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81-399: The goblet is made of clear glass, enamelled and gilt, mounted on a foot of silver gilt embossed with fleurs-de-lis . Near the edge, an inscription appears in gold on a blue ground: the line can be traced to the poet Kushajim (died around 961), and reads: "Repent! While the cup is in the hand of the beardless youth, and the sound of the second and third [strings of the lute] is loud!" Below

162-460: A seal showing the future Louis VIII and his shield strewn with the "flowers". Until the late 14th century the French royal coat of arms was Azure semé-de-lis Or (a blue shield "sown" ( semé ) with a scattering of small golden fleurs-de-lis ), the so-called France Ancient , but Charles V of France changed the design to a group of three in about 1376 (see next section for France Modern ). In

243-517: A dark blue field arranged two and one. The fleur-de-lys was also seen on New France's currency often referred to as "card money" . The white Royal Banner of France was used by the military of New France and was seen on naval vessels and forts of New France. After the fall of New France to the British Empire the fleur-de-lys remained visible on churches and remained part of French cultural symbolism. There are many French-speaking Canadians for whom

324-573: A dove to Saint Remigius. One version explains that an angel descended with the fleur-de-lis ampulla to anoint the king. Another story tells of Clovis putting a flower in his helmet just before his victory at the Battle of Vouillé . Through this propagandist connection to Clovis, the fleur-de-lis has been taken in retrospect to symbolize all the Christian Frankish kings, most notably Charlemagne . The graphic evolution of crita to fleur-de-lis

405-760: A hypothesis ventured in the 17th c. sounds very plausible to me. One species of wild iris, the Iris pseudacorus , yellow flag in English, is yellow and grows in marshes (cf. the azure field, for water). Its name in German is Lieschblume (also gelbe Schwertlilie), but Liesch was also spelled Lies and Leys in the Middle Ages. It is easy to imagine that, in Northern France, the Lieschblume would have been called 'fleur-de-lis'. This would explain

486-476: A naturalist, studies the world by observing plants and animals directly. Because organisms are functionally inseparable from the environment in which they live and because their structure and function cannot be adequately interpreted without knowing some of their evolutionary history, the study of natural history embraces the study of fossils as well as physiographic and other aspects of the physical environment". A common thread in many definitions of natural history

567-544: A part of science proper. In Victorian Scotland, the study of natural history was believed to contribute to good mental health. Particularly in Britain and the United States, this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds , butterflies, seashells ( malacology / conchology ), beetles, and wildflowers; meanwhile, scientists tried to define a unified discipline of biology (though with only partial success, at least until

648-574: A rich historical significance and has adorned the emblems and crests of various noble houses, reflecting both cultural heritage and a sense of identity within the country. One notable household that has prominently featured this emblem is the Thopia family a ruling house in Medieval Albania during the Medieval Kingdom of Albania . A few other notable Albanian families that have distinctly featured

729-603: A ruling Serbian Orthodox house in medieval Serbia during the medieval Principality of Serbia , Grand Principality of Serbia , Kingdom of Serbia and Serbian Empire , adopted by the Serbian king , Stefan I Nemanjić . The coat of arms contained two fleurs-de-lis . Today, the fleur-de-lis is, alongside the Serbian Cross , Serbian eagle and Serbian Flag , national symbols of the Serb people . Naturalist Natural history

810-510: A symbolic image for what later became a coat of arms, set their minds on the iris, a flower that was common around their homes, and is also as beautiful as it was remarkable. They called it, in short, the fleur-de-lis, instead of the flower of the river of lis . This flower, or iris, looks like our fleur-de-lis not just because of its yellow colour but also because of its shape: of the six petals, or leaves, that it has, three of them are alternatively straight and meet at their tops. The other three on

891-482: Is a domain of inquiry involving organisms , including animals , fungi , and plants , in their natural environment , leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is called a naturalist or natural historian . Natural history encompasses scientific research but is not limited to it. It involves the systematic study of any category of natural objects or organisms, so while it dates from studies in

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972-460: Is also echoed by H.W. Greene and J.B. Losos: "Natural history focuses on where organisms are and what they do in their environment, including interactions with other organisms. It encompasses changes in internal states insofar as they pertain to what organisms do". Some definitions go further, focusing on direct observation of organisms in their environments, both past and present, such as this one by G.A. Bartholomew: "A student of natural history, or

