the Mughal state and critical of his grandfather. Hargobind died at Kiratpur , Rupnagar , Punjab , on 28 February 1644. Before his death, he rejected his eldest grandson Dhir Mal's politics and nominated Guru Har Rai (Dhir Mal's younger brother) instead to succeed him as

4270-512: Was a martial artist ( shastarvidyā ); he encouraged people to maintain physical fitness and keep their bodies ready for physical combat. He had his own Darbar (court) . The arming and training of some of his devoted followers began. The Guru came to possess seven hundred horses and his Risaldari (cavalry) grew to three hundred horsemen and sixty musketeers. Guru Hargobind led the Sikh response against Mughal power after Guru Arjan's execution. He nominally accepted Shah Jahan 's authority but resisted

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4340-479: Was born Tyag Mal (Tīāg Mal) ( Punjabi : ਤਿਆਗ ਮਲ ) in Amritsar on 1 April 1621. He was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru. His family belonged to the Sodhi clan of Khatris . Hargobind had one daughter, Bibi Viro, and five sons: Baba Gurditta, Suraj Mal, Ani Rai, Atal Rai, and Tyag Mal. He gave Tyag Mal the name Tegh Bahadur (Brave Sword) after Tyag Mal showed valor in the Battle of Kartarpur against

4410-569: Was founded here on April 13, 1699, by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh . Every year, during the Vaisakhi festival, this event is remembered. The Khalsa were founded when Guru Gobind Singh gave the Panj Pyare, or the Five Beloved Ones, at Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib Amrit, or pure nectar. The finest principles of Sikhism, such as bravery, righteousness, and equality, were intended to be embodied by

4480-414: Was killed through torture by the Sikhs of Guru Hargobind: a thick iron ring was put around his nose and he was dragged on the floor until the man who tortured Arjan, and had since become a Sikh, poured hot sand on him from the same ladle used on Arjan. Guru Hargobind lost his eldest son Baba Gurditta in 1638. Shah Jahan attempted political means to undermine the Sikh tradition by dividing and influencing

4550-631: Was sawn in two, Bhai Dayal Das was thrown into a cauldron of boiling liquid, and Bhai Sati Das was cut into pieces. Thereafter on 11 November, Tegh Bahadur was publicly beheaded in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort. The primary nucleus of Sikh narratives remains the Bachittar Natak , a memoir of Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur's son, dated between late 1680s and late 1690s. Guru Tegh Bahadur's son and successor recalled

4620-416: Was short of the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah made good the difference and ran upstairs. He began shouting from the rooftop, " Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re ", meaning "I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru". In August 1664, a Sikh congregation led by Diwan Dargha Mal, son of a well-known devotee of Har Krishan, arrived in Bakala and appointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs. As had been

4690-510: Was the first to censure the demand, saying: “This is a baseless demand which belittles the concept of Panch Pardhani (significance of five) in Sikhism like five articles of faith, five beloved ones (Panj Payaras) and five Bania.” The proposal was ignored afterwards. Official Website - HOLY TAKHATS Guru Hargobind Fighting the following battles: Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿਗੋਬਿੰਦ, pronunciation: [gʊɾuː ɦəɾᵊgoːbɪn̯d̯ᵊ] l 19 June 1595 – 28 February 1644)

4760-448: Was the ninth of ten gurus who founded the Sikh religion and was the leader of Sikhs from 1665 until his beheading in 1675. He was born in Amritsar , Punjab , India in 1621 and was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind , the sixth Sikh guru. Considered a principled and fearless warrior, he was a learned spiritual scholar and a poet whose 115 hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib , which

4830-534: Was the sixth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion . He had become Guru at the young age of eleven, after the execution of his father, Guru Arjan , by the Mughal emperor Jahangir . Guru Hargobind introduced the process of militarization to Sikhism , likely as a response to his father's execution and to protect the Sikh community. He symbolized it by wearing two swords, representing the dual concept of mīrī and pīrī (temporal power and spiritual authority). In front of

4900-512: Was to be found in Bakala. Taking advantage of the ambiguity in the words of the dying guru, many installed themselves in Bakala, claiming to be the new guru. Sikhs were puzzled to see so many claimants. Sikh tradition has a legend about how Tegh Bahadur was selected as the ninth guru. A wealthy trader named Makhan Shah Labana had vowed to give 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru upon escaping a shipwreck some time ago, and he came to Bakala in search of

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