Misplaced Pages

#626373

119-667: Tsaldaris was born in 1868 in Kamari , near Corinth in the Peloponnese . He studied in the Law School of the University of Athens and, being an excellent student, he continued his studies abroad, among other places in Berlin and Paris . After he returned to Greece , he worked as a lawyer . Because of his expertise as an advocate, he gained the respect of his colleagues. In 1919, Tsaldaris married

238-601: A Bulgarian attack. Despite all this, the Bulgarians still wanted to become a hegemonic power in the Balkans and made excessive claims to this end, while Serbia asked for more territory than what was initially agreed with the Bulgarians. Serbia was asking for a revision of the original treaty since it had already lost north Albania due to the Great Powers' decision to establish the state of Albania in an area that had been recognized as

357-635: A Cretan merchant and revolutionary, and Styliani Ploumidaki. When the Cretan revolution of 1866 broke out, Venizelos' family fled to the island of Syros , due to the participation of his father in the revolution. They were not allowed to return to Crete and stayed in Syros until 1872, when Abdülaziz granted an amnesty. He spent his final year of secondary education at a school in Ermoupolis in Syros, from which he received his certificate in 1880. In 1881, he enrolled at

476-470: A Serbian territory of expansion under the prewar Serbo-Bulgarian treaty. Bulgarians also laid claims on Thessaloniki and most of Macedonia. In the conference of London, Venizelos rebuffed these claims, citing the fact that it had been occupied by the Greek army, and that Bulgaria had denied any definite settlement of territorial claims during the pre-war discussions, as it had done with Serbia. The rupture between

595-491: A concrete mole (length approximately 930 metres, width 100 metres, mole surface 93,000 m2). A new pier finished in the late 1980s doubled the capacity of the port. The reinforced mole protects anchored vessels from strong northern winds. Within the port operates a customs office facility and a Hellenic Coast Guard post. Sea traffic is limited to trade in the export of local produce, mainly citrus fruits, grapes, marble, aggregates and some domestic imports. The port operates as

714-558: A contingency facility for general cargo ships, bulk carriers and ROROs , in case of strikes at Piraeus port. There was formerly a ferry link to Catania , Sicily and Genoa in Italy . The Corinth Canal, carrying ship traffic between the western Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea , is about 4 km (2.5 mi) east of the city, cutting through the Isthmus of Corinth that connects

833-614: A disagreement concerning the currency policy of the government. During the 1928–1932 government of the Liberal Party and of its leader, Eleftherios Venizelos , Panagis Tsaldaris was leader of the Opposition, as the leader of the second biggest party Parliament. In 1932, he turned down Venizelos' proposition to lead a government of national unity. Panagis Tsaldaris formed his first government in 1932, along with Georgios Kondylis and Ioannis Metaxas , after he had first officially recognized

952-480: A great deal of trouble in his relations with Crown Prince Constantine. Part of the problems can be attributed to the complexity of the official relations between the two men. Although Constantine was a Prince and the future King, he also held the title of army commander, thus remaining under the direct order of the Ministry of Military Affairs, and subsequently under Venizelos. But his father, King George, in accordance with

1071-564: A hard political conflict until the administration was virtually paralyzed, and tensions dominated the island. Inevitably, these events led in March 1905 to the Theriso Revolution, whose leader he was. On 10 March 1905, the rebels gathered in Theriso and declared "the political union of Crete with Greece as a single free constitutional state". The resolution was given to the Great Powers, where it

1190-453: A leading role. This Ministry, from the time of its creation at the beginning of 1911, was headed by Emmanuel Benakis , a wealthy Greek merchant from Egypt and friend of Venizelos. Between 1911 and 1912 a number of laws aiming to initiate labor legislation in Greece were promulgated. Specific measures were enacted that prohibited child labor and night-shift work for women, regulated the hours of

1309-673: A mutual population exchange between Greece and Turkey . In January 1933 he became prime minister for the last time and in March 1935, after a coup attempt , he fled to Paris where he died. He was buried on a hill at the head of the Akrotiri peninsula beside the eastern outskirts of Chania city in Crete, close to the place where he was born. The Venizelos family graves are today one of the attractions of Chania . The ancestors of Venizelos, named Crevvatas, lived in Mystras , in southern Peloponnese . During

SECTION 10

#1732894718627

1428-641: A period of Economic changes commenced as a large pipework complex, a textile factory and a meat packing facility diminished their operations. Corinth is a major road hub. The A7 toll motorway for Tripoli and Kalamata , (and Sparta via the A71 toll ), branches off the A8 / E94 toll motorway from Athens at Corinth. Corinth is the main entry point to the Peloponnesian peninsula, the southernmost area of continental Greece. KTEL Korinthias provides intercity bus service in

1547-544: A population of 55,941 according to the 2021 census, the second most populous municipality in the Peloponnese Region after Kalamata . The municipal unit of Corinth had 38,485 inhabitants, of which Corinth itself had 30,816 inhabitants, placing it in second place behind Kalamata among the cities of the Peloponnese Region. The municipal unit of Corinth (Δημοτική ενότητα Κορινθίων) includes apart from Corinth proper

1666-598: A positive impact and on 30 May 1912 Greece and the Kingdom of Bulgaria signed a treaty that ensured mutual support in case of a Turkish attack on either country. Negotiations with Serbia, which Venizelos had initiated to achieve a similar agreement, were concluded in early 1913, before that there were only oral agreements. Montenegro opened hostilities by declaring war on the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912. On 17 October 1912, Greece along with her Balkan allies, declared war on

