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66-862: The Panche were inhabiting the lower altitude southwestern areas of the Cundinamarca department, close to the Magdalena River. Their northern neighbours were the Muzo in the northeast and the Pantágora in the northwest, in the east the Muisca , in the southeast the Sutagao and to the south and southwest the Pijao . The northern limits were defined by the Río Negro and the Guarinó River and

132-646: A major festival where ritual offerings were made. It was the only day of the year when the zaque showed his face, as he was considered a descendant of the Sun god. The Muisca mythology is well documented. Many of the writers who contributed to the Chronicles of the West Indies were based in Bogotá. They recorded many of the myths as they were interested in the traditions and culture of the conquered people. The Muisca territory became

198-414: A people of healthy warriors with relatively short lifespans. Their health is attributed to the fact they were vegetarian , although other sources state they performed cannibalism. The living spaces were always constructed in the vicinity of waterfalls or springs. The hotter climate of the lower terrain made them sweat and they bathed often. Many Muzo children were born covered with bristle hair, which made

264-426: A permanent threat as rivals of the zaque of Hunza , especially for the possession of the salt mines of Zipaquirá , Nemocón and Tausa . The Muisca people were organized in a confederation that was a loose union of states that each retained sovereignty. The confederation was not a kingdom, as there was no absolute monarch, nor was it an empire , because it did not dominate other ethnic groups or peoples. It

330-499: A popular sport of Colombia. Also important were matches of wrestling . The winner received a finely woven cotton blanket from the chief and was qualified as a guecha warrior . Muisca priests were educated from childhood and led the main religious ceremonies. Only the priests could enter the temples. Besides the religious activities, the priests had much influence in the lives of the people, giving counsel in matters of farming or war. The religion originally included human sacrifice , but

396-513: A territory roughly covering modern southern and northeastern Boyacá and southern Santander ; the psihipqua , centered in Muyquytá and encompassing most of modern Cundinamarca , the western Llanos ; and the iraca , religious ruler of Suamox and modern northeastern Boyacá and southwestern Santander. The territory of the Muisca spanned an area of around 25,000 km (9,700 sq mi) from

462-684: Is hard to compare the Muisca Confederation with other American civilizations, such as the Aztec or the Inca empires as it was more similar to a confederation of states, such as the Achaean League . The Muisca Confederation was one of the biggest and best-organized confederations of tribes on the South American continent. Every tribe within the confederation was ruled by a chief or a cacique . Most of

528-574: Is mainly derived from mythological contexts, but thanks to the Chronicles of the West Indies we do have descriptions of the final period of Muisca history, prior to Spanish arrival. Excavations in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments) show evidence of human activity since the Archaic stage at the beginning of the Holocene era. Colombia has one of

594-462: The zipa , had its capital at Bacatá (now Bogotá ). This southern polity included the majority of the Muisca population and held greater economic power. The northern territory was ruled by the zaque , and had its capital in Hunza, known today as Tunja . Although both areas had common political relations and affinities and belonged to the same tribal nation, there were still rivalries between them. Among

660-788: The Andes of the north of South America . Their political and administrative organization enabled them to form a compact cultural unity with great discipline. In Spanish, it is called cultura muisca The contributions of the Muisca culture to the Colombian national identity have been many. Pre-Columbian Muisca patterns appear in various seals of modern municipalities located on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , for instance Sopó and Guatavita , Cundinamarca . The remaining Muisca people in central Colombia also have their own seal. The Muisca culture had certain sports which were part of their rituals. The turmequé game, also known as tejo , has survived and became

726-561: The Eastern Ranges was made in 1537 in Chivor by Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela and Antonio Díaz de Cardoso . During the years of the Spanish conquest of the Muisca , the explorers heard about the emeralds from Muzo. In 1544 Diego Martínez discovered the mines of Muzo. Although the accounts on the exploitation of silver , copper , iron and gold in the region vary, the chroniclers agree on