1053-617: Is clearly depicted in an illustration of emperor Nikephoros Phocas's welcome ceremony in Constantinople (963 AD) included in Synopsis Istorion (dated 1070s). The fleur-de-lis pattern can also be found on Ionic capital of Panagia Skripo church (dated 870AD): The Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon flag" symbolizing royal France , was the most commonly used flag in New France . The "Bourbon flag" has three gold fleur-de-lis on

1134-419: Is featured on the flag of Quebec , known as the fleurdelisé , as well as the flags of the cities of Montreal , Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières . The fleur-de-lis symbolic origins with French monarchs may stem from the baptismal lily used in the crowning of King Clovis I (r. c. 481–509). The French monarchy may have adopted the fleur-de-lis for its royal coat of arms as a symbol of purity to commemorate

1215-661: Is known in heraldic terminology as the France Ancient , with the France Modern . France moderne remained the French royal standard, and with a white background was the French national flag until the French Revolution , when it was replaced by the tricolor of modern-day France. The fleur-de-lis was restored to the French flag in 1814, but replaced once again after the revolution against Charles X of France in 1830. After

1296-400: Is most often defined as a type of observation and a subject of study, it can also be defined as a body of knowledge, and as a craft or a practice, in which the emphasis is placed more on the observer than on the observed. Definitions from biologists often focus on the scientific study of individual organisms in their environment, as seen in this definition by Marston Bates: "Natural history is

1377-472: Is the fact that the French or Franks, before entering Gaul itself, lived for a long time around the river named Lys in the Flanders. Nowadays, this river is still bordered with an exceptional number of irises —as many plants grow for centuries in the same places—: these irises have yellow flowers, which is not a typical feature of lilies but fleurs-de-lis. It was thus understandable that our kings, having to choose

1458-399: Is the inclusion of a descriptive component, as seen in a recent definition by H.W. Greene: "Descriptive ecology and ethology". Several authors have argued for a more expansive view of natural history, including S. Herman, who defines the field as "the scientific study of plants and animals in their natural environments. It is concerned with levels of organization from the individual organism to

1539-538: The American Society of Naturalists and Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists . Professional societies have recognized the importance of natural history and have initiated new sections in their journals specifically for natural history observations to support the discipline. These include "Natural History Field Notes" of Biotropica , "The Scientific Naturalist" of Ecology , "From the Field" of Waterbirds , and

1620-590: The Capetian House of Anjou support in assuming the throne of Bosnia. The coat of arms contained six fleurs-de-lis , where the flower itself is today often considered to be a representation of the autochthonous golden lily, Lilium bosniacum . The emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was part of the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998 . The state insignia were changed in 1999. The former flag of

1701-627: The Immaculate Conception . According to Pierre-Augustin Boissier de Sauvages , an 18th-century French naturalist and lexicographer : The old fleurs-de-lis, especially the ones found in our first kings' sceptres, have a lot less in common with ordinary lilies than the flowers called flambas [in Occitan ], or irises, from which the name of our own fleur-de-lis may derive. What gives some colour of truth to this hypothesis that we already put forth,

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1782-476: The Natural History Society of Northumbria founded in 1829, London Natural History Society (1858), Birmingham Natural History Society (1859), British Entomological and Natural History Society founded in 1872, Glasgow Natural History Society, Manchester Microscopical and Natural History Society established in 1880, Whitby Naturalists' Club founded in 1913, Scarborough Field Naturalists' Society and

1863-525: The Renaissance , making it one of the longest-lasting of all natural history books. From the ancient Greeks until the work of Carl Linnaeus and other 18th-century naturalists, a major concept of natural history was the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being , an arrangement of minerals, vegetables, more primitive forms of animals, and more complex life forms on a linear scale of supposedly increasing perfection, culminating in our species. Natural history

1944-489: The ancient Greco-Roman world and the mediaeval Arabic world , through to European Renaissance naturalists working in near isolation, today's natural history is a cross-discipline umbrella of many specialty sciences; e.g., geobiology has a strong multidisciplinary nature. The meaning of the English term "natural history" (a calque of the Latin historia naturalis ) has narrowed progressively with time, while, by contrast,

