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108-455: The land was originally occupied by "the world's largest conservatory", the Anthaeum —a visitor attraction planned by botanist, author and building promoter Henry Phillips . The giant dome's collapse and total destruction on the day it was due to open in 1833 made Phillips go blind from shock, and the debris occupied the site for many years. Work began in the early 1850s and was largely complete in

216-405: A Moorish style ; stained glass in various styles; ostentatious chimneypieces, including one by Doulton and others with "riotous swirling motifs"; an overmantel made of Venetian glass ; decorative light fittings depicting cherubim and serpents; ceramic tiles by Arts and Crafts designer Walter Crane ; and a Rococo -style former ballroom. Gwydyr Mansions is at the northeastern corner of

324-401: A Sussex seaside town which is now part of the city of Brighton and Hove . Conceived on a grand scale and consisting of a gigantic cupola -topped dome covering more than 1.5 acres (0.61 ha), the structure was intended to enclose a carefully landscaped tropical garden, with exotic trees and shrubs, lakes, rockeries and other attractions. The scheme was a larger and more ambitious version of

432-448: A "more full-blooded" interpretation of this Victorian/Italianate theme. Palmeira Mansions, completed nearly 30 years after work started on the square, were designed in the same style and contribute to the square as a single composition, "continuing its ... grandeur and scale". Palmeira Square's style, marking the transition from Regency into Victorian Italianate, has been likened to the terraces around London's Hyde Park that were built at

540-596: A bottle shape, north of which (on the site of the Anthaeum) would be a new residential square: Palmeira Square. The remains of the Anthaeum were cleared in the early 1850s (or possibly as late as 1855), and work began. Houses on the west side of the square, close to the western boundary of the Wick Estate land, were the first to be built. The southernmost houses on each side are attached to the north end of Adelaide Crescent, which

648-457: A central pediment . Straight-headed windows on the floor above are embellished with scrollwork, individual pediments and a bracketed entablature. At third-floor level, slightly round-headed windows are set in square recesses. At first-floor level, a cast iron balcony runs across the width of the building; it is supported by the Doric-columned porches in front of each entrance. Number 33,

756-765: A constant 32 °C (90 °F) by burning coke taken from the local gasworks: this was brought in through stoke-holes in the exterior. The overall concept has been described as "not unlike the modern Eden Project in Cornwall". The Anthaeum was to have been a subscription garden: one-off admission was one shilling , or a year's subscription was available for one guinea (giving access for up to three days of every week) or two guineas (for unlimited access every day). The cast iron girders were imported into nearby Shoreham Harbour and taken to Hove by teams of horses. About 40,000 square feet (3,700 m ) of glass were used, although sources differ as to how much had been fitted at

864-460: A flint-built Decorated Gothic Revival building with a landmark spire, was designed by William and Edward Habershon. Work began in 1852, and the site (at the northwest corner of Palmeira Square, where it joined Church Road) "compels traffic to take an abrupt turn before proceeding westward". It may have been built there to block attempts to build a road north from the Palmeira Square area into

972-464: A gardener. In 1891, the Hove Commissioners (who now had civic responsibility for the square) tried to make the private road north of the square a public thoroughfare by removing the barriers. Objections from the residents delayed this plan for several years, but the road did eventually open to the public. Accordingly, the land to the north was now considered part of the Palmeira Square area, and

1080-775: A giant dome (the largest in the world at the time), 165 feet (50 m) in diameter, 65 feet (20 m) tall and topped with a 16-foot (4.9 m) cupola . It was to be built entirely of 5-foot (1.5 m) wide ribs of iron sunk 10 feet (3.0 m) into the soil and anchored on brick plinths. This was to be supported on an internal pillar and then covered with glass. The internal space would be more than 1.5 acres (0.61 ha), in which would grow tropical trees and shrubs, hundreds of varieties of flowers and other plants. There would be artificial lakes and hills, and birds and fish would be introduced. Walkways and arbours would be provided for visitors, along with seating for 800 people. The interior would be temperature-controlled, held at

1188-402: A high-class seaside resort. Following the lead of Queen Adelaide , who would ride to St Ann's Well to visit the spa and take the waters, wealthy residents and visitors to Brighton travelled across the parish boundary to walk round the gardens, visit the ornate pump-room and enjoy the apparently health-giving properties of the iron-rich water. Rev. Thomas Scutt, who owned the Wick Estate land by