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792-771: The Muisca . The Muzo inhabited the right banks of the Magdalena River in the lower elevations of western Boyacá and Cundinamarca and were known as the Emerald People, thanks to their exploitation of the gemstone in Muzo. During the time of conquest , they resisted heavily against the Spanish invaders taking twenty years to submit the Muzo. Knowledge about the Muzo people has been provided by chroniclers Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , Pedro Simón , Juan de Castellanos , Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita and others. The Muzo were inhabiting

858-636: The Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest . The people spoke Muysccubun, a language of the Chibchan language family , also called Muysca and Mosca . They were encountered by conquistadors dispatched by the Spanish Empire in 1537 at the time of the conquest . Subgroupings of the Muisca were identified chiefly by their allegiances to three great rulers: the hoa , centered in Hunza , ruling

924-486: The National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC). They proposed linguistic and cultural recuperation, defense of the territories nowadays occupied by others, and proposed urban and tourist plans. They support the communities of Ubaté , Tocancipá , Soacha , Ráquira , and Tenjo in their efforts to recover their organizational and human rights. The Muisca people of Suba opposed the drying up of

990-651: The Tibabuyes wetland and wanted to recover the Juan Amarillo wetland . They defended the natural reserves like La Conejera , part of the Suba Hills that is considered by the Shelter's Council to be communal land. Suati Magazine ( The Song of the Sun ) is a publication of poetry, literature, and essays about Muisca culture. The community of Bosa made important achievements in its project of natural medicine in association with

1056-560: The Carare River, were considered sacred by the Muzo people and believed they were the parents of humanity, creation of Are . Fura and Tena taught the Muzo agricultural techniques, craftwork, and tactics of war. The myth of Furatena tells about a man with blue eyes and blonde beard, Zarbi, who entered the Muzo territories looking for the Fountain of Youth . On this journey, he met the beautiful Fura and they got together. The husband of Fura, Tena,

1122-468: The Geography Commission with Manuel Ancízar and did descriptive studies of the national territory and an inventory of the archaeological sites. The result of the expedition was published in Bogotá in 1889 as Peregrinación Alfa . Argüello García pointed out that the goal of that expedition in the context of the new nation was to underline the pre-Hispanic societies and in that sense, they centered on

1188-520: The Indigenous lands in Suba , a northern region in modern-day Bogotá, which had been recognized and protected by the crown, were taken away by the republican governments following a strategy of suppression of the native culture and ethnic presence in the country's largest urban centres. The Reservation of Cota was re-established on land bought by the community in 1916, and then recognized by the 1991 constitution;

1254-648: The Ministry of Interior Affairs in 2005 reports a total of 14,051 Muisca people in Colombia. Much of the historic knowledge about the Muisca comes from the testimonies of conquistadors and colonists Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ; Spanish poet , soldier , and priest Juan de Castellanos (16th century); bishop Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita and Franciscan Pedro Simón (17th century). More recently, Javier Ocampo López and Gonzalo Correal Urrego have contributed notable scholarship. Knowledge of events up until 1450

1320-595: The Moon. They developed a vigesimal (based on 20) calendar and knew exactly the timing of the summer solstice (June 21), which they considered the Day of Sué , the Sun god. The Sué temple was in Sogamoso , the sacred city of the Sun and the seat of the Iraca (priest). The Muisca name of the city, Suamox or Sugamuxi , means "City of the Sun". On the solstice , the zaque went to Suamox for

1386-418: The Muisca culture as the main model. A similar tendency can be found in the works of Ezequiel Uricoechea . An objection to that point of view came from Vicente Restrepo: his work Los chibchas antes de la conquista española showed them as barbarians. Miguel Triana , in his work La Civilización Chibcha suggested that the rock art symbols were writing. Wenceslao Cabrera Ortíz was the one who concluded that

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1452-506: The Muisca were migrants to the highlands; in 1969 he published on this and reported about excavations at the El Abra archaeological site. Those publications opened a new era in the studies of the pre-Hispanic cultures in Colombia. Recent archaeological work has also concentrated on the creation and composition of Muisca goldwork, with this data being made available for wider research. Several ( fossil ) flora and fauna found in Colombia in

