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35-584: Pan-Illyrism had both archaeological and linguistic components. Archaeologists were looking for an ethnicity for the Lusatian culture , and linguists for the source of the Old European river names . First, French scholars pressed the case for an association with the Ligurians and Celts, while German prehistorians and linguists, beginning with Gustaf Kossinna , and following Julius Pokorny and Hans Krahe , later linked

70-518: A separate branch in itself. He noticed that the Illyrian language was attested only in some Messapic inscriptions and a number of place and other proper names. From this small amount of linguistic material, he concluded that Illyrian was a Centum language, and that its relationship with Germanic , Italic , and Celtic languages lie in that territory of the Urheimat of this language correlated solely with

105-544: Is considered the beginning of the historical peoples we call the Illyrians. In his later work, Krahe substituted Pokorny's hypothesis with that of Old European hydronymy , a network of names of water courses dating back to the Bronze Age and to a time before Indo-European languages had split and developed in central, northern, and western Europe. He examined the layers of European water names and did so using two theses. The first

140-662: Is now Poland and parts of the Czech Republic , Slovakia , eastern Germany and western Ukraine . It covers the Periods Montelius  III (early Lusatian culture) to V of the Northern European chronological scheme. It has been associated or closely linked with the Nordic Bronze Age . Hallstatt influences can also be seen particularly in ornaments (fibulae, pins) and weapons. The Lusatian culture developed as

175-460: The Czech Republic , Slovakia , eastern Germany and western Ukraine . It covers the Periods Montelius  III (early Lusatian culture) to V of the Northern European chronological scheme. It has been associated or closely linked with the Nordic Bronze Age . Hallstatt influences can also be seen particularly in ornaments (fibulae, pins) and weapons. The Lusatian culture developed as the preceding Trzciniec culture experienced influences from

210-800: The Early Iron Age in the West. In Poland, the Lusatian culture is taken have spanned part of the Iron Age as well (there is only a terminological difference) and was succeeded in Montelius VIIbc in the northern ranges around the mouth of Vistula by the Pomeranian culture spreading south. 'Lusatian-type' burials were first described by the German pathologist and archaeologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). The name refers to

245-492: The Lusatia area in eastern Germany ( Brandenburg and Saxony ) and western Poland. Virchow identified the pottery artifacts as 'pre-Germanic' but refused to speculate on the ethnic identity of their makers. The Polish archeologist Józef Kostrzewski , who started in 1934 to conduct extensive excavations of a Lusatian settlement of Biskupin , hypothesised that the Lusatian culture was a predecessor of later cultures that belonged to

280-443: The Lusatia area in eastern Germany ( Brandenburg and Saxony ) and western Poland. Virchow identified the pottery artifacts as 'pre-Germanic' but refused to speculate on the ethnic identity of their makers. The Polish archeologist Józef Kostrzewski , who started in 1934 to conduct extensive excavations of a Lusatian settlement of Biskupin , hypothesised that the Lusatian culture was a predecessor of later cultures that belonged to

315-714: The Lusatian culture . In Krahe's words: "All of them – the Illyrians, the Italic, and the Venet have ... clear connections to the Germans, that is they came from the north ... and later moved to the south." This meant that the people of the Lusatian culture would have advanced to the eastern part of the Alps to the historical territory of the Illyrians around 1200 BC. Following Krahe's work, János Harmatta placed Illyrians in South Germany and

350-679: The Tumulus culture of the Middle Bronze Age , essentially incorporating the local communities into the socio-political network of Iron Age Europe. It formed part of the Urnfield systems, origin of the Celts and Romans , found from eastern France , southern Germany and Austria to Hungary and the Nordic Bronze Age in northwestern Germany and Scandinavia . It was followed by the Billendorf culture of

385-671: The early Slavs . Modern archeologists, such as both K. Godłowski and P. Kaczanowski , hold the view that the ethnic geography of Bronze Age Central Europe then included peoples whose languages and ethnic identity are simply unknown. Burial was by cremation; inhumations are rare. The urn is usually accompanied by numerous (up to 40) secondary vessels. Metal grave gifts are sparse, but there are numerous hoards (such as Kopaniewo, Pomerania ) that contain rich metalwork, both bronze and gold (hoard of Eberswalde, Brandenburg ). Graves containing moulds (like at Bataune, in Saxony ) and tuyeres attest to

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420-623: The early Slavs . Modern archeologists, such as both K. Godłowski and P. Kaczanowski , hold the view that the ethnic geography of Bronze Age Central Europe then included peoples whose languages and ethnic identity are simply unknown. Burial was by cremation; inhumations are rare. The urn is usually accompanied by numerous (up to 40) secondary vessels. Metal grave gifts are sparse, but there are numerous hoards (such as Kopaniewo, Pomerania ) that contain rich metalwork, both bronze and gold (hoard of Eberswalde, Brandenburg ). Graves containing moulds (like at Bataune, in Saxony ) and tuyeres attest to