2025-407: The arms of Plantagenet , as "arms of pretence ". After the kings of France adopted France Modern , the kings of England adopted the new design as quarterings from about 1411. The monarchs of England (and later of Great Britain ) continued to quarter the French arms until 1801, when George III abandoned his formal claim to the French throne . On 29 December 1429, King Charles VII ennobled

2106-567: The biological and geological sciences. The two were strongly associated. During the heyday of the gentleman scientists , many people contributed to both fields, and early papers in both were commonly read at professional science society meetings such as the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences —both founded during the 17th century. Natural history had been encouraged by practical motives, such as Linnaeus' aspiration to improve

2187-516: The fleur-de-lis (⚜️) is depicted on the traditional coat of arms of France that was used from the High Middle Ages until the French Revolution in 1792, and then again in brief periods in the 19th century. This design still represents France and the House of Bourbon in the form of marshalling in the arms of Spain , Quebec , and Canada — for example. Other European nations have also employed

2268-637: The fleur-de-lis remains a symbol of their French cultural identity. Québécois , Franco-Ontarians , Franco-Ténois and Franco-Albertans , feature the fleur-de-lis prominently on their flags . The fleur-de-lys, as a traditional royal symbol in Canada, has been incorporated into many national symbols , provincial symbols and municipal symbols, the Canadian Red Ensign that served as the nautical flag and civil ensign for Canada from 1892 to 1965 and later as an informal flag of Canada before 1965 featured

2349-497: The humanities (primarily what is now known as classics ) and divinity , with science studied largely through texts rather than observation or experiment. The study of nature revived in the Renaissance , and quickly became a third branch of academic knowledge, itself divided into descriptive natural history and natural philosophy , the analytical study of nature. In modern terms, natural philosophy roughly corresponded to modern physics and chemistry , while natural history included

2430-638: The modern evolutionary synthesis ). Still, the traditions of natural history continue to play a part in the study of biology, especially ecology (the study of natural systems involving living organisms and the inorganic components of the Earth's biosphere that support them), ethology (the scientific study of animal behavior), and evolutionary biology (the study of the relationships between life forms over very long periods of time), and re-emerges today as integrative organismal biology. Amateur collectors and natural history entrepreneurs played an important role in building

2511-558: The County of La Marche. Many of the current French departments use the symbol on their coats-of-arms to express this heritage. The fleur-de-lis appears for instance on the coat-of-arms of Guadeloupe , an overseas département of France in the Caribbean, Saint Barthélemy , an overseas collectivity of France, and French Guiana . The overseas department of Réunion in the Indian Ocean uses

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2592-677: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy . Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of many cantons , municipalities , cities and towns. Today, it is a traditional symbol of the Bosniak people . It is still used as official insignia of the Bosniak Regiment of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Fleurs-de-lis today also appear in

2673-659: The Natural History Institute (Prescott, Arizona): Natural history – a practice of intentional focused attentiveness and receptivity to the more-than-human world, guided by honesty and accuracy – is the oldest continuous human endeavor. In the evolutionary past of our species, the practice of natural history was essential for our survival, imparting critical information on habits and chronologies of plants and animals that we could eat or that could eat us. Natural history continues to be critical to human survival and thriving. It contributes to our fundamental understanding of how

2754-539: The Sorby Natural History Society, Sheffield , founded in 1918. The growth of natural history societies was also spurred due to the growth of British colonies in tropical regions with numerous new species to be discovered. Many civil servants took an interest in their new surroundings, sending specimens back to museums in the Britain . (See also: Indian natural history ) Societies in other countries include

2835-518: The arms of members of the Spanish branch of the French House of Bourbon , including the king of Spain , as well as that of the unrelated grand duke of Luxembourg . According to French historian Georges Duby , the three petals represent the three medieval social estates : the commoners, the nobility, and the clergy. In Italy, the fleur de lis - called giglio bottonato ( it ) - is mainly known from

