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32-469: Several forerunners were built in the Palace Park in the 18th and 19th centuries, under Emperors Francis I and Joseph II . The present building was built by Ignaz Gridl following plans by court architect Franz-Xaver von Segenschmid, known for his projects of bridges, and Sigmund Wagner. Groundbreaking took place in 1881 and Franz Joseph I opened the greenhouse on 19 June 1882. Since 1918 it has been run by

64-421: A miscarriage. The pro-French opposition to Michael spread rumors that he was homosexual or impotent and that he forced her to fake pregnancies, but this is not considered likely. The pro-French opposition party under the leadership of John III Sobieski and Mikołaj Prażmowski attempted to convince her to divorce, but she refused and instead demonstrated loyalty toward the king. Queen and Grand Duchess Eleonore

96-522: Is buried in tomb number 55 in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. Maria Theresa and Francis I had sixteen children, amongst them the last pre-revolutionary queen consort of France, their youngest daughter, Marie Antoinette (1755–1793). Francis was succeeded as Emperor by his eldest son, Joseph II , and as Grand Duke of Tuscany by his younger son, Peter Leopold (later Emperor Leopold II) . Maria Theresa retained

128-567: The Bundesgärten (Federal Gardens). A heavy bomb attack on Schönbrunn Palace in February 1945 destroyed most of the glazing of the Palmenhaus. Many plants died, although some were saved by being transferred to the nearby Sonnenuhrhaus . The rebuilding began in 1948, and the Palmenhaus was reopened in 1953. The building was closed to the public in 1976 as a safety measure following the collapse of

160-550: The Duchy of Lorraine during the minority of her son between 1690 and 1697. Born in Regensburg , Eleonore was the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III and his wife, Eleonora of Mantua . Not much is known about her childhood. She was given a good education, and could speak both French and Italian. Eleonore married King-Grand Duke Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki , king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania , on 27 February 1670 in

192-646: The Jasna Góra Monastery . The marriage was suggested by the Polish envoy Andrzej Olszowski in November 1669 in order to form an alliance with the Habsburg dynasty through marriage, since the opposition to Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki was backed by the pro-French faction. The relationship between Eleonore and Michael was described as a harmonious friendship. They had one stillborn son on 29 November 1670. In 1671, she had

224-469: The Treaty of Füssen , Maria Theresa secured his election as Emperor , which took place on 13 September 1745. He succeeded Charles VII , and she made him co-regent of her hereditary dominions. Francis was well content to leave the wielding of power to his able wife. He had a natural fund of good sense and brilliant business capacity and was a useful assistant to Maria Theresa in the laborious task of governing

256-538: The voivode of Vitebsk Jan Antoni Chrapowicki. Eleonore succeeded in convincing the opposition to acknowledge the election victory of King Michael in exchange for amnesty for the opposition. King and Grand Duke Michael died on 10 November 1673. She remained in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for a couple of years after his death. Eleonore initially stayed in Poland in her dowager seat at Toruń . It

288-590: The British Ambassador, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield . During a subsequent visit to England, Francis was made a Master Mason at another specially convened lodge at Houghton Hall , the Norfolk estate of British Prime Minister Robert Walpole . Maria Theresa arranged for Francis to become " Lord Lieutenant " (locumtenens) of Hungary in 1732. He was not excited about this position, but Maria Theresa wanted him closer to her. In June 1732 he agreed to go to

320-814: The Duchy of Lorraine was under French occupation, the couple resided in Innsbruck , in the County of Tyrol . They were the parents of six children. She passed to her heirs the inheritance of the Gonzagas of Mantua . When she married Charles, there were fears in the Commonwealth that she was planning to overthrow King and Grand Duke John III Sobieski and install her own spouse as a ruler. Eleonora did keep in contact with pro-Habsburg Polish magnates such as Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki , Kalisz Voivode and Jan Karol Opaliński , but no such plan

352-556: The Empire. The couple were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, and their marriage produced sixteen children. Francis was the oldest surviving son of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine , and the French princess Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans . Duke Leopold died in 1729 and was succeeded by his son. In 1736, Francis married Maria Theresa. In 1738, he left the Duchy of Lorraine and Bar for