1785-412: A referendum. When he saw the burden of political instability, Tsaldaris preferred to step down instead of exacerbating the turmoil. At the same time, he remained firm to his democratic values. After all, this was his main problem and his political torture: the balance between his democratic principles and his royalist affiliations. Tsaldaris had once said: "I was always anti-Venizelist and royalist but, at

1904-523: A regime similar to that of Eastern Rumelia . On 18 July, the Great Powers declared martial law, but that did not discourage the rebels. On 15 August, the regular assembly in Chania voted in favor of most of the reforms that Venizelos proposed. The Great Powers' consuls met Venizelos again and accepted the reforms he had proposed. This led to the end of the Theriso revolt and to the resignation of Prince George as

2023-523: A revision of the Constitution was completed, which focused on strengthening individual freedoms, introducing measures to facilitate the legislative work of the Parliament, establishing obligatory elementary education , the legal right for compulsory expropriation , ensuring permanent appointment for civil servants, the right to invite foreign personnel to undertake the reorganization of the administration and

2142-641: A revolutionary by profession. — Venizelos speaking at a banquet given in his honor by the foreign press at the Peace Conference in 1919. In May 1909, a number of officers in the Greek army emulating the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress , sought to reform their country's national government and reorganize the army, thus creating the Military League . The League, in August 1909, camped in

2261-475: A truce. Venizelos went to Hadji-Beylik , where the Greek headquarters were, to confer with Constantine on the Greek territorial claims in the peace conference. Then he went to Bucharest , where a peace conference was assembled. On 28 June 1913 a peace treaty was signed with Greece, Montenegro, Serbia and Romania on one side and Bulgaria on the other. Thus, after two successful wars, Greece had doubled its territory by gaining most of Macedonia , Epirus , Crete and

2380-589: A whole era and provoked intense passions; Tsaldaris' passing through history was much more quiet. Certainly, Tsaldaris may be accused for one thing: During the last years of his political career, he did not foresee Metaxas' dictatorship and he did not react in order to prevent the advent of the dictatorial regime. But this was a failing he shared with most other politicians of his time. Corinth Corinth ( / ˈ k ɒr ɪ n θ / KORR -inth ; Greek : Κόρινθος , romanized :  Kórinthos , Modern Greek pronunciation: [ˈkorinθos] )

2499-578: Is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece . The successor to the ancient city of Corinth , it is a former municipality in Corinthia , Peloponnese , which is located in south-central Greece . Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part of the municipality of Corinth , of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It is the capital of Corinthia. It was founded as Nea Korinthos ( Νέα Κόρινθος ), or New Corinth , in 1858 after an earthquake destroyed

SECTION 20

#1732894718627

2618-493: Is about 55 minutes. The train station is 5 minutes by car from the city centre and parking is available for free. The port of Corinth, located north of the city centre and close to the northwest entrance of the Corinth Canal , at 37 56.0’ N / 22 56.0’ E, serves the local needs of industry and agriculture. It is mainly a cargo exporting facility. It is an artificial harbour (depth approximately 9 m (30 ft), protected by

2737-461: Is at a higher altitude). Venizelos' subsequent actions at Akrotiri form a central set-piece in his myth. People composed poems on Akrotiri and his role there; editorials and articles spoke about his bravery, his visions, and his diplomatic genius as the inevitable accompaniment of later greatness. Venizelos spent the night in Akrotiri and a Greek flag was raised. The Ottoman forces requested help from

2856-589: Is surrounded by the coastal townlets of (clockwise) Lechaio , Isthmia , Kechries , and the inland townlets of Examilia and the archaeological site and village of ancient Corinth. Natural features around the city include the narrow coastal plain of Vocha , the Corinthian Gulf , the Isthmus of Corinth cut by its canal , the Saronic Gulf , the Oneia Mountains , and the monolithic rock of Acrocorinth , where

2975-684: The Bacchiad family, and between 657 and 550 BC, he and his son Periander ruled Corinth as the Tyrants. In about 550 BC, an oligarchical government seized power. This government allied with Sparta within the Peloponnesian League , and Corinth participated in the Persian Wars and Peloponnesian War as an ally of Sparta. After Sparta's victory in the Peloponnesian war, the two allies fell out with one another, and Corinth pursued an independent policy in

3094-472: The Great Powers and had a profound influence on the internal and external affairs of Greece. He has therefore been labelled as "The Maker of Modern Greece" and is still widely known as the " Ethnarch ". His first entry into the international scene was with his significant role in the autonomy of the Cretan State and later in the union of Crete with Greece . In 1909, he was invited to Athens to resolve

3213-568: The Megali Idea , which would have united all Greek-speaking people along the Aegean Sea under the banner of Greece. He was, however, defeated in the 1920 General Election , which contributed to the eventual Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) . Venizelos, in self-imposed exile, represented Greece in the negotiations that led to the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne and the agreement of

3332-609: The National Schism , politician Konstantinos Krevattas denied that his family had any relation to Venizelos. In a letter to a Cretan partner, Venizelos wrote that his father Kyriakos had taken part in the siege of Monemvasia in 1821 with his brother Hatzinikolos Venizelos and 3 more brothers. His grandfather probably was Hatzipetros Venizelos, a merchant from Kythira . Eleftherios was born in Mournies , near Chania (formerly known as Canea) in then- Ottoman Crete to Kyriakos Venizelos,

3451-537: The Ottoman raids in the peninsula in 1770, a member of the Krevvatas family (Venizelos Krevvatas), the youngest of several brothers, managed to escape to Crete where he established himself. His sons discarded their patronymic and called themselves Venizelos. The family was of Laconic , Maniot , and Cretan origin. Venizelos' mother, Styliani Ploumidakis, descended from the village of Theriso in Crete. However, during