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1296-675: A letter dated 28 November 1853, the Duchess of Ficalho, the queen's lady-in-waiting, reported the outcome to her brother, the 2nd Count of Lavradio : At two o'clock after midnight from the 14th to the 15th, I was ordered to go to the Palace, where I arrived at about three o'clock. I found the Empress in the Queen's room, where I immediately entered, thinking Her Majesty troubled and even a little out of character. We stayed like that until five o'clock, and then we left

1404-600: A new interior according to "the most extreme Victorian theatrical taste". This building is now owned by The English Language Centre Brighton, a language school. Tours of the interior are a feature of the annual Brighton Fringe Festival. On 2 June 1953—the day of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II —a floral clock commemorating the event was unveiled in the centre of the Palmeira Mansions Enclosures. Hove Council's Director of Parks and Cemeteries, G. A. Hyland,

1512-470: A project Phillips and Wilds had worked on in 1825 in Hove's larger neighbour Brighton , for which money had run out before work could commence. Unlike its predecessor, the Anthaeum was built: work began in 1832 and an opening ceremony was planned for 31 August 1833. Disagreements between the architect, the project engineer and the building contractor led to structural problems being overlooked or ignored, though, and

1620-478: Is awarded to "nationally important" buildings of "special interest". As of February 2001 there were 1,124 such buildings in the city. The east side (numbers 1–17) and west side (numbers 18–30) were listed on 10 September 1971. Numbers 7–19 Church Road (Rochester Mansions, Palmeira Mansions and Palmeira Avenue Mansions) and 21–31 Church Road (the other sections of Palmeira Avenue Mansions and Palmeira Mansions) were listed on 4 February 1981. Number 33 Palmeira Mansions

1728-431: Is supported on a colonnaded porch with rustication . H.J. Lanchester's Palmeira Mansions are Italianate in style, like the houses of the square. Some are stuccoed, but others have been painted. The walls are of brick and the roofs have slate tiles. The outermost houses (7, 19 and 21) have entrances set in their side elevations. Each house is five storeys including an attic storey, which has dormer windows added in

1836-601: The Battle of Cova da Piedade the day before. Porto and Lisbon, the main cities, were in the power of the liberals. Maria and her stepmother crossed from France to England, were received by King William IV and Queen Adelaide at Windsor, and then left for Portugal on a British naval ship, finally arriving in Lisbon for the first time in September 1833. Pedro pursued the war, eventually forcing his brother, Miguel to abdicate in 1834 . Maria

1944-454: The Brighton & Hove bus company, stop at Palmeira Square: The Coastliner 700 service from Brighton to Southsea , operated by Stagecoach South , also serves the square. The nearest railway station is Hove , 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north. Literary journalist Miron Grindea had a flat in number 1 Palmeira Square during the 1970s. Number 2 was home to Sir Isaac Goldsmid's daughter in

2052-720: The Liberal Wars over royal succession. Maria remained outside Portugal throughout her first reign, finally arriving in Gibraltar just in time to learn of her deposition. She proceeded to England and then returned to Brazil. In 1831 her father (having abdicated the Brazilian throne) returned to Europe with his daughter and led a military expedition in support of Maria's claim while she pursued her education in France. She finally set foot in Portugal for

2160-507: The Liberal Wars that lasted until 1834, the year in which Maria was restored to the throne and Miguel exiled to Germany. The Marquis of Barbacena, arriving in Gibraltar with the Queen on 3 September 1828, was informed by an emissary of what was happening in Portugal. He had the foresight to understand that Miguel had come from Vienna determined to put himself at the head of the absolutist movement, advised by Prince Klemens von Metternich , who

2268-590: The Palace of São Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro , Kingdom of Brazil . She was the eldest daughter of Prince Dom Pedro de Alcântara , future King of Portugal as Pedro IV and first Emperor of Brazil as Pedro I, and his first wife Dona Maria Leopoldina (née Archduchess Caroline Josepha Leopoldine of Austria), herself a daughter of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor . She was titled Princess of Beira upon her birth. Born in Brazil , Maria