2916-693: The base is embossed with fleurs-de-lis in lozenge diaper. The goblet has a height of 10.6 in (270 mm). The original object was a glass beaker, transformed into a goblet with an elongated stem in France. The glass is Islamic work, perhaps made at Mosul , Damascus , or in Egypt , in the early thirteenth century. The decorated glass beaker itself can be securely attributed to the Jazira area of northern Iraq and northern Syria, probably to Raqqa or Aleppo , where major glass workshops operated, and can be most likely dated to

2997-533: The chief of their coat of arms; such cities include Paris, Lyon , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Reims , Le Havre , Angers, Le Mans , Aix-en-Provence , Tours, Limoges , Amiens , Orléans, Rouen, Argenteuil, Poitiers, Chartres , and Laon , among others. The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France , the core of the French kingdom. It has appeared on the coat-of-arms of other historical provinces of France including Burgundy, Anjou, Picardy, Berry, Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Maine, Touraine, Artois, Dauphiné, Saintonge, and

3078-589: The color pattern to the final gules lily on argent background. This heraldic charge is often known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional (stamen-not-shown) design. As an emblem of the city, it is therefore found in icons of Zenobius , its first bishop, and associated with Florence's patron Saint John the Baptist in the Florentine fiorino . Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within

3159-578: The conversion of Clovis I, and a reminder of the fleur-de-lis ampulla that held the oil used to anoint the king . So, the fleur-de-lis stood as a symbol of the king's divinely approved right to rule. The thus "anointed" kings of France later maintained that their authority was directly from God. A legend enhances the mystique of royalty by informing us that a vial of oil—the Holy Ampulla—descended from Heaven to anoint and sanctify Clovis as King, descending directly on Clovis or perhaps brought by

3240-490: The crest of the city of Florence . In the Florentine fleurs-de-lis the stamens are always posed between the petals . Originally argent (silver or white) on gules (red) background, the emblem became the standard of the imperial party in Florence ( parte ghibellina ), causing the town government, which maintained a staunch Guelph stance, being strongly opposed to the imperial pretensions on city states, to reverse

3321-451: The diversity of the natural world. Natural history was understood by Pliny the Elder to cover anything that could be found in the world, including living things, geology, astronomy, technology, art, and humanity. De Materia Medica was written between 50 and 70 AD by Pedanius Dioscorides , a Roman physician of Greek origin. It was widely read for more than 1,500 years until supplanted in

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3402-489: The economic condition of Sweden. Similarly, the Industrial Revolution prompted the development of geology to help find useful mineral deposits. Modern definitions of natural history come from a variety of fields and sources, and many of the modern definitions emphasize a particular aspect of the field, creating a plurality of definitions with a number of common themes among them. For example, while natural history

3483-410: The ecosystem, and stresses identification, life history, distribution, abundance, and inter-relationships. It often and appropriately includes an esthetic component", and T. Fleischner, who defines the field even more broadly, as "A practice of intentional, focused attentiveness and receptivity to the more-than-human world, guided by honesty and accuracy". These definitions explicitly include the arts in

3564-424: The emblem, their purpose was of connecting their rulership with this symbol of saintliness and divine right. Louis VI (r. 1108–1137) and Louis VII (r. 1137–1180) of the House of Capet first started to use the emblem, on sceptres for example. Louis VII ordered the use of fleur-de-lis clothing in his son Philip's coronation in 1179, while the first visual evidence of clearly heraldic use dates from 1211:

3645-710: The emergence of professional biological disciplines and research programs. Particularly in the 19th century, scientists began to use their natural history collections as teaching tools for advanced students and the basis for their own morphological research. The term "natural history" alone, or sometimes together with archaeology, forms the name of many national, regional, and local natural history societies that maintain records for animals (including birds (ornithology), insects ( entomology ) and mammals (mammalogy)), fungi ( mycology ), plants (botany), and other organisms. They may also have geological and microscopical sections. Examples of these societies in Britain include

3726-471: The end of the Second French Empire , Henri, comte de Chambord , was offered the throne as King of France, but he agreed only if France gave up the tricolor and brought back the white flag with fleurs-de-lis . Curiously the French tricolore with the royal crown and fleur-de-lys was possibly designed by the count in his younger years as a compromise His condition that his country needed to abandon