3570-456: The People's Party , Tsaldaris served in the governments of Dimitrios Rallis and Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos as Interior Minister and Minister of Public Transport. In the government of Dimitrios Gounaris he served once again as Minister of Public Transport. After the execution of the People's Party 's leader Dimitrios Gounaris , Tsaldaris was elected by the party members as their leader in 1922. In

3689-616: The Russo-Turkish War in 1877 (where Greece's neutrality left the country out of the peace talks), he decided that the only way to settle the disputes with Ottoman Empire, was to join the other Balkan countries, Serbia , Bulgaria and Montenegro , in an alliance known as the Balkan League . Crown Prince Constantine was sent to represent Greece to a royal feast in Sofia , and in 1911 Bulgarian students were invited to Athens. These events had

Panagis Tsaldaris - Misplaced Pages Continue

3808-552: The University of Athens Law School and got his degree in Law with excellent grades. He returned to Crete in 1886 and worked as a lawyer in Chania. Throughout his life, he maintained a passion for reading and was constantly improving his skills in English, Italian, German, and French. The situation in Crete during Venizelos' early years was fluid. The Ottoman Empire was undermining the reforms, which were made under international pressure, while

3927-508: The annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina . Encouraged by these events, on the same day, the Cretans, in turn, rose up. On that day, thousands of citizens in Chania and the surrounding regions formed a rally in which Venizelos declared the union of Crete with Greece. Having communicated with the government of Athens , Zaimis left for Athens before the rally. An assembly was convened and declared the independence of Crete. The civil servants were sworn in

4046-581: The elections of 1923 the party didn't take part and Tsaldaris protested against the persecution of right-wing politicians. In the plebiscite of 1924 , he supported King George II . During the Pangalos dictatorship, Tsaldaris refused to collaborate with the general's regime. After the elections of 1926 , Tsaldaris participated in the government of national unity of Alexandros Zaimis (as minister of National Economy, of Education and of Interior Affairs), but he submitted his resignation in August 1927, because of

4165-471: The electoral law , passed by Tsaldaris' government, and for the special courts, which had already, sentenced to death two prominent Liberal army officers, the Generals Anastasios Papoulas and Miltiadis Koimisis . As a result, the People's Party won a landslide victory. Tsaldaris and his allies won all but six seats in parliament. By nearly all accounts, the 1935 elections all but assured

4284-583: The Athenian suburb of Goudi with their supporters, forcing the government of Dimitrios Rallis to resign, and a new one was formed with Kiriakoulis Mavromichalis . An inaugurating period of direct military pressure upon the Chamber followed, but initial public support for the League quickly evaporated when it became apparent that the officers did not know how to implement their demands. The political dead-end remained until

4403-642: The Balkan states against the Ottoman Empire . Through his diplomatic acumen with the Great Powers and with the other Balkan countries, Greece doubled its area and population with the liberation of Macedonia , Epirus , and most of the Aegean islands . In World War I (1914–1918), he brought Greece on the side of the Allies , further expanding the Greek borders. However, his pro-Allied foreign policy brought him into conflict with

4522-659: The Bulgarian army towards the city, sent a telegram to Constantine in a strict tone, holding him responsible for the possible loss of Thessaloniki. The tone in Venizelos' telegram and that in the answer from Constantine that followed to announce the final agreement with the Turks, is widely considered as the start of the conflict between the two men that would lead Greece into the National Schism during World War I. Finally, on 26 October 1912,

4641-515: The Bulgarian forces in Thessaloniki and pushed the Bulgarian army further back with a series of hard-fought victories. Bulgaria was overwhelmed by the Greek and Serbian armies, while in the north Romania interfered against Bulgaria and the Romanian army was marching towards Sofia; Ottomans also took advantage of the situation and retook most of the territory taken by Bulgaria. The Bulgarians asked for

4760-559: The Cretans desired to see the Sultan, Abdul Hamid II , abandon "the ungrateful infidels". Under these unstable conditions Venizelos entered into politics in the elections of 2 April 1889 as a member of the island's liberal party. As a deputy, he was distinguished for his eloquence and his radical opinions. The numerous revolutions in Crete, during and after the Greek War of Independence (1821, 1833, 1841, 1858, 1866, 1878, 1889, 1895, 1897) were

4879-537: The Epirus front. The conference led to the Treaty of London between the Balkan countries and Turkey. These two conferences gave the first indications of Venizelos' diplomatic efficiency and realism. During the negotiations and facing the dangers of Bulgarian maximalism, Venizelos succeeded in establishing close relations with the Serbs. A Serbian-Greek military protocol was signed on 1 June 1913, ensuring mutual protection in case of

Panagis Tsaldaris - Misplaced Pages Continue

4998-683: The Gamma Ethniki (Third Division) southern grouping. Corinth is twinned with: Due to its ancient history and the presence of St. Paul the Apostle in Corinth some locations all over the world have been named Corinth. Eleftherios Venizelos Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos ( Greek : Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος , romanized :  Eleuthérios Kyriákou Venizélos , pronounced [elefˈθeri.os cirˈʝaku veniˈzelos] ; 23 August [ O.S. 11 August] 1864 – 18 March 1936)

5117-580: The Gendarmerie was organized, the foreign troops began to withdraw from the island. This was also a personal victory for Venizelos, who, as a result, achieved fame not only in Greece but also in Europe. Following the Young Turk Revolution , which Venizelos welcomed, Bulgaria declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire on 5 October 1908, and one day later Franz Joseph , Emperor of Austria announced