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2376-509: The regicides of King Charles I . In 1701 it was acquired by the Scutt family from Brighton. Western Road and its continuation Church Road, the earliest east–west route through Hove, bisected the estate. On the land was a chalybeate spring, later called St Ann's Well , which became a popular visitor attraction by the mid-18th century. In the early 19th century, its fashionable reputation increased as neighbouring Brighton began to grow rapidly as

2484-449: The 17 houses on that side were empty. The first house on the east side was let in 1864, and it took ten years for the whole square to be occupied. Early residents included a wine merchant, a factory owner, and Lady Emily Fletcher who shared the house with her mother, five children and nine servants. An Anglican church to serve the area was provided in 1854. St John the Baptist's Church ,

2592-407: The 1820s, started to sell plots of land to "capitalis[e] on the insatiable demand for building land along the seafront". Brunswick Town was the first result of this, and when Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet , bought the rest of the land (over 216 acres (87 ha)) in 1830 he continued Hove's residential expansion by commissioning Decimus Burton to design Adelaide Crescent and by agreeing to fund

2700-514: The 1820s, when they had both moved to the rapidly growing seaside resort of Brighton. Wilds, baptised at Lewes in 1790, trained as an architect, town planner and engineer alongside his father Amon Wilds . They relocated to Brighton in 1815 and worked on various building projects. Phillips, born in Henfield in 1779, abandoned banking and teaching careers to become a botanist and horticultural writer—interests which led him towards landscape gardening and

2808-448: The 20th century. Each house has a three-window range, and the centremost building is topped by a curved gable . That at numbers 7-19 has a heraldic emblem, possibly that of Sir Isaac Goldsmid, in its tympanum . The outermost buildings have full-height canted bays . Each storey is separated by a string-course across the full width of the building. The first-floor windows are arched and set forward slightly below an entablature and

2916-502: The Athenaeum". Money ran out before the gardens and conservatory could be built, although the residential terraces were eventually completed. In 1832, Phillips was able to resurrect his idea for a large-scale conservatory, this time in Brighton's smaller but quickly growing residential neighbour Hove. In 1830, Decimus Burton had begun work on Adelaide Crescent , a residential set-piece on

3024-664: The Azores on 3 March 1832, he formed a new ministry, assembled a small army, whose command he gave to the Count of Vila Flor, and giving command of the fleet to Admiral Sartorius, departed for mainland Portugal, disembarking on 8 July at Memória Beach in Matosinhos . It was followed by the Siege of Porto and a series of battles until, on 24 July 1833, the Duke of Terceira entered victorious in Lisbon, having won

3132-542: The Baptist's Church). The clock had a double face—the first floral clock in the world to have this feature—each with a diameter of 9 feet (2.7 m). Clockmakers James Richie & Son, who had designed a floral clock in Edinburgh , provided the mechanism. About 35,000 flowers were initially planted, and special temporary floral designs were sometimes put in—for example, to commemorate Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. 's Football League Third Division South title win in 1958 ,

3240-581: The Count of Vila Flor, later Duke of Terceira, was able to disembark. In time, because in August 1829 appeared in front of the island a large Miguelist squadron that landed a body of disembarkation. A battle ensued on August 11th in the village of Praia, where the Miguelists were defeated. When the emigrants in England received the news of the victory, they felt great enthusiasm. They soon lost hope when they found out that

3348-505: The King, who replied: "Call the Patriarch". By this time, Farto had already baptized the boy. The Patriarch entered, and the operation was not completely finished, and everything was horrible, but it was more than ten o'clock. When it was over, the Patriarch spoke to the Queen, who was in very bad shape, and told her to perform the act of contrition with him to absolve her, but, after this, Her Majesty

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3456-540: The Queen's Silver Jubilee of 1977 and the Brighton and Hove in Bloom competition in 1998. Vandalism has been a recurrent problem since the 1980s, though. According to a watercolour by an unknown artist ( Adelaide Crescent and Palmeira Square , 1895) which was sold at auction in 2002, five tennis courts were intended for the Palmeira Square Enclosures. No work towards these plans was ever carried out. Written in