3807-433: The family of Joan of Arc , seen as a French hero in the ensueing Hundred Years' War , with an inheritable symbolic denomination. The Chamber of Accounts in France registered the family's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430. The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys. In about 1376, Charles V changed the design from the all-over scattering of flowers to a group of three, thus replacing what

3888-411: The field of botany, be it as authors, collectors, or illustrators. In modern Europe, professional disciplines such as botany, geology, mycology , palaeontology , physiology , and zoology were formed. Natural history , formerly the main subject taught by college science professors, was increasingly scorned by scientists of a more specialized manner and relegated to an "amateur" activity, rather than

3969-634: The field of natural history, and are aligned with the broad definition outlined by B. Lopez, who defines the field as the "Patient interrogation of a landscape" while referring to the natural history knowledge of the Eskimo ( Inuit ). A slightly different framework for natural history, covering a similar range of themes, is also implied in the scope of work encompassed by many leading natural history museums , which often include elements of anthropology, geology, paleontology, and astronomy along with botany and zoology, or include both cultural and natural components of

4050-618: The first Western designs which look similar to modern fleurs-de-lis . In the East it was found on the gold helmet of a Scythian king uncovered at the Ak-Burun kurgan and conserved in Saint Petersburg 's Hermitage Museum . See also the very similar lily symbol on coins from the Achemenid and Ptolemaic province of Yehud (c. 350-200 BC) and Hasmonean-ruled Judah (2nd and 1st century BC). For

4131-435: The flags and arms of many cantons , municipalities , cities and towns of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Brazil, the arms and flag of the city of Joinville feature three fleurs-de-lis surmounted with a label of three points (for the House of Orléans ), alluding to François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville , son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, who married Princess Francisca of Brazil in 1843. The fleur-de-lis pattern

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4212-455: The iconic fleur-de-lis in their heraldic coat of arms are the Durazzo family , Skuraj family , Muzaka family , Luccari family , Angeli family and many other Albanian noble families . The fleurs-de-lis was the symbol of the House of Kotromanić , a ruling house in medieval Bosnia during the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia , adopted by the first Bosnian king, Tvrtko I , in recognition of

4293-414: The inscription, a prince is seated between two attendants holding swords; beyond are three other attendants, including one holding a polo club. The figures are modelled in a thick white enamel, thinly gilt and having details in red and blue. The goblet has a flat foot-rim with a turn up inside. It is held in the mount by leaves; the stem is embossed with pairs of birds sitting on branches; ribbed crystal knop;

4374-599: The life of centuries-old insignia and emblems". The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C ⚜ FLEUR-DE-LIS in the Miscellaneous Symbols block. Fleur-de-lis is the stylized depiction of the lily flower. The name itself derives from ancient Greek λείριον > Latin lilium > French lis . The lily has always been the symbol of fertility and purity, and in Christianity it symbolizes

4455-519: The meaning of the related term "nature" has widened (see also History below). In antiquity , "natural history" covered essentially anything connected with nature , or used materials drawn from nature, such as Pliny the Elder 's encyclopedia of this title , published c.  77 to 79 AD , which covers astronomy , geography , humans and their technology , medicine , and superstition , as well as animals and plants. Medieval European academics considered knowledge to have two main divisions:

4536-625: The monarchy of France, which developed from the Kingdom of the West Franks, could trace its heritage back to the divine gift of royal arms received by Clovis. This story has remained popular, even though modern scholarship has established that the fleur-de-lis was a religious symbol before it was a true heraldic symbol. Along with true lilies, it was associated with the Virgin Mary, and when the 12th-century Capetians , Louis VI and Louis VII, started to use

4617-451: The name and the formal origin of the design, as a stylized yellow flag. There is a fanciful legend about Clovis which links the yellow flag explicitly with the French coat of arms. Another (debated) hypothesis is that the symbol derives from the angon or sting , a typical Frankish throwing spear. It has consistently been used as a royal emblem, though different cultures have interpreted its meaning in varying ways. Gaulish coins show

4698-404: The opposite, bend down so that the middle one seems to make one with the stalk and only the two ones facing out from left and right can clearly be seen, which is again similar with our fleurs-de-lis, that is to say exclusively the one from the river Luts whose white petals bend down too when the flower blooms. The heraldist François Velde is known to have expressed the same opinion: However,