1518-412: The Muzo terrain, killed a leader and cut his daughters to pieces to get information as to where the emerald deposits were located. In the 1980s, the treatment of the Muzo people to mine emeralds was deemed dangerous and people would be killed. The treatment of workers in the emerald mining industry has improved since then. It is estimated that the Muzo people pushed the Muisca who originally inhabited

1584-419: The Muzo twenty years later in 1559 or 1560, when he founded Santísima Trinidad de los Muzos , present-day Muzo on the remains of earlier Tudela. During his second campaign, Lanchero almost lost his life after being hit by a poisoned arrow of the Muzo. Muisca people The Muisca (also called Chibcha ) are an Indigenous people and culture of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , Colombia , that formed

1650-648: The Panche were discovered in Tibacuy , Viotá , El Colegio , Cachipay , Albán , Sasaima . Rock paintings have been found in Tibacuy. Like other indigenous peoples of the Americas, such as the Guane , the Panche performed cranial deformation . According to Pedro Simón, the Panche performed cannibalism on parts of their conquered enemies. Some sources state they ate everything except for

1716-549: The Paul VI Hospital and the District Secretary of Health of Bogotá. The community of Cota has reintroduced the growing of quinua , and regularly barter their products at market. Toward the end of 2006 there was a report on the Muisca population: Studies of Muisca culture are abundant and have a long tradition. The first sources come from the Chronicles of the West Indies , which work lasted for three centuries during

1782-562: The Spanish colonies in America. The territory of the Muisca, located in a fertile plain of the Colombian Andes that contributed to make one of the most advanced South American civilizations, became part of the colonial region named Nuevo Reino de Granada . Much information about the Muisca culture was gathered by the Spanish administration and by authors such as Pedro de Aguado and Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita . The viceregal era contributed to

1848-648: The area the name Valle de los Alcázares ("Valley of the Palaces"). The houses had small doors and windows, and the dwellings of the higher rank citizens were different. The Muisca used little furniture as they would typically sit on the floor. Rivalries between the zaque and the zipa were taken advantage of by the Spaniards as they conquered the heart of what would be Colombia. Some of them, such as Sebastián de Belalcázar , Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , and Nicolás de Federman , interested in locating El Dorado , discovered

1914-401: The arrival of the Spanish invaders. They left abundant traces of their occupation that have been studied since the 16th century, and allow scientists to reconstruct their way of life. It is possible that the Muisca integrated with more ancient inhabitants, but the Muisca were the ones who molded the cultural profile and the social and political organization. Their language, a dialect of Chibcha ,

1980-725: The chicha is produced. Since 1989, there has been a process of reconstruction of the Indigenous councils by the surviving members of the Muisca Culture. Muisca Councils currently working are Suba , Bosa , Cota , Chía , and Sesquilé . The councils had an Assembly in Bosa on 20–22 September 2002, called the First General Congress of the Muisca People . In that congress, they founded the Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca , affiliated to

2046-452: The city of Tudela close to the Muzo territories in 1552, the Muzo people attacked and razed the newly founded settlement, driving the Spanish back. The conquistador who subjugated the Muzo to the rule of the New Kingdom of Granada was Luis Lanchero , captain in the army of conquistador Nikolaus Federmann . His first expedition with 40 men in 1539 failed, but he succeeded in subjugating

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2112-414: The emeralds. To extract the emeralds from the surrounding rock, the Muzo used pointed wooden poles, called coa . The veins containing the minerals were cleaned with water. After extraction, the Muzo people elaborated the minerals. In the years before the arrival of the Spanish, the Muzo were in conflict with the Muisca. They hid their emeralds from their eastern neighbours and zipa Tisquesusa entered

2178-465: The existence of a cacica named "Furatena", who was the owner of the finest emeralds of the Muzo territories. In the early years of the Spanish conquest, zipa Sagipa wanted to see Furatena. The first time the presence of emeralds in present-day Colombia was known to the Spanish was in 1514 in Santa Marta . During the campaign of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , the earliest contact with emeralds from

2244-446: The existence of the colonial New Kingdom of Granada . After the independence wars in 1810, there was a surge of interest in the study of the Muisca culture. Indigenous Colombians established the capital of their republic in Bogotá, the former viceroyal city, which was the capital of the confederation of the zipa , and was known as Bacatá . Research shows that this site was the cradle of an advanced society whose process of consolidation