5236-546: The Great Powers were governing through their representative, the Prince. Venizelos suggested that once the Prince's service expired, then the Great Powers should be invited to the Committee, which, according to article 39 of the constitution (which was suppressed in the conference of Rome) would elect a new sovereign, thereby removing the need for the presence of the Great Powers. Once the Great Powers' troops and their representatives left

5355-749: The Greek Parliament, as a solution for closing the Cretan Question . However, the Young Turks (feeling confident after the Greco-Turkish war in 1897 ) threatened that they would make a military walk to Athens, if the Greeks insisted on such claims. Venizelos, seeing no improvements after his approach with the Turks on the Cretan Question and at the same time not wanting to see Greece remain inactive as in

5474-543: The Greek army entered Thessaloniki, shortly ahead of the Bulgarians . But soon a new reason of friction emerged due to Venizelos' concern about Constantine's acceptance of the Bulgarian request to enter the city. A small Bulgarian unit, which soon became a full division, moved into the city and immediately started an attempt to establish a condominium in spite of initial assurances to the contrary, showing no intentions to leave. After Venizelos' protest Constantine asked him to take

5593-401: The Greek army from approaching Chania. Venizelos, at that time, was on an electoral tour of the island. Once he "saw Canea in flames", he hurried to Malaxa , near Chania, where a group of about 2,000 rebels had assembled and established himself as their header. He proposed an attack, along with other rebels, on the Turkish forces at Akrotiri in order to displace them from the plains (Malaxa

5712-402: The Greek fleet was dominating the Aegean Sea . Venizelos did not want to initiate any immediate major movements in the Balkans, until the Greek army and navy were reorganized (an effort that had begun from the last government of Georgios Theotokis ) and the Greek economy was revitalized. In light of this, Venizelos proposed to Ottoman Empire to recognize the Cretans the right to send deputies to

5831-438: The Greek government rejected the proposal as a non-satisfactory solution and instead insisted on the union of Crete with Greece as the only solution. As a representative of the Cretan rebels, Venizelos met the admirals of the Great Powers on a Russian warship on 7 March 1897. Even though no progress was made at the meeting, he persuaded the admirals to send him on a tour of the island, under their protection, in order to explore

5950-447: The Greek navy rapidly occupied the Aegean islands, which were still under Ottoman rule. After two victories, the Greek fleet established naval supremacy over the Aegean , preventing the Turks from bringing reinforcements to the Balkans. On 20 November, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria signed a truce treaty with Turkey. It followed a conference in London, in which Greece took part, although the Greek army still continued its operations in

6069-406: The Greek newspapers "defied the navies of Europe" Under the smooth diplomat of today is the revolutionist who prodded the Turks out of Crete and the bold chieftain who camped with a little band of rebels on a hilltop above Canea and there he defied the consuls and the fleets of all the [Great] Powers! On the same evening of the bombardment, Venizelos wrote a protest to the foreign admirals, which

SECTION 50

#1732894718627

6188-405: The Greek political scene. Venizelos, despite doubts as to the validity of his Greek citizenship and without having campaigned in person, finished at the top of the electoral list in Attica . He was immediately recognized as the leader of the independents, and thus, he founded the political party, Komma Fileleftheron (Liberal Party). Soon after his election, he decided to call for new elections in

6307-428: The High Commissioner created an Executive Committee composed of the Cretan leaders. Venizelos became minister of Justice, and with the rest of the Committee, they began to organize the State and create a "Cretan constitution". Venizelos insisted on not making reference to religion so all the residents of Crete would feel represented. For his stance, he was later accused of pro-Turk (pro-Muslim) by his political opponents on

6426-428: The High Commissioner. The Great Powers assigned the authority for selecting the island's new High Commissioner to King George I of Greece , thereby de facto nullifying the Ottoman suzerainty. An ex-Prime Minister of Greece, Alexandros Zaimis , was chosen for the place of High Commissioner, and Greek officers and non-commissioned officers were allowed to undertake the organization of the Cretan Gendarmerie . As soon as

6545-415: The League invited Venizelos from Crete to undertake the leadership. Venizelos went to Athens, and after consulting with the Military League and with representatives of the political world, he proposed a new government and Parliament's reformation. His proposals were considered by the King and the Greek politicians dangerous for the political establishment. However, King George I, fearing an escalation of

6664-425: The Ottoman Empire, thus joining the First Balkan War . On 1 October, in a regular session of the Parliament Venizelos announced the declaration of war to the Ottomans and accepting the Cretan deputies, thus closing the Cretan Question , with the declaration of the union of Crete with Greece. The Greek population received these developments very enthusiastically. The outbreak of the First Balkan War caused Venizelos

6783-421: The Pact granted a large degree of self-government to Greeks in Crete as a means of limiting their desire to rise up against their Ottoman overlords . However the Muslims of Crete , who identified with Ottoman Empire, were not satisfied with these reforms, as in their view the administration of the island was delivered to the hands of the Christian Greek population. In practice, the Ottoman Empire failed to enforce

6902-422: The Peloponnesian peninsula to the Greek mainland, thus effectively making the former an island. The builders dug the canal through the Isthmus at sea level; no locks are employed. It is 6.4 km (4.0 mi) in length and only 21.3 metres (70 ft) wide at its base, making it impassable for most modern ships. It now has little economic importance. The canal was mooted in classical times and an abortive effort