3564-439: The age of fifteen. However, he died only two months later, on 28 March 1835. On 9 April 1836, Maria married the cultured Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . In accordance with Portuguese law, he was proclaimed King Dom Fernando II upon the birth of their first child and heir, Pedro . In 1842, Pope Gregory XVI presented Maria with a Golden Rose . Maria's reign saw a revolutionary insurrection on 16 May 1846, but this

3672-410: The baptism before being extracted. The result of these operations took place at ten o'clock in the morning. Unfortunately, after an hour and a half, Her Majesty, exhausted from all strength, surrendered her soul to God, after having received all the sacraments. - Francisco Elias Rodrigues da Silveira. Dr. Kessler. Ignacio António da Fonseca Benevides. António Joaquim Farto. Manuel Carlos Teixeira. In

3780-479: The barrow as early as 1500 BC, but radiocarbon dating indicates the burial took place in about 1239 BC. One of the main farms was Wick Farm, which covered about 250 acres (100 ha) of land immediately west of the parish boundary with Brighton . The first post- Norman Conquest landowners were the de Pierpoints; in 1573 the estate was bought by the Stapley family, of which Anthony Stapley became famous as one of

3888-586: The building was converted by architect Mark Hills into the Cornerstone Community Centre . This required the addition of a tall steel-framed structure and a new glazed opening in the roof. Anthaeum, Hove The Anthaeum (also spelt Antheum or Anthæum ) was an iron and glass conservatory planned by English botanist and landscape gardener Henry Phillips and designed by architect Amon Henry Wilds on land owned by Sir Isaac Goldsmid in Hove ,

3996-413: The case very dangerous. The operation began. I climbed onto the bed. On the right side, the Empress, full of tears; the Queen, without fainting, but with a very bad look and, complaining that she was suffering a lot, said in her natural voice: "O Teixeira? If I am in danger, tell me; don't deceive me. The Empress got down from the bed, and said to me: "The Queen must confess"; and immediately went to tell

4104-522: The collapse, at which proposals to rebuild the Anthaeum were discussed. He agreed to supply a new design, but the cost was estimated at up to £10,000 and the idea was abandoned. In 1850, Joseph Paxton —who was shortly to design The Crystal Palace in London for the Great Exhibition of 1851 —visited Hove to inspect the wreckage and ask if the original designs were still available. After nearly 20 years,

4212-586: The construction of "the world's largest dome" at its northern end. The ostentatious Anthaeum , proposed by botanist and horticultural writer Henry Phillips and designed by prominent local architect Amon Henry Wilds , was to have been a vast circular conservatory containing exotic plants and trees. It was built between 1832 and 1833 but collapsed spectacularly the day before its scheduled opening date, making Phillips go blind from shock and apparently distressing Goldsmid so much that he abandoned any further plans for development of his land for 20 years—during which time

4320-516: The day before it opened the Anthaeum collapsed spectacularly. Its wreckage stayed for nearly 20 years overlooking Adelaide Crescent , a seafront residential set-piece whose northern side it adjoined, and Phillips went blind from the shock of watching the largest of his many projects end in disaster. Palmeira Square , another residential development, has occupied the site since the late 19th century. Amon Henry Wilds and Henry Phillips were Sussex-born men whose professional paths crossed regularly in

4428-407: The design of building schemes based around parks and gardens. In 1822, the two men collaborated on the laying out and landscaping of The Level, a large area of open ground at the north end of Brighton. In 1825, they proposed an ambitious scheme for an open-ended residential square on Brighton seafront, the northern end of which would be occupied by "an oriental garden and a huge conservatory known as

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4536-430: The development as a whole consists of two garden squares. The first is the original development bounded to the south by Adelaide Crescent, to the north by the former private road which is now a widened continuation of Western Road and to the west by the 34 houses of the square. The second is the lawned section formed by the junction between the extension of Western Road, Church Road and the connections between them, and all

4644-425: The disaster, which may have contributed to his loss of enthusiasm for the residential development he was sponsoring at Adelaide Crescent immediately to the south. Work based on Decimus Burton 's design was abandoned in 1834 and did not resume until 1850; the scheme was scaled back and resumed by a different architect. Prominent local architect Charles Busby attended a meeting at Brighton Town Hall some weeks after