2310-606: The first inhabitants of Boyacá, originally from Saboyá . Their territory stretched from the thick forests surrounding the Carare River in the north at the border with Santander , the Río Negro in the south, in the east the Pacho River and the Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley , and the Magdalena River in the west. Other sources limit the Muzo area with the Sogamoso , Suárez , Magdalena and Ermitaño rivers. The Muzo were

2376-465: The goddess. The legend grew until the term became a metaphor for any place where great wealth may be found or made. The Muisca did not construct large stone structures. They didn't use the abundant rock to leave monumental ruins as has happened with other American cultures. Their houses were built with materials such as clay, canes, and wood. The houses had a conical form, most of them to the point that Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , founder of Bogotá , gave

2442-460: The heads, which they hung in their bohíos . However, later research by various researchers has found no evidence for cannibalism and attribute the cannibalistic ideas to the Spanish conquistadores. In terms of their burial practices the Panches differed from their neighbours that the dead were not oriented in a fixed position, like the Muisca with their heads to the east and the Muzo with their heads to

2508-504: The importance of Bogotá, and people from the area would play an important role in the fights for independence and republican consolidation. After independence in 1810, the new state dissolved many of the Indigenous reservations. The one in Tocancipá was dissolved in 1940. The one in Sesquilé was reduced to 10% of its original size. Tenjo was reduced to 54% of its original size after 1934, and

2574-600: The last resistance and the territories of the Confederations were shared by Belalcazar, Federmann, and De Quesada. Later the Spanish Crown would elect De Quesada as the man in charge, with the title adelantado de los cabildos de Santa Fe y Tunja . When the Muisca structure disappeared under the Spanish Conquest, the territory of the Confederations of the zaque and zipa were included in a new political division within

2640-606: The lower-elevation northwestern areas of the Cundinamarca department and western portion of the Boyacá Department, closer to the Magdalena River. Their northern neighbours were the Naura people, the Panche in the south, and to the southeast the Muisca inhabited the higher-elevation Altiplano Cundiboyacense . Their western neighbours were the Colima people . The Muzo people were considered

2706-525: The lower-elevation terrain eastwards into the mountains of the Eastern Ranges by 1000 AD. The religious centres of the Muisca were occupied by the Muzo. The Spanish colonisers had problems subjugating the Muzo in the 16th century. The Muzo resisted the Spanish forces, and the terrain full of creeks and ravines was inhospitable to the Spanish horses; the Muzo hid in the many natural forts the geography provided them. When conquistador Pedro de Ursúa founded

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2772-668: The most ancient archaeological sites of the Americas: El Abra , which is estimated to be approximately 13,000 years old. Other archaeological traces in the region of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense have led scholars to talk about an El Abra Culture: In Tibitó , tools and other lithic artifacts date to 9740 BCE; on the Bogotá savanna, especially at Tequendama Falls , other lithic tools dated a millennium later were found that belonged to specialized hunters. Human skeletons were found that date to 5000 BCE. Analysis demonstrated that

2838-647: The most powerful of the American Post-Classic stage , mainly because of the precious resources of the area: gold and emeralds. When the Spaniards arrived in Muisca territory they found a rich state, with the Muisca Confederation controlling mining of the following products: The Muisca traded their goods at local and regional markets with a system of barter . Items traded ranged from those of basic necessity through to luxury goods. The abundance of salt, emeralds, and coal brought these commodities to de facto currency status. Having developed an agrarian society,

2904-607: The north of Boyacá to the Sumapaz Páramo and from the summits to the western portion of the Eastern Ranges . Their territory bordered the lands of the Panche in the west, the Muzo in the northwest, the Guane in the north, the Lache in the northeast, the Achagua in the east, and the Sutagao in the south. At the time of the Spaniard invasion, the area had a large population, although