7021-400: The People's Party expressed their support for the monarchy and the exiled George II . Tsaldaris denounced such statements, which caused the outrage of the Liberals. However, these statements alarmed the Venizelist camp, which launched an abortive coup in March 1935. After the successful suppression of the revolt, Tsaldaris dissolved the Parliament and proclaimed early elections, asking for

7140-527: The People's Party split and Ioannis Theotokis formed the National People's Party . In the elections of 1935 the People's Party and the Liberal Party had been almost evenly matched. During the post-election era, Tsaldaris participated with passion in the Parliament and held some of the best and most important speeches of his political career. Nevertheless, his bad health betrayed him and he did not manage to fulfill his political dreams. He died in Athens on 17 May 1936. Before his death, he had voted against

7259-414: The Roman province of Achaea . An important earthquake touched Corinth and its region in 856, causing around 45000 deaths. In 1858, the old city, now known as Ancient Corinth (Αρχαία Κόρινθος, Archaia Korinthos ), located three kilometres (two miles) southwest of the modern city, was totally destroyed by a magnitude 6.5 earthquake. New Corinth ( Nea Korinthos ) was then built to the north-east of it, on

SECTION 60

#1732894718627

7378-422: The Turkish flag. At the end of the revolution, I returned again to my hometown and resumed my practice. I did not have time, however, to go far with it, for I had to take up arms again and go to the mountains. I soon reached the point where I had to decide whether I ought to be a lawyer by profession and a revolutionary at intervals or a revolutionary by profession and a lawyer at intervals ... I naturally became

7497-413: The administration of Crete; and Prince George of Greece , the second son of King George I of Greece, became High Commissioner, with Venizelos serving as his minister of Justice from 1899 to 1901. Prince George of Greece was appointed High Commissioner of the Cretan State for a three-year term. On 13 December 1898, he arrived at Chania, where he received an unprecedented reception. On 27 April 1899,

7616-558: The aims of the army's operations. The Crown Prince insisted on the clear military aims of the war: to defeat the opposed Ottoman army as a necessary condition for any occupation, wherever the opponent army was or was going, and the main part of the Ottoman army soon started retreating to the north towards Monastir . Venizelos was more realistic and insisted on the political aims of the war: to liberate as many geographical areas and cities as fast as possible, particularly Macedonia and Thessaloniki; thus heading east. The debate became evident after

7735-401: The allies, due to the Bulgarian claims, was inevitable, and Bulgaria found herself standing against Greece and Serbia. On 19 May 1913, a pact of alliance was signed in Thessaloniki between Greece and Serbia. On 19 June, the Second Balkan War began with a surprise Bulgarian assault against Serbian and Greek positions. Constantine, now King after his father's assassination in March , neutralized

7854-400: The armed forces, the re-establishment of the State Council and the simplification of the procedures for the reform of the Constitution. The aim of the reform program was to consolidate public security and the rule of law as well as to develop and increase the wealth-producing potential of the country. In this context, the long-planned "eighth" Ministry, the Ministry of National Economy , assumed

7973-436: The cause of the Christians in Crete was manifested, and much popular applause was bestowed on the Greeks. The Great Powers sent a verbal note on 2 March to the governments of Greece and the Ottoman Empire, presenting a possible solution to the "Cretan Question", under which Crete to become an autonomous state under the suzerainty of the Sultan. The Porte replied on 5 March, accepting the proposals in principle, but on 8 March

8092-476: The coast of the Gulf of Corinth. In 1928, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake devastated the new city, which was then rebuilt on the same site. In 1933, there was a great fire, and the new city was rebuilt again. During the German occupation in World War II , the Germans operated a Dulag transit camp for British, Australian, New Zealander and Serbian prisoners of war and a forced labour camp in the town. Located about 78 kilometres (48 mi) west of Athens , Corinth

8211-444: The constitutional conditions of the time, had been the undisputed leader of the country. Thus in practical terms, Venizelos' authority over his commander of the army was diminished due to the obvious relation between the Crown Prince and the King. In these conditions, the army started a victorious march to Macedonia under the command of Constantine. Soon, the first disagreement between Venizelos and Constantine emerged, and it concerned

8330-422: The crisis, convened a council with political leaders and recommended they accept Venizelos' proposals. After many postponements, the King agreed to assign Stephanos Dragoumis (Venizelos' indication) to form a new government that would lead the country to elections once the League was disbanded. In the elections of 8 August 1910, almost half the seats in the parliament were won by Independents, who were newcomers to

8449-450: The daughter of the university professor (and later Prime Minister of Greece) Spyridon Lambrou , Lina Tsaldaris , who stood by him during all his life and remained politically active, even after her husband's death. Tsaldaris entered politics in 1910, when he was elected for the first time to the Parliament for Corinth . He would be successively reelected to Parliament until his death in 1936. In 1915, he sided with King Constantine I in

8568-407: The election of a Constitutional Assembly . In one of the noteworthy acts of his second premiership, Tsaldaris signed a quadripartite pact with Turkey , Romania and Yugoslavia as well as a separate agreement with Turkey, guaranteeing the common borders of the two countries. The parties of the Opposition, including the Liberal Party , did not participate in the elections of 1935 , protesting

8687-489: The existing settlement of Corinth, which had developed in and around the site of the ancient city. Corinth derives its name from Ancient Corinth , a city-state of antiquity. The site was occupied from before 3000 BC. Historical references begin with the early 8th century BC, when ancient Corinth began to develop as a commercial center. Between the 8th and 7th centuries, the Bacchiad family ruled Corinth. Cypselus overthrew