4752-469: The east side of the square, Henry d'Avigdor-Goldsmid lived at number 18 during the 1950s. Lord George Montacute Nevill (son of William Nevill, 1st Marquess of Abergavenny ) and his wife Florence owned number 22; he died there in 1920. Next door at number 23, William FitzClarence, 2nd Earl of Munster lived with his wife Wilhelmina Kennedy-Erskine . They were still living there at the time of their deaths in 1901 and 1906 respectively. Other residents of

4860-559: The extent to which the Anthaeum had been glazed when it collapsed. The Times report of 1 September 1833 stated that the work was due to begin on 3 September, but elsewhere it is stated that all or some of the glass was already in place. Thomas Smith of Union Street in The Lanes , Brighton, was named as the glazier; he apparently reclaimed undamaged glass after the collapse and sold it at his workshop. About 2 acres (0.81 ha) (100,000 panes) of glass were said to have been required to cover

4968-624: The first time in 1833 after Lisbon was occupied by forces supporting her. In 1834, Miguel was forced to abdicate and Maria was restored as undisputed queen. She remained a member of the Brazilian imperial family until 1835 when she was excluded from the Brazilian line of succession by law. Maria's second reign was marked by continued political turmoil. In January 1835, she married Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg , who died two months after their marriage. In April 1836, Maria remarried to Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Kohary . Maria's second husband

5076-435: The first-floor bay windows and is supported by the top of the Doric-columned entrance porch, which has a stuccoed balustrade . According to one writer, "the heavy emphasis of [these] porches give[s] the square an air of respectable solidity"—as do the heavy doors with their recessed panels, moulded ornamentation and decorative fanlights . Original interior fittings include a large " Jacobean -cum- Baroque " chimneypiece in

5184-432: The frequency of dystocic births (worrisome, especially as a multiparous woman) led doctors to warn the queen about the serious risks she would face in future pregnancies. Indifferent to the warnings, Maria II merely replied: "If I die, I die at my post." On 15 November 1853, thirteen hours after the onset of labor of the stillborn Infante Eugénio, her eleventh child, Maria II died at the age of 34. The announcement of death

5292-472: The ground. As construction continued through the summer of 1833, temporary scaffolding held up the roof. Henry Phillips decided to ask civil engineer Sir John Rennie for advice on whether this could safely be removed. On 29 August 1833, two days before the Anthaeum's public unveiling, English removed the structure anyway. This may have been because he was angry at the implicit criticism of his workmanship—although Rennie decided not to visit Hove and inspect

5400-406: The hall of number 32. The terrace on the east side is identical, again having 17 five-storey houses with hipped slate roofs hidden behind parapets , three-window ranges with sash windows and heavy Doric porches. As on the west side, the house in the centre projects slightly from the terrace and has a larger square bay window rising through the first and second floors, forming a loggia which

5508-604: The honors due to her high rank, but the British prevented the Portuguese emigres to go to reinforce the garrison of Terceira Island . Miguel's coup d'état had not gone unopposed. On 16 May 1828, the garrison of Porto revolted, and in Lagos an infantry battalion did likewise. The revolts were stifled. Saldanha, Palmela, and others, who had come to take charge of the movement in Porto, re-embarked on

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5616-517: The houses were still unoccupied by 1891 because of a slowdown in the property market. Despite this slump, another local firm, Clayton & Black , designed Gwydyr Mansions on an adjacent site in 1890. The luxury flats, in a Flemish Renaissance Revival style which contrasts with their Italianate neighbours, had an integrated bank, barber's shop and residents' restaurant. In 1889, businessman A.W. Mason (owner of Mason's Ink) bought 33 Palmeira Mansions and in 1899 commissioned S. H. Diplock to give it

5724-441: The immediate room and asked Teixeira what he thought, to which he replied: "Her Majesty is going well, but slowly". I did not like it, and it was like that, until half past eight. It was then that Teixeira called the doctors, who were out and who had not seen the Queen, and as soon as they examined her, the horrible operation was decided. The doctors were Teixeira, Farto, Kessler, Elias and Benevides. Kessler immediately considered

5832-578: The immunities of French subjects and had not at once satisfied the complaints of the French government, which had sent a squadron commanded by Admiral Roussin to force the bar of Lisbon and impose humiliating conditions of peace. Pedro left his daughter in Paris to finish her education, delivered to her stepmother, Empress Amélie , with good masters, and left for the Azores at the head of an expedition organized on Belle Isle, bringing his supporters together. Arriving in