2970-516: The people used terrace farming and irrigation in the highlands. Main products were fruits , coca , quinoa , yuca and potatoes . Another major economic activity was weaving. The people made a wide variety of complex textiles. The scholar Paul Bahn said: "the Andean cultures mastered almost every method of textile weaving or decoration now known, and their products were often finer than those of today." The Muisca were an agrarian and ceramic society of

3036-623: The people were members of the El Abra Culture. Scholars agree that the group identified as Muisca migrated to the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Formative era (between 1000 BCE and 500 CE), as shown by evidence found at Aguazuque and Soacha . Like the other formative-era cultures of America, the Muiscas were transitioning between being hunter-gatherers and becoming sedentary farmers. Around 1500 BCE, groups of agrarians with ceramic traditions came to

3102-466: The practice may have been extinct by the time of the Spanish conquest, as there are no first-hand Spanish accounts. Oral tradition suggests that every family gave up a child for sacrifice , that the children were regarded as sacred and cared for until the age of 15, when their lives were then offered to the Sun-god, Sué . The cult of the Muisca centered on two main deities; Sué for the Sun and Chía for

3168-524: The precise number of inhabitants is not known. Estimates vary from 1 million to over 3 million inhabitants. Their economy was based on agriculture , salt mining, trading , metalworking , and manufacturing . Due to Spanish colonization, the population of the Muisca has drastically decreased and assimilated into the general population. The descendants of the Muisca are often found in rural municipalities including Cota , Chía , Tenjo , Suba , Engativá , Tocancipá , Gachancipá , and Ubaté . A census by

3234-467: The recognition was withdrawn in 1998 by the state and restored in 2006. In 1948 the state forbade the production of chicha , a corn-based alcoholic drink. This was a blow to the culture and economy of the Muisca. The ban remained until 1991. Since then, the "Festival of the chicha, maize, life, and joy" is celebrated every year in Barrio La Perseverancia, a neighborhood in Bogotá where most of

3300-433: The region from the lowlands. They had permanent housing and stationary camps, and worked the salty water to extract salt. In Zipacón there is evidence of agriculture and ceramics. The oldest settlement of the highlands dates to 1270 BCE. Between 800 BCE and 500 BCE, a second wave of migrants came to the highlands. Their presence is identified by multicolor ceramics, housing, and farms. These groups were still in residence upon

3366-494: The rich plains of Cundinamarca and Boyacá . The presence of the Spaniards gave hope to both sovereigns that, were they to make one Confederation, they could prevail in a war against the Spaniards. But the Spaniards prevailed. The reaction of the chief leaders and the people did little to change the destiny of the Confederations. The Spanish executed the last Muisca sovereigns, Sagipa and Aquiminzaque , in 1539 and 1540 respectively. In 1542 Gonzalo Suárez Rendón finally put down

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3432-492: The seat of the colonial administration for the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada ). The origin of the legend of El Dorado (Spanish for "The Golden One") in the early 16th century may be located in the Muisca Confederation . The zipa offered gold and other treasures to the Guatavita goddess. To do so, the zipa covered himself with gold dust and washed it off in the lake while tossing gold trinkets into

3498-569: The southern limits the Coello and Fusagasugá Rivers. The Panche people were organized in a loose confederation with different subgroups whose names still remain as municipalities of Cundinamarca. The Panche were a strong group of warriors who fought numerous battles with the neighbouring Muisca. They walked partially naked and were ornamented with earrings, feathers and golden pieces. The Panche hunted and fought wars with their enemies using sticks and clubs and poisoned arrows. They used poison of spiders and snakes for their arrows. Petroglyphs of

3564-400: The superstitious mothers kill their babies. The Muzo people lived naked and gave their children names of trees, animals and plants. The Muzo people performed agriculture , wood-working and production of ceramics . The elaboration of cloths using cotton or pita was done by the prostitutes of the Muzo. They were most known for their exploitation of emeralds ; until modern times Muzo was

3630-416: The territories there were four chiefdoms: Bacatá , Hunza , Duitama , and Sogamoso . The chiefdom was composed by localities. The tribes were divided into Capitanías (ruled by a capitan). There were two kinds: Great Capitania ( sybyn ) and Minor Capitania ( uta ). The status of Capitan was inherited by maternal lineage. The Muisca legislation was consuetudinary , that is to say, their rule of law