8806-411: The first government of Ioannis Metaxas , the forerunner of the following dictatorship . Defunct Panagis Tsaldaris was revered for his moderation as a royalist and right-wing politician. It is characteristic, that, when Kondylis, Papagos and other royalists of his parataxis demanded the immediate enforcement of the constitutional monarchy, Tsaldaris opposed these plans, asking for the conducting of

8925-453: The foreign admirals and attacked the rebels, with the ships of the Great Powers bombarding the rebel positions at Akrotiri. A shell threw down the flag, which was raised up again immediately. The mythologizing became more pronounced when we come to his actions in that February, as the following quotes display: On 20th of February [he] was ordered by the admirals to lower the flag and disband his rebel force. He refused! Venizelos turned towards

9044-407: The hope of winning an absolute majority . The old parties boycotted the new election in protest and on 11 December 1910, Venizelos' party won 307 seats out of 362 , with most of the elected citizens being new in the political scene. Venizelos formed a government and started to reorganize the economic, political, and national affairs of the country. Venizelos tried to advance his reform program in

9163-590: The immediate return of the former King. In the National Assembly, Tsaldaris insisted on a referendum. This angered those who wanted to dispense with such formalities, most importantly his own War Minister, Georgios Kondylis , a former Venizelist . On October 10, 1935, Kondylis and the commanders of the Armed Forces ( Alexandros Papagos was among them) called on Tsaldaris and demanded his resignation. With no other choice, Tsaldaris complied. Kondylis took over

9282-483: The island, the union with Greece would be easier to achieve. This proposal was exploited by Venizelos' opponents, who accused him of wanting Crete to be an autonomous hegemony. Venizelos replied to the accusations by submitting his resignation once again, with the reasoning that it would be impossible henceforth to collaborate with the Committee's members; he assured the Commissioner, however, that he did not intend to join

9401-611: The island, thus polarizing the population. Massacres against the Christian population took place in Chania and Rethimno . The Greek government, pressured by public opinion, intransigent political elements, extreme nationalist groups such as Ethniki Etaireia , and the reluctance of the Great Powers to intervene, decided to send warships and army personnel to defend the Cretan Greeks. The Great Powers had no option then but to proceed with

9520-510: The island. After Venizelos submitted the complete juridical legislation on 18 May 1900, disagreements between him and Prince George began to emerge. Prince George decided to travel to Europe and announced to the Cretan population that "When I am traveling in Europe, I shall ask the Powers for annexation, and I hope to succeed on account of my family connections". The statement reached the public without

9639-600: The key figure, the King, in order to prevent the Crown Prince from marching north. Subsequently, although the Greek army won the Battle of Giannitsa situated 40 km west of Salonika, Constantine's hesitation in capturing the city after a week had passed, led into an open confrontation with Venizelos. Venizelos, having accurate information from the Greek embassy in Sofia about the movement of

9758-422: The knowledge or approval of the Committee. Venizelos said to the Prince that it would not be proper to give hope to the population for something that was not feasible at the given moment. As Venizelos had expected, during the Prince's journey, the Great Powers rejected his request. The disagreements continued on other topics; the Prince wanted to build a palace, but Venizelos strongly opposed it as that would mean

9877-464: The latter's conflict with Eleftherios Venizelos (see national Schism ) and became Minister of Justice in Dimitrios Gounaris 's government. Nonetheless, after the return of Venizelos and the self-exile of the King in 1917, Panagis Tsaldaris was imprisoned and then exiled in various islands of the Aegean Sea . After the legislative elections of 1920 , which resulted in an unexpected victory for

9996-403: The leadership of Lieutenant General Alexandros Othonaios was appointed. The reputation of his government was, nevertheless, tarnished, because of the assassination attempt against Eleftherios Venizelos . Tsaldaris had no involvement and condemned the criminal attack, but members of his party and close supporters were deemed responsible for the assault. At the same time, three prominent members of

10115-526: The living conditions of the Christian populations. Failure of such reforms would leave a single option to remove the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans , an idea that most Balkan countries shared. This scenario appeared realistic to Venizelos because the Ottoman Empire was under a constitutional transition , and its administrative mechanism was disorganized and weakened. There was also no fleet capable of transporting forces from Asia Minor to Europe, while in contrast,

10234-450: The massacre in Heraklion on 25 August, imposed a final solution on the "Cretan Question"; Crete was proclaimed an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty . Venizelos played an important role in this solution, not only as the leader of the Cretan rebels but also as a skilled diplomat with his frequent communication with the admirals of the Great Powers. The four Great Powers assumed

10353-723: The medieval acropolis was built. According to the nearby weather station of Velo, operated by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service , Corinth has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ), with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. The hottest month is July with an average temperature of 28.7 °C (83.7 °F) while the coldest month is January with an average temperature of 9.1 °C (48.4 °F). Corinth receives about 463 mm of rainfall per year and has an average annual temperature of 18.1 °C (64.6 °F). The Municipality of Corinth (Δήμος Κορινθίων) had

10472-531: The merger of Pankorinthian Football Club ( Παγκορινθιακός ) and Corinth Football Club ( Κόρινθος ). During the 2006–2007 season, the team played in the Greek Fourth Division's Regional Group 7. The team went undefeated that season and it earned the top spot. This granted the team a promotion to the Gamma Ethnikí (Third Division) for the 2007–2008 season. For the 2008–2009 season, Korinthos F.C. competed in

10591-475: The name of King George I of Greece , while a five-member Executive Committee was established, with the authority to control the island on behalf of the King and according to the laws of the Greek state. Chairman of the committee was Antonios Michelidakis , and Venizelos became Minister of Justice and Foreign Affairs. In April 1910, a new assembly was convened, and Venizelos was elected chairman and then Prime Minister. All foreign troops departed from Crete, and power