5940-456: The imperial crown of Brazil on behalf of his son Dom Pedro II , Maria's younger brother, and came to Europe with his second wife and (sailing in a separate ship, and arriving later) his daughter, to support Maria's rights to the crown of Portugal and join the forces loyal to her in the Azores in their war against Miguel . He took the title of Duke of Braganza , and of Regent in her name. Almost at

6048-446: The last section of scaffolding on 30 August 1833, the structure started to crack. All of the builders left, and only the head gardener stayed. A second much louder crack forced him to run outside and jump over a wall; the building, which weighed an estimated 400–500 tons, immediately collapsed and embedded itself in the ground. The shock of the disaster made 54-year-old Phillips go blind; he never recovered his sight. Sources vary on

6156-550: The late 19th century. Lawyer and writer H. S. Cunningham kcie lived at number 3, and Sir Julian Goldsmid, 3rd Baronet lived next door at number 4; he died there in 1896. Architect John C.L. Iredel, a member of the Chichester Diocesan Panel of Architects who designed the former Emmanuel Church in Worthing in 1975–76 and restored Buxted parish church six years earlier, lived at number 8 and died there in 1990. On

6264-424: The legitimate heir, but Brazil did not want him to unite the Portuguese and Brazilian thrones again. Aware that his brother's supporters were ready to bring Miguel back and put him on the throne, Pedro decided for a more consensual option: he would renounce his claim to the Portuguese throne in favor of his eldest daughter Maria (who was only seven years old), and that she was to marry her uncle Miguel, who would accept

6372-507: The liberal constitution and act as a regent until his niece reached the age of majority . During her first reign, Maria remained in Brazil with her father, and her aunt Isabel Maria continued to serve as regent until Miguel agreed to his brother's plan and returned to replace her in that role in early 1828. Miguel pretended to accept the agreement, but a few months after his arrival in Portugal he deposed Maria and proclaimed himself king, abrogating

6480-550: The liberal constitution in the process. Maria had finally sailed from Brazil a few days earlier, escorted by the Marquis of Barbacena . She was expected to land in Genoa and proceed from there to her grandfather's court in Vienna. Maria's first reign was interrupted by the coup d'état led by her uncle, fiancé and regent Miguel, who was proclaimed King of Portugal on 11 July 1828, thus beginning

6588-478: The maximum number of flats each house could be converted into and a prohibition of drying laundry where it could be seen from outside. Many houses have been converted into flats, including numbers 2–5 (in 1919), 7 (1922), 8 (1921), 10 and 11 (1927), 20 (1932) and 30–34 (1904–10). Palmeira Square is a key destination for the city's buses: many serve it en route to other destinations, and the high-frequency route 25 terminates there. The following routes, all operated by

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6696-553: The mid-1860s, although commercial and residential buildings such as Palmeira House and Gwydyr Mansions continued to be added at the northern end throughout the late 19th century. English Heritage has listed the residential buildings on the western, eastern and northern sides of the square at Grade II for their architectural and historical importance, although one building has the higher Grade II* status because of its opulent custom-designed interior. The ancient parish of Hove covered 778 acres (315 ha) of good agricultural land on

6804-401: The most notorious examples" of the tendency in Brighton and Hove for residential developments to take much longer than planned, it developed as a natural evolution of the style of neighbouring Adelaide Crescent. Begun as a Regency-style set-piece, this developed in a Neo-Renaissance direction, before work resumed in the 1850s in a simpler post-Regency style. Palmeira Square was then built in

6912-537: The mostly undeveloped land to the north which later became the Cliftonville area of Hove. In keeping with the high-class surroundings, the church was "for many years one of the most fashionable" in either Brighton or Hove. The houses of Palmeira Square were separated from Church Road by a private road which ran parallel (east–west) to the main road, creating a second square of open space. Only residents of Palmeira Square and Adelaide Crescent could gain entry to it; there

7020-577: The motto Morte ou Glória , "Death or Glory" (the same as the 17th Lancers, since Lt. Col. Sir Anthony Bacon was its first commander), a fortunate coincidence since the queen's name was Maria da Glória. Occupying the Portuguese throne, Maria II was still heir presumptive to her brother Pedro II as Princess Imperial of Brazil , until her exclusion from the Brazilian line of succession by law no. 91 of 30 October 1835. Maria married Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg , son of Eugène de Beauharnais and grandson of Empress Josephine of France, on 26 January 1835, at