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384-666: The Hungarian capital, Pressburg (today's Bratislava ). When the War of the Polish Succession broke out in 1733, France used it as an opportunity to seize Lorraine, since France's chief minister, Cardinal Fleury , was concerned that, as a Habsburg possession, it would bring Austrian power too close to France. A preliminary peace was concluded in October 1735 and ratified in the Treaty of Vienna in November 1738. Under its terms, Stanisław I ,

416-705: The Reichsbrücke . Renovations were carried out between 1986 and 1990. Built with 600 tons of wrought iron and 120 tons of cast iron , the Palmenhaus is 111 metres long, 28 metres wide and 25 metres high, and has 45,000 glass tiles. The annexes on the north and south sides serve as a coldhouse and a hothouse respectively. 48°11′05″N 16°18′10″E  /  48.18472°N 16.30278°E  / 48.18472; 16.30278 Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I (Francis Stephen; French : François Étienne ; German : Franz Stefan ; Italian : Francesco Stefano ; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765)

448-533: The Turks. In October 1738 he was back in Vienna. On 17 December 1738 the couple travelled south, accompanied by his brother Charles to visit Florence for three months. They arrived on 20 January 1739. In 1744 Francis' brother Charles married a younger sister of Maria Theresa, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria . In 1744 Charles became governor of the Austrian Netherlands, a post he held until his death in 1780. In

480-561: The age of 15, when he was brought to Vienna, he was established in the Silesian Duchy of Teschen , which had been mediatised and granted to his father by the Emperor in 1722. Francis succeeded his father as Duke of Lorraine in 1729. In 1731 he was initiated into freemasonry ( Grand Lodge of England ) by John Theophilus Desaguliers at a specially convened lodge in The Hague at the house of

512-515: The complicated Austrian dominions, but he was not active in politics or diplomacy. However, his wife left him in charge of the financial affairs, which he managed well until his death. Heavily indebted and on the verge of bankruptcy at the end of the Seven Years' War , the Habsburg monarchy was in a better financial condition than France or Great Britain in the 1780s. He also took a great interest in

544-532: The deposed King of Poland. The Emperor considered other possibilities (such as marrying her to the future Charles III of Spain ) before announcing the engagement of the couple. If something were to go wrong, Francis would become governor of the Austrian Netherlands . Elisabeth of Parma had also wanted the Grand Duchy of Tuscany for her son Charles III of Spain ; Gian Gastone de' Medici was childless and

576-473: The deposed Polish king Stanisław Leszczyński in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , as one of the terms ending the War of the Polish Succession . Following the death of his father-in-law, Charles VI, in 1740, Francis and Maria Theresa became the rulers of the Habsburg domains . Maria Theresa gave her husband responsibility for the empire's financial affairs, which he handled well. Francis died in 1765 and

608-487: The family, who, besides being his cousins, had served the house of Habsburg with distinction. He had designed to marry his daughter Maria Theresa to Francis' older brother Leopold Clement . On Leopold Clement's death, Charles adopted the younger brother as his future son-in-law. Francis was brought up in Vienna with Maria Theresa with the understanding that they were to be married, and a real affection arose between them. At

640-463: The father-in-law of King Louis XV and the losing claimant to the Polish throne, received Lorraine, while Francis, in compensation for his loss, was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , which he would inherit in 1737. In March 1736, the Emperor persuaded Francis, his future son-in-law, to secretly exchange Lorraine for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. France had demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine to accommodate

672-478: The feather before signing). Especially his mother Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans and his brother Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine were against the loss of Lorraine. On 1 February, Maria Theresa sent Francis a letter: she would withdraw from her future reign, when a male successor for her father appeared. Francis and Maria Theresa married on 12 February 1736 in the Augustinian Church, Vienna . The wedding

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704-428: The government of her dominions until her own death in 1780. Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland Eleonore Maria Josefa of Austria (21 May 1653 – 17 December 1697) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania by marriage to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (Michael I), and subsequently Duchess of Lorraine by her second marriage to Charles V, Duke of Lorraine . She acted as nominal regent of