455-530: The "autochthonous Illyrian" hypothesis, by which Illyrian culture was formed in the same place (Western Balkans) from older Bronze Age cultures. According to Benac, the Urnfield culture bearers and proto-Illyrians were different people. Moreover, he claimed that the Urnfield culture migration might have caused several other population movements (e.g. Dorian migration ). This hypothesis was supported by Albanian archaeologists and Aleksandar Stipčević , who says that

490-678: The Alpine region. Tribes living there would have spoken Illyrian which differed from Latinate, Celtic, Germanic, and Venetic. Around 1300 BC, the people of the Barrow-mound culture, the Illyrians, would have moved eastwards and then southwards along the Danube ("the first Illyr migration"); and in 750 BC the people of the Hallstatt C culture would have expanded toward western Hungary ("the second Illyr migration") and gathered Pannonian tribes to themselves. 1000 BC

525-688: The British Isles to the Baltic. It denotes the period of development of the common Indo-European language which was finished by the second millennium BC. Krahe's second thesis was that by this time, the Western languages (Germanic, Celtic, Illyrian, the so-called Italic group – the Latin–Faliscan and the Oscan–Umbrian ;– along with Venetic–Baltic, and to some extent Slavic) had already dissociated from

560-541: The Illyrians with the Lusatian culture and Old European hydronyms. One of Kossinna's hypotheses suggested that at the time of the Hallstatt culture , which followed the Bronze Age in Central Europe (and is generally regarded as Proto-Celtic or early Celtic), a hypothetical Illyrian civilization in the middle Danube Valley was technologically more advanced than that of the early Celts to their immediate west, and elements of

595-637: The Illyrians' material culture found their way into the original Celtic heartland (Hallstatt), as well as the easternmost Germanic tribes. According to Kossinna, the earliest use of iron in Central Europe might be attributed to the Illyrians rather than the Proto-Celts. Julius Pokorny located the Urheimat between the Weser and the Vistula and east from that region where migration began around 2400 BC. Pokorny suggested that Illyrian elements were to be found in much of

630-780: The Indo-European language family with the Messapic language of southern Italy and the Illyrian spoken in the Balkans. Krahe thought that only the name of the Illyrian and Adriatic Enetos peoples were the same. Homer mentions a people in Asia Minor , the Paphlagonians , as coming from the Enetai province, and a few hundred years later Herodotus refers to the Enetos people twice, once as Illyrian and again as

665-531: The ancient Proto-Indo-European language, though he considered that they still constituted a uniform Old European language continuum, were to later divide more sharply). The similarities in European hydronyms resulted from the radiation of this Old European system, and not from the resemblance of the common words in the later separate languages. While many scholars placed Illyrian in North Europe other scholars extended

700-575: The continental Europe and also in the British Isles . Pokorny's hypothesis was influenced, in part, by contemporary archaeological theories in Germany and was supported by contemporary toponymic specialists, such as Max Vasmer , and Hans Krahe. In his 1937 work, Hans Krahe discussed the Venetic language , known from hundreds of inscriptions as an Illyrian language, which forms the separate Illyrian branch of

735-453: The link between the central (Italic, Greek, Aryan) and the southern (Pelasg, Luwiy, Hittite) Indo-European groups. Georgiev's hypothesis however, received a lot of criticism and was not widely accepted. The Pan-Illyrian hypothesis received much criticism, and one of the many critiques was that of Antonio Tovar, who demonstrated that the majority of hydronyms in the north of Europe had a non-Indo-European origin – an idea that Krahe dismissed, but

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770-680: The model of Illyrian in mind, he assumed that together these elements represented the remnant of one archaic language. The problem was that the names of the Venets and Veneds , and similar ethnonyms, are scattered over a huge territory, from the British Isles to the Baltic Sea and from Northern Italy to the Southern Balkans. Since no trace of Illyrians remains in the Northern zone, the Venets (or Veneds) became

805-508: The most convincing hypothesis for the genesis of the Illyrians was the one given by Benac; but pointing to Liburnians and their pre-Indo-European and Mediterranean phases in development, Stipčević claims that there was no equal processing of Illyrian origin in the different areas of the Western Balkans. Lusatian culture The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age (1300–500  BC ) in most of what

840-567: The occupants of the Adriatic sea. Krahe thought that the name of the Illyrian and Adriatic Enetos peoples are the same and if Adriatic Enetos were Venets and Venets were the Veneds mentioned in other sources then Illyrian and Veneds were the same people. The basis of this hypothesis is not only the similarity of the tribal and place names, but most of all the water names of the Baltic and the Adriatic (Odra, Drava, Drama, Drweca, Opawa, Notec, etc.). Having

