The Palomar–Leiden survey ( PLS ) was a successful astronomical survey to study faint minor planets in a collaboration between the U.S Palomar Observatory and the Dutch Leiden Observatory , and resulted in the discovery of thousands of asteroids , including many Jupiter trojans .
16-511: The original PLS-survey took place in 1960, and was followed by three Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey campaigns, launched in 1971, 1973 and 1977. Its principal investigators were the astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden and Tom Gehrels at Palomar. For the period of the entire survey (1960–1977), the trio of astronomers are credited with the discovery of 4,637 numbered minor planets, which received their own provisional designation , such as 6344 P-L , 4835 T-1 and 3181 T-2 . PLS
32-442: A woman's surname at birth that has been replaced or changed. In most English-speaking cultures, it is specifically applied to a woman's maiden name after her surname has changed due to marriage. The term né can be used to denote a man's surname at birth that has subsequently been replaced or changed. The diacritic mark (the acute accent ) over the e is considered significant to its spelling, and ultimately its meaning, but
48-427: A combined total of 2,403. Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɪŋɡrɪt fɑn ˈɦʌutə(ŋ) ˈɣrunəˌvɛlt] ; née Groeneveld ; 21 October 1921 – 30 March 2015) was a Dutch astronomer . In a jointly credited trio with Tom Gehrels and her husband Cornelis Johannes van Houten , she was the discoverer of many thousands of asteroids (credited by
64-476: A limiting magnitude of 20.5. The observed region covered an area of 36° × 18° . The Zeiss blink comparator from the Heidelberg Observatory was adapted to perform blink comparison of the plates. This resulted in the discovery of a large number of asteroids; typically 200–400 per plate. A subset of these objects had sufficient data to allow orbital elements to be computed. The mean error in their positions
80-409: A person's name include middle names , diminutive forms, changes relating to parental status (due to one's parents' divorce or adoption by different parents), and gender transition . The French and English-adopted née is the feminine past participle of naître , which means "to be born". Né is the masculine form. The term née , having feminine grammatical gender , can be used to denote
96-417: Is sometimes omitted. According to Oxford University 's Dictionary of Modern English Usage , the terms are typically placed after the current surname (e.g., " Margaret Thatcher , née Roberts" or " Bill Clinton , né Blythe"). Since they are terms adopted into English (from French), they do not have to be italicized , but they often are. In Polish tradition , the term z domu (literally meaning "of
112-736: The Lunar and Planetary Laboratory in Arizona using the 48-inch Schmidt camera at Palomar Observatory. The orbital elements were computed at the Cincinnati Observatory , which was the site of the Minor Planet Center at the time. All other aspects of the program were conducted at Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands. During September and October 1960, the first 130 photographic plates were taken, with each plate spanning 35.6 × 35.6 cm and having
128-558: The Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 4,641 numbered minor planets). In the Palomar–Leiden survey , Gehrels took the images using the 48-inch Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory and shipped the photographic plates to the van Houtens at Leiden Observatory , who analyzed them for new asteroids. The trio are jointly credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. Van Houten-Groeneveld died on 30 March 2015, at
144-510: The Solar System . Discoveries included members of the Hungaria and Hilda family, which are asteroids from the inner- and outermost regions of the asteroid belt , respectively, as well as a large number of Jupiter trojans . The discovered bodies received a custom provisional designation. For example, the asteroid 2040 P-L is the 2040th minor planet in the original Palomar-Leiden survey, while
160-531: The surname , the given name , or the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth register may by that fact alone become the person's legal name . The assumption in the Western world is often that the name from birth (or perhaps from baptism or brit milah ) will persist to adulthood in the normal course of affairs—either throughout life or until marriage. Some reasons for changes of
176-469: The Palomar–Leiden survey and its subsequent Trojan campaigns. A total of 4,622 minor planets have been numbered so far and are directly credited to the survey's principal investigators – Cornelis Johannes van Houten , Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels – by the Minor Planet Center (see § List of discovered minor planets ) , which is responsible for the designation of minor bodies in
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#1733085988867192-453: The age of 93, in Oegstgeest , Netherlands. The Themistian main-belt asteroid 1674 Groeneveld – discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg and independently discovered by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä in 1938, was named in her honor ( M.P.C. 2901 ). Birth name#Maiden and married names A birth name is the name given to a person upon birth. The term may be applied to
208-426: The asteroid 4835 T-1 was discovered during the first Trojan-campaign. The majority of these bodies have since been assigned a number and many are already named. The custom identifier in the provisional designation "P-L" stands for "Palomar–Leiden", named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory. For the three Trojan campaigns, the survey designation prefixes "T-1", "T-2" and "T-3" stand for "Trojan". The PLS
224-440: Was as small as 0.6″, which corresponded to 0.009 mm on the plates. The resulting mean error in magnitude estimation was 0.19. The third Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey was performed in 1977, resulting in the discovery of 26 Jupiter trojans. In total, there were three Trojan campaigns, designated T-1, T-2, and T-3, which discovered 3570 asteroids. Another small extension of the survey was reported in 1984, adding 170 new objects for
240-430: Was one of the most productive minor planet surveys ever conducted: five new asteroid families were discovered, gaps at 1:3 and 2:5 orbital resonances with Jupiter were revealed, and hundreds of photographic plates were taken with Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope . These plates are still used in their digitized form for the precovery of minor planets today. Approximately 5,500 minor planets were discovered during
256-535: Was originally intended as an extension of the Yerkes–McDonald asteroid survey (1950–1952), which was initiated by Dutch–American astronomer Gerard Kuiper . While this survey was limited to a magnitude of up to 16, PLS could study minor planets up to a visual magnitudes of 20. However, it only covered a portion of the ecliptic about the vernal equinox, with the target areas selected to minimize the number of background stars. Photographic plates taken by Tom Gehrels at
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