3696-433: The tribes were part of the Muisca ethnic group, sharing the same language and culture and forming relations through trade. They united in the face of a common enemy. The army was the responsibility of the zipa or zaque . The army was made up of the güeches , the traditional ancient warriors of the Muisca. The Muisca Confederation existed as the union of two lesser confederations. The southern confederation, headed by

3762-407: The waters. This tradition was well known outside the Confederation, as far as the Caribbean Sea ; the Spaniards were attracted by stories of a "city of gold" that did not exist. Indigenous people sometimes got rid of the avaricious Spaniards in that way, pointing them in the direction of other peoples. Lake Guatavita was explored by conquistadors who were looking for gold offerings from the zipa to

3828-467: The west. The Panche civilization has been described from 300 AD onwards. Around the year 1000 migrations from the Caribbean coast of Colombia happened inward. After the Spanish conquest and the installation of the New Kingdom of Granada , the Panche quickly diminished due to their resistance against the Spanish conquistadores . The first Spanish conquerors who invaded the Panche territories were Juan de Céspedes and Alonso de San Martín. Later conquest

3894-421: The world capital of the green gemstone. The Muzo society was divided into warriors, higher castes and chingamanas or chingamas ; and slaves, commonly captured from other indigenous tribes. The oldest and bravest members of the community were considered the most important but were not caciques of their tribe. A system of laws has not been noted. Warfare and hunting were executed using poisoned arrows , as

3960-451: Was a common practice with indigenous tribes in South America. The curare was obtained from poisonous plants and frogs . The religion of the Muzo consisted of few gods. Their creator god was called Are (he had a Muiscan counterpart called Chiminigagua ). Maquipa was the deity who cured illnesses, and the Muzo adored the Sun and the Moon. The Muzo people did not construct temples. The two mountain peaks Fura and Tena , bordering

4026-455: Was cut short by the Spanish conquest. This search for an identity resulted in giving emphasis to the Muisca culture and overlooking other native nations, which were seen as wild people. Researchers wrongly concluded that the Muisca culture inhabited a previously empty land and that all archeological finds could be attributed solely to the Muisca. In 1849 president Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera invited Italian cartographer Agustín Codazzi , who led

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4092-409: Was determined by long-extant customs with the approval of the zipa or zaque . This kind of legislation was suitable to a confederation system, and it was a well-organized one. The natural resources could not be privatized: woods, lakes, plateaus, rivers and other natural resources were common goods. Chibcha , also known as muysca , mosca , or muysca cubun , belongs to the Chibchan languages . It

4158-493: Was outraged, killed Zarbi and hung his body on the Fura mountain. After this cruel act he killed Fura and committed suicide, giving birth to the two pointing hills. According to the Muzo legends, the tears of Fura turned into emeralds and butterflies . The Muisca performed secret pilgrimages to Fura and Tena, avoiding the Muzo warriors attempting to discover them. In his work Compendio historial de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada , Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita tells about

4224-400: Was performed by Hernán Venegas Carrillo . More than 2000 artefacts from the Panche are stored in the Museo del Oro in Bogotá . Muzo people The Muzo people are a Cariban -speaking indigenous group who inhabited the western slopes of the eastern Colombian Andes . They were a highly war-like tribe who frequently clashed with their neighbouring indigenous groups, especially

4290-401: Was spoken across several regions of Central America and the north of South America . The Tairona culture and the U'wa , related to the Muisca culture, speak similar languages, which encouraged trade. The Muisca used a form of hieroglyphs for numbers. Many Chibcha words were absorbed or "loaned" into Colombian Spanish: The Muisca had an economy and society considered to have been one of

4356-407: Was very similar to those peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ( Kogui , Ijka, Wiwa , and Kankuamo ) and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy ( U'wa ). Zipa Saguamanchica (ruled 1470 to 1490) was in a constant war against aggressive tribes such as the Sutagao , and especially the Panche , who would also make difficulties for his successors, Nemequene and Tisquesusa . The Caribs were also

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