875-440: The preceding Trzciniec culture experienced influences from the Tumulus culture of the Middle Bronze Age , essentially incorporating the local communities into the socio-political network of Iron Age Europe. It formed part of the Urnfield systems, origin of the Celts and Romans , found from eastern France , southern Germany and Austria to Hungary and the Nordic Bronze Age in northwestern Germany and Scandinavia . It

910-617: The production of bronze tools and weapons at the village level. The 'royal' tomb of Seddin , Brandenburg , Germany, covered by a large earthen barrow , contained Mediterranean imports like bronze vessels and glass beads. Cemeteries can be quite large and contain thousands of graves. Well-known settlements include Biskupin , in Poland, and Buch, near Berlin . There are both open villages and fortified settlements ( burgwall or gord ) on hilltops or in swampy areas. The ramparts were constructed of wooden boxes filled with soil or stones. Its economy

945-568: The production of bronze tools and weapons at the village level. The 'royal' tomb of Seddin , Brandenburg , Germany, covered by a large earthen barrow , contained Mediterranean imports like bronze vessels and glass beads. Cemeteries can be quite large and contain thousands of graves. Well-known settlements include Biskupin , in Poland, and Buch, near Berlin . There are both open villages and fortified settlements ( burgwall or gord ) on hilltops or in swampy areas. The ramparts were constructed of wooden boxes filled with soil or stones. Its economy

980-584: The territory of the Illyrian people in the south too ( Giuliano Bonfante , Vladimir I. Georgiev , etc.). One of them, Georgiev, claimed that "the Pelasg, that is the people before the Hellas Greeks, were Illyrian". Their language would have been Indo-European, more specifically a dialect of the Illyrian-Thracian language, and Etruscan was a later dialect of the latter. The Thracians and Illyrians would have been

1015-507: The transmitter of the Illyrian place-names and by the end of World War II , the Illyrians had come to be held responsible for a vast web of Indo-European place names, spreading from Ireland and Gaul to the Balkan Peninsula. By 1950, many of the onomastic irregularities once dubbed Illyrian had now become labeled " Old European ". First, Krahe presented the view that the Veneti language forms

1050-481: Was followed by the Billendorf culture of the Early Iron Age in the West. In Poland, the Lusatian culture is taken have spanned part of the Iron Age as well (there is only a terminological difference) and was succeeded in Montelius VIIbc in the northern ranges around the mouth of Vistula by the Pomeranian culture spreading south. 'Lusatian-type' burials were first described by the German pathologist and archaeologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). The name refers to

1085-538: Was later reiterated by Theo Vennemann in his Vasconic substrate hypothesis . The Pan-Illyrian hypothesis began with archaeological findings also its end coincided with it. As Radoslav Katičić linguistically restricted what is to be considered Illyrian, newer archeological investigations made by Alojz Benac and B. Čović, archaeologists from Sarajevo, demonstrated that there was unbroken continuation of cultural development between Bronze and Iron Age archeological material, therefore ethnical continuation, too. This created

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1120-586: Was mainly based on arable agriculture, as is attested by numerous storage pits . Wheat ( emmer ) and six-row barley formed the basic crops, together with millet , rye and oats , peas , broad beans , lentils , and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Flax was grown, and remains of domesticated apples , pears , and plums have been found. Cattle and pigs were the most important domestic animals, followed by sheep , goats , horses , and dogs . Pictures on Iron Age urns from Silesia attest horse riding, but horses were used to draw chariots as well. Hunting

1155-586: Was mainly based on arable agriculture, as is attested by numerous storage pits . Wheat ( emmer ) and six-row barley formed the basic crops, together with millet , rye and oats , peas , broad beans , lentils , and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Flax was grown, and remains of domesticated apples , pears , and plums have been found. Cattle and pigs were the most important domestic animals, followed by sheep , goats , horses , and dogs . Pictures on Iron Age urns from Silesia attest horse riding, but horses were used to draw chariots as well. Hunting

1190-423: Was practiced, as bones of red and roe deer , boar , bison , elk , hare , fox , and wolf attest, but it did not provide much of the meat consumed. The numerous frog bones found at Biskupin may indicate that frogs' legs were eaten as well. Lusatian culture The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age (1300–500  BC ) in most of what is now Poland and parts of

1225-489: Was that the oldest layer will always be the one that can not be explained with the language of the people who currently live on the banks or shores of the given water, and/or consist of a monosyllabic stem carrying a meaning (at times derived or conjugated monosyllabic words). He found that these monosyllabic water names give a system which he called Alteuropäisch ('Old European'). The network of old European water names comprises waters from Scandinavia to lower Italy, and from

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