10710-515: The nonaligned faction of Constantine I of Greece , causing the National Schism of the 1910s. The Schism became an unofficial civil war, with the struggle for power between the two groups polarizing the population between the royalists and Venizelists for decades. Following the Allied victory, Venizelos secured new territorial concessions in Western Anatolia and Thrace in an attempt to accomplish

10829-538: The north of Thessaly , close to the borders with Greece. Greece in reply reinforced its borders in Thessaly. However, irregular Greek forces, who were members of the Ethniki Etairia (followers of the Megali Idea ) acted without orders and raided Turkish outposts, leading the Ottoman Empire to declare war on Greece on 17 April. The war was a disaster for Greece. The Turkish army was better prepared, in large part due to

10948-597: The occupation of the island, but they were late. A Greek force of about 2,000 men had landed at Kolymbari on 3 February 1897, and its commanding officer, Colonel Timoleon Vassos declared that he was taking over the island "in the name of the King of the Hellenes " and that he was announcing the union of Crete with Greece. This led to an uprising that spread immediately throughout the island. The Great Powers decided to blockade Crete with their fleets and land their troops, thus stopping

11067-493: The opposition. On 6 March 1901, in a report, he exposed the reasons that compelled him to resign to the High Commissioner, which was, however, leaked to the press. On 20 March, Venizelos was dismissed because "he, without any authorization, publicly supported opinions opposite of those of the Commissioner". Henceforth, Venizelos assumed the leadership of the opposition to the Prince. For the next three years, he carried out

11186-538: The outcome of the plebiscite of 1924 which established the Second Hellenic Republic . Nevertheless, his government was overturned and Tsaldaris formed a new government on 10 March 1933 after his victory in the elections of 1933 . In his second premiership, Tsaldaris cooperated once again with Georgios Kondylis and Ioannis Metaxas . He confronted with success the military movement of Nikolaos Plastiras , but because of this crisis an interim government under

11305-553: The peninsula and to Athens via the Isthmos station southeast of the city center. Local bus service is also available. The metre gauge railway from Athens and Pireaeus reached Corinth in 1884. This station closed to regular public transport in 2007. In 2005, two years prior, the city was connected to the Athens Suburban Railway , following the completion of the new Corinth railway station . The journey time from Athens to Corinth

11424-457: The people's opinions on the question of autonomy versus union. At the time, the majority of the Cretan population initially supported the union, but the subsequent events in Thessaly turned the public opinion towards autonomy as an intermediate step. In reaction to the rebellion of Crete and the assistance sent by Greece, the Ottomans had relocated a significant part of their army in the Balkans to

11543-490: The perpetuation of the current arrangement of Governorship; Cretans accepted it only as temporary until a final solution was found. Relations between the two men became increasingly soured, and Venizelos repeatedly submitted his resignation. In a meeting of the Executive Committee, Venizelos expressed his opinion that the island was not autonomous since the military forces of the Great Powers were still present and that

11662-559: The political deadlock and became the country's Prime Minister. He initiated constitutional and economic reforms that set the basis for the modernization of Greek society and reorganized both the Greek Army and the Greek Navy in preparation for future conflicts. Before the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, Venizelos' catalytic role helped gain Greece's entrance to the Balkan League , an alliance of

11781-515: The political dimensions of his decisions. As a consequence both incidents increased mutual misunderstanding shortly before Constantine's accession to the throne. Once the campaign in Macedonia was completed, a large part of the Greek army under the Crown Prince was redeployed to Epirus , and in the Battle of Bizani , the Ottoman positions were overcome and Ioannina taken on 22 February 1913. Meanwhile,

11900-512: The port of Souda , where the warships were anchored, and explained: "You have cannon-balls – fire away! But our flag will not come down" ... [after the flag was hit] Venizelos ran forward; his friends stopped him; why expose a valuable life so uselessly? There was that famous day in February 1897 when ... he rejected the orders of the Protecting Powers and in the picturesque phrase in

12019-413: The premiership, and later that day forced President Alexandros Zaimis to resign. Kondylis abolished the republic, declared himself Regent and staged a plebiscite on November 11 for the return of the monarchy. Official results showed 98 percent of the voters supported the restoration of the monarchy—an implausibly high total that could have only been obtained through fraud. After these dramatic events,

12138-465: The provisions of the Pact, thus fueling the existing tensions between the two communities; instead, the Ottoman authorities attempted to maintain order by dispatching substantial military reinforcements during 1880–1896. Throughout that period, the Cretan Question was a major issue of friction in the relations of independent Greece with the Ottoman Empire. In January 1897, violence and disorder escalated on

12257-483: The realms of political and social ideologies, education, and literature by adopting practically viable compromises between often conflicting tendencies. In education, for example, the dynamic current in favor of the use of the popular spoken language, dimotiki , provoked conservative reactions, which led to the constitutionally embedded decision (Article 107) in favor of a formal "purified" language, katharevousa , which looked back to classical precedents. On 20 May 1911,

12376-562: The recent reforms carried out by a German mission under Baron von der Goltz , and the Greek army was in retreat within weeks. The Great Powers again intervened, and an armistice was signed in May 1897. The defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish war , costing small territorial losses at the borderline in northern Thessaly and an indemnity of £4,000,000, turned into a diplomatic victory. The Great Powers (Britain, France , Russia , and Italy ), following