4779-490: The origin of the fleur-de-lis is unclear, it has retained an association with French nobility and associated cities and regions. It is widely used in French city emblems as in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand , Boulogne-Billancourt , and Calais . Some cities that had been particularly faithful to the French Crown were awarded a heraldic augmentation of two or three fleurs-de-lis on

4860-640: The period between 1200 and 1225. The mount is a silver-gilt chalice in filigree with a rock-crystal bead in the middle of the stem, and is most likely made in Paris, France, in the late 1250s or early 1260s. This cup was long in the possession of the Palmer family, of Ladbroke in Warwickshire. The ruler and attendants are similar to those found in the manuscript Kitab al-Dariyaq from the Mosul or North Jazira area, and wear

4941-401: The red and blue colors that it had adopted to symbolize the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789 was rejected and France became a republic . It remains an enduring symbol of France which appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics , that unlike other republican nations, never officially adopted a coat of arms. Although

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5022-439: The reign of King Louis IX (St. Louis) the three petals of the flower were said to represent faith, wisdom and chivalry, and to be a sign of divine favour bestowed on France. During the next century, the 14th, the tradition of Trinity symbolism was established in France, and then spread elsewhere. In 1328, King Edward III of England inherited a claim to the crown of France, and in about 1340 he quartered France Ancient with

5103-432: The same feature. It appears on the coat of Port Louis , the capital of Mauritius which was named in honour of King Louis XV. On the coat of arms of Saint Lucia it represents the French heritage of the country. While the fleur-de-lis has appeared on countless European coats of arms and flags over the centuries, it is particularly associated with the French monarchy in a historical context and continues to appear in

5184-546: The study of animals and Plants—of organisms. ... I like to think, then, of natural history as the study of life at the level of the individual—of what plants and animals do, how they react to each other and their environment, how they are organized into larger groupings like populations and communities" and this more recent definition by D.S. Wilcove and T. Eisner: "The close observation of organisms—their origins, their evolution, their behavior, and their relationships with other species". This focus on organisms in their environment

5265-486: The symbol. The fleur-de-lis became "at one and the same time, religious, political, dynastic, artistic, emblematic, and symbolic", especially in French heraldry . The Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph are among saints often depicted with a lily. Some modern usage of the fleur-de-lis reflects "the continuing presence of heraldry in everyday life", often intentionally, but also when users are not aware that they are "prolonging

5346-515: The system of the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus . The British historian of Chinese science Joseph Needham calls Li Shizhen "the 'uncrowned king' of Chinese naturalists", and his Bencao gangmu "undoubtedly the greatest scientific achievement of the Ming". His works translated to many languages direct or influence many scholars and researchers. A significant contribution to English natural history

5427-584: The territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens. In Italy, fleurs-de-lis have been used for some papal crowns and coats of arms, the Farnese Dukes of Parma , and by some doges of Venice . The design of the arms of Jurbarkas is believed to originate from the arms of the Sapieha house, a Lithuanian noble family which

5508-409: The traditional number of three golden fleur-de-lys on a blue background. The arms of Canada throughout its variations has used fleur-de-lys, beginning in 1921 and subsequent various has featuring the blue "Bourbon Flag" in two locations within arms. The Canadian royal cypher and the arms of Canada feature St Edward's Crown that displays five cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys. The fleur-de-lis

5589-411: The transition from religious to dynastic symbolism and the beginning of European heraldic use of the fleur-de-lis , see France section , chronologically followed by England through claims to the French crown . List in alphabetical order by country: In Albania, fleur-de-lis ( Albanian : Lulja e Zambakut ) has been associated with the different Albanian noble families . This iconic symbol holds

5670-563: The typical sharbush type of headgear. Their robes, headgear, attitudes are also similar to metalwork objects datable to the early 13th century with a provenance from Mosul or the Northern Jazira area. Fleurs-de-lis The fleur-de-lis , also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural fleurs-de-lis or fleurs-de-lys ), is a common heraldic charge in the ( stylized ) shape of a lily (in French, fleur and lis mean ' flower ' and ' lily ' respectively). Most notably,