736-424: The natural sciences. Francis was a serial adulterer; many of his affairs well-known and indiscreet, notably one with Princess Maria Wilhelmina of Auersperg , who was thirty years his junior. This particular affair was remarked upon in the letters and journals of visitors to the court and in those of his children. He died suddenly in his carriage while returning from the opera at Innsbruck on 18 August 1765. He

768-438: The opposition party resulted in such a conflict that there was a fear of civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In February 1672, the queen was asked to act as a mediator between King-Grand Duke Michael and the opposition leader John III Sobieski during the 1672 Sejm . She accepted the assignment and entered negotiations assisted by the papal nuncio Franciszek Buonvisim, the bishop of Kraków , Andrzej Trzebicki , and

800-517: Was Holy Roman Emperor from 1745 to 1765, Archduke of Austria from 1740 to 1765, Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1729 to 1737, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1737 to 1765. He became the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire , Austria , and Tuscany through his marriage to his second cousin Maria Theresa of Austria , daughter of Emperor Charles VI . Francis was the last non- Habsburg monarch of

832-411: Was Duchess of Lorraine. Gian Gastone de' Medici , who died on 9 July 1737, was the second cousin of Francis (Gian Gastone and Francis' father Leopold were both great-grandchildren of Francis II, Duke of Lorraine ), who also had Medici blood through his maternal great-great-grandmother Marie de' Medici , Queen consort of France and Navarre . In June 1737 Francis went to Hungary again to fight against

864-400: Was ever realised. When she was widowed in 1690, the title Duke of Lorraine and the right to the Duchy of Lorraine was inherited by her eldest son Leopold. Since Leopold was eleven years old, Eleonore became nominal regent during his minority. As his regent, she worked to end the French occupation of Lorraine and restore the duchy's independence. Her goal was reached when the Duchy of Lorraine

896-680: Was held on 14 February 1736. The (secret) treaty between the Emperor and Francis was signed on 4 May 1736. On 5 January 1737, instruments of cession were signed at Pontremoli between Spain and the Empire, with Spain ceding Parma, Piacenza and Tuscany to the Holy Roman Empire and the Empire recognizing Don Carlos of Spain as King of Naples and Sicily . On 10 January, the Spanish troops began their withdrawal from Tuscany, and were replaced by 6,000 Austrians. On 24 January 1737 Francis received Tuscany from his father-in-law. Until then, Maria Theresa

928-416: Was regarded as an ideal model of a good, supportive and loyal spouse. She learned Polish, although she preferred Latin, and accompanied Michael on his official journeys around the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. She was guided in her role as queen-grand duchess by her lady-in-waiting Klara Izabella Pacowa , who became her influential favorite. The conflict between the supporters of King-Grand Duke Michael and

960-492: Was related to Elisabeth via her great-grandmother Margherita de' Medici . As a result, Elisabeth's sons could claim by right of being a descendant of Margherita. Although fighting stopped after the preliminary peace, the final peace settlement had to wait until the death of Gian Gastone in 1737, to allow the territorial exchanges provided for by the peace settlement to go into effect. On 31 January 1736, Francis agreed to marry Maria Theresa. He hesitated three times (and laid down

992-639: Was succeeded by their son, Joseph II , who co-ruled Austria alongside Maria Theresa. Francis was born in Lunéville , Lorraine (now in France), the fourth and oldest surviving son of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine , and his wife Princess Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans . He was connected with the Habsburgs through his grandmother Eleonore , daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III . He was very close to his brother Charles and sister Anne Charlotte . Emperor Charles VI favoured

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1024-632: Was suggested by the Habsburgs that she marry Charles V of Lorraine , who was then to be elected king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania as the Habsburg candidate, benefitted by the popularity Eleonore enjoyed in Poland. Instead, however, the French opposition party won the 1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election under the leadership of John III Sobieski . In the spring of 1675, Eleonore departed Poland for Vienna. Eleonore married Charles V of Lorraine on 4 February 1678 in Wiener Neustadt , Austria. Since

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