12495-514: The responsibility (as a prime minister) by ordering him to force them out, but that was hardly an option since that would certainly lead to confrontation with the Bulgarians. To Venizelos' view, since Constantine allowed the Bulgarians to enter the city, he now passed the responsibility of a possible conflict with them to him, in an attempt to deny his initial fault. To Constantine, it was an attempt by Venizelos to get involved in clearly military issues. Most historians agree that Constantine failed to see

12614-533: The rest of the Aegean Islands , although the status of the latter remained as yet undetermined and a cause of tension with the Ottomans. With the outbreak of World War I and the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia, a major issue started regarding the participation of Greece and Bulgaria in the war. Greece had an active treaty with Serbia, which was the treaty activated in the 1913 Bulgarian attack that caused

12733-565: The restoration of the monarchy. Tsaldaris himself strongly favoured the return of George II , but he wanted to ensure legitimacy by conducting a plebiscite first. However, several right-wing elements, including a significant faction of Tsaldaris' own party, demanded the return the monarchy without the formality of a referendum. During the electoral campaign, the Union of Royalists , an ephemeral alliance formed by Ioannis Metaxas , Ioannis Rallis and Georgios Stratos , had already expressly demanded

12852-579: The result of the Cretans' desire for enosis — union with Greece. In the Cretan revolution of 1866 , the two sides, under the pressure of the Great Powers , came to an agreement, which was finalized in the Pact of Chalepa . Later the Pact was included in the provisions of the Treaty of Berlin , which was supplementing previous concessions granted to the Cretans — e.g. the Organic Law Constitution (1868) designed by William James Stillman . In summary,

12971-438: The same time, I always remained lawful ( Nea online )", a combination difficult to be achieved, as the dramatic events of 1935 proved. And, although Tsaldaris portrayed himself as anti-Venizelist, the truth is that he had some common traits with Venizelos: They were both anti-popularist and anti-extremist. The problem was that Tsaldaris lacked Venizelos' charisma and the popular appeal of his main political opponent. Venizelos marked

13090-555: The town of Archaia Korinthos , the town of Examilia , and the smaller settlements of Xylokeriza and Solomos . The municipal unit has an area of 102.187 km . Corinth is a major industrial hub at a national level. The Corinth Refinery is one of the largest oil refining industrial complexes in Europe . Ceramic tiles, copper cables, gums, gypsum, leather, marble, meat products, medical equipment, mineral water and beverages, petroleum products, and salt are produced nearby. As of 2005 ,

13209-620: The various wars of the early 4th century BC. After the Macedonian conquest of Greece, the Acrocorinth was the seat of a Macedonian garrison until 243 BC, when the city joined the Achaean League . Nearly a century later, in 146 BC, Corinth was captured and was completely destroyed by the Roman army. As a newly rebuilt Roman colony in 44 BC, Corinth flourished and became the administrative capital of

13328-532: The victory of the Greek army at Sarantaporo , when the future direction of the armies' march was to be decided. Venizelos intervened and insisted that Thessaloniki , as a major city and strategic port in the surrounding area, should be taken at all costs and thus a turn to the east was necessary. In accordance to his views, Venizelos sent the following telegraph to the General Staff: Salonique à tout prix! and tried to keep frequent communication with

13447-523: The working week and the Sunday holiday, and allowed for labor organizations. Venizelos also took measures for the improvement of management, justice, and security and for the settlement of the landless peasants of Thessaly. At the time, there were diplomatic contacts with the Ottoman Empire to initiate reforms in Macedonia and in Thrace , which at the time were under the control of the Ottoman Empire, for improving

13566-424: Was a Cretan Greek statesman and prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movement. He is noted for his contribution to the expansion of Greece and promotion of liberal-democratic policies. As leader of the Liberal Party , he held office as prime minister of Greece for over 12 years, spanning eight terms between 1910 and 1933. During his governance, Venizelos entered into diplomatic cooperation with

13685-615: Was argued that the illegitimate provisional arrangement was preventing the island's economic growth and that the only logical solution to the "Cretan Question" was the unification with Greece. The High Commissioner, with the approval of the Great Powers, replied to the rebels that military force would be used against them. However, more deputies joined with Venizelos in Theriso. The Great Powers' consuls met with Venizelos in Mournies in an attempt to achieve an agreement, but without any results. The revolutionary government asked that Crete be granted

13804-458: Was hampered by geological and financial problems that bankrupted the original builders. It was completed in 1893, but due to the canal's narrowness, navigational problems and periodic closures to repair landslips from its steep walls, it failed to attract the level of traffic anticipated by its operators. It is now used mainly for tourist traffic. The city's association football team is Korinthos F.C. ( Π.Α.E. Κόρινθος ), established in 1999 after

13923-423: Was made to build it in the 1st century AD. Julius Caesar and Caligula both considered digging the canal but died before starting the construction. The emperor Nero was the first to attempt to construct the canal. The Roman workforce responsible for the initial digging consisted of 6,000 Jewish prisoners of war . Modern construction started in 1882, after Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire , but

14042-505: Was signed by all the chieftains present at Akrotiri. He wrote that the rebels would keep their positions until everyone was killed by the shells of European warships in order not to let the Turks remain in Crete. The letter was deliberately leaked to international newspapers, evoking emotional reactions in Greece and in Europe, where the idea of Christians, who wanted their freedom, being bombarded by Christian vessels, caused popular indignation. Throughout Western Europe much popular sympathy for

14161-500: Was transferred entirely to Venizelos' government. After I finished my studies in Athens I returned home and hung out my bandolier. I had not tried many cases in the court of my home island before it became necessary for me to take up arms against the Turkish government. Although my father was born in Greece, I was considered an Ottoman subject—therefore a rebel—because my mother was born under

#626373