5751-475: The world works by providing the empirical foundation of natural sciences, and it contributes directly and indirectly to human emotional and physical health, thereby fostering healthier human communities. It also serves as the basis for all conservation efforts, with natural history both informing the science and inspiring the values that drive these. As a precursor to Western science , natural history began with Aristotle and other ancient philosophers who analyzed

5832-664: The world's large natural history collections, such as the Natural History Museum, London , and the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. Three of the greatest English naturalists of the 19th century, Henry Walter Bates , Charles Darwin , and Alfred Russel Wallace —who knew each other—each made natural history travels that took years, collected thousands of specimens, many of them new to science, and by their writings both advanced knowledge of "remote" parts of

5913-564: The world. The plurality of definitions for this field has been recognized as both a weakness and a strength, and a range of definitions has recently been offered by practitioners in a recent collection of views on natural history. Prior to the advent of Western science humans were engaged and highly competent in indigenous ways of understanding the more-than-human world that are now referred to as traditional ecological knowledge . 21st century definitions of natural history are inclusive of this understanding, such as this by Thomas Fleischner of

5994-777: The world—the Amazon basin , the Galápagos Islands , and the Indonesian Archipelago , among others—and in so doing helped to transform biology from a descriptive to a theory-based science. The understanding of "Nature" as "an organism and not as a mechanism" can be traced to the writings of Alexander von Humboldt (Prussia, 1769–1859). Humboldt's copious writings and research were seminal influences for Charles Darwin, Simón Bolívar , Henry David Thoreau , Ernst Haeckel , and John Muir . Natural history museums , which evolved from cabinets of curiosities , played an important role in

6075-451: Was accompanied by textual allegory . By the late 13th century, an allegorical poem by Guillaume de Nangis (d. 1300), written at Joyenval Abbey in Chambourcy , relates how the golden lilies on an azure ground were miraculously substituted for the crescents on Clovis' shield, a projection into the past of contemporary images of heraldry. In the 14th century, French writers asserted that

6156-785: Was basically static through the Middle Ages in Europe—although in the Arabic and Oriental world, it proceeded at a much brisker pace. From the 13th century, the work of Aristotle was adapted rather rigidly into Christian philosophy , particularly by Thomas Aquinas , forming the basis for natural theology . During the Renaissance, scholars (herbalists and humanists, particularly) returned to direct observation of plants and animals for natural history, and many began to accumulate large collections of exotic specimens and unusual monsters . Leonhart Fuchs

6237-600: Was briefly readopted in 1970 during the Soviet occupation , but abolished that same year. Three fleurs-de-lis appeared in the personal coat of arms of Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt who ruled the Malta between 1601 and 1622. His nephew Adrien de Wignacourt , who was Grandmaster himself from 1690 to 1697, also had a similar coat of arms with three fleurs-de-lis . The town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms. These are derived from an arch which

6318-402: Was made by parson-naturalists such as Gilbert White , William Kirby , John George Wood , and John Ray , who wrote about plants, animals, and other aspects of nature. Many of these men wrote about nature to make the natural theology argument for the existence or goodness of God. Since early modern times, however, a great number of women made contributions to natural history, particularly in

6399-405: Was one of the three founding fathers of botany, along with Otto Brunfels and Hieronymus Bock . Other important contributors to the field were Valerius Cordus , Konrad Gesner ( Historiae animalium ), Frederik Ruysch , and Gaspard Bauhin . The rapid increase in the number of known organisms prompted many attempts at classifying and organizing species into taxonomic groups , culminating in

6480-520: Was part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct that had three sculpted fleurs-de-lis on top, as they were the heraldic symbols of Alof de Wignacourt , the Grand Master who financed its building. Another suburb which developed around the area became known as Fleur-de-Lys , and it also features a red fleur-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms. The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of the House of Nemanjic ,

6561-610: Was responsible for Jurbarkas receiving city rights and a coat of arms in 1611. The three fleurs-de-lis design on the Jurbarkas coat of arms was abolished during the final years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , but officially restored in 1993 after the independence of present-day Lithuania was re-established. Before restoration, several variant designs, such as using one over two fleurs-de-lis , had been restored and abolished. The original two over one version

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