7128-454: The original deeds to each house was a requirement that the exterior of the building and its attached railings and doors had to be painted every three years. This was updated in 1892 to state that "three coats of best oil paint" in a pale stone colour had to be used. Observance of this rule lapsed over time until Hove Council reinforced it in the 1970s—stating that magnolia paint had to be used. Other stipulations added at various times included

7236-415: The other end of the western section of Palmeira Mansions, is listed separately at Grade II* for its "outstanding" and "remarkable collection of fittings from the 1880s" (A.W. Mason bought the house in 1889, although the work may not have been completed until 1899). These include multicoloured marbled floors, staircases, handrails, panelling, columns and dado rails ; lincrusta wallpaper; gilded ceilings in

7344-412: The pillar, and around the top of the dome there would be a terrace with a diameter of 27 feet (8.2 m) enclosing an observatory. Building work progressed on this basis, but English and his building team decided not to build the central pillar and to reduce the size of the supporting structures on the roof. The reason for this decision was not recorded, but it alarmed Wilds so much that he resigned from

7452-443: The project turned into was the fact that no single person was in overall charge: Phillips, Goldsmid, Wilds, Hollis and English were not working as a team and concentrated only on their areas of responsibility. Wilds' design included a central pillar of iron whose capital would support each of the iron ribs. These would be diagonally braced and further supported by purlins . The 16-foot (4.9 m) cupola would then sit on top of

7560-412: The project. Hollis and English nominally took charge of the work; Hollis had also wanted to keep the supporting pillar and tried to encourage English to reinstate it, or at least to continue with the original scheme of purlins and braces. English refused to do this, and after an argument Hollis also resigned from the project. This left no professional architect or engineer to oversee the work, and English

7668-456: The same time, the regency of Terceira Island , named by Pedro and composed of the Marquis of Palmela , the Count of Vila Flor and José António Guerreiro, prepared an expedition that soon took possession of the Azores . While extending the constitutional territory, Pedro disembarked in France , being welcomed with sympathy by the new government and by Louis Philippe I . Miguel's government had defied

7776-400: The same time. Architectural historians Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner , writing in the 1960s, stated that this gave the square "architectural interest" but "little architectural merit", though. Another author, comparing the houses with those of Adelaide Crescent, wrote of "an undisguised Victorianism of a vigorous and healthy, but nevertheless decidedly inferior, quality". The 17 houses of

7884-421: The seafront, on land owned by Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet . He owned much of the land in the area, including the open ground between the north end of the crescent and the main east–west road through Hove (now Western Road/Church Road). Phillips described his plans to Goldsmid and managed to secure land and a substantial financial investment. His scheme, whose name "Anthaeum" meant "flower-house", consisted of

7992-406: The seven-year-old Maria. Both Pedro and Maria remained in Brazil, and her aunt Dona Isabel Maria initially served as regent for them in Portugal. Later Emperor Pedro's brother Miguel replaced Isabel Maria as regent and was to marry Maria when she came of age. However, a few months after Miguel's arrival in Portugal in early 1828 he deposed the absent Maria and declared himself king, thus beginning

8100-499: The ship Belfast , which had brought them; the Porto garrison, reinforced by the academic volunteers of Coimbra and other liberal troops, emigrated to Galiza and from there to England . In January 1829, at the head of a small liberal expedition, the Marquis of Saldanha attempted to disembark in Terceira, Azores , but was not allowed to do it by the British frigate Ranger , whose vigilance could not avoid, however, that on 22 June 1829

8208-613: The southern slopes of the South Downs , leading down to the English Channel . There was Celtic and Roman occupation of the area, and a Bronze Age barrow was found close to Palmeira Square's northern end when the land was being developed. Inside was a wooden coffin, a stone axe, a bronze dagger and the Hove amber cup , a relic of international significance now held at the Brighton Museum & Art Gallery . Some estimates dated

8316-428: The square at various times have included diplomat and author Shane Leslie and Peter Birkett, who designed boats in which Richard Branson won transatlantic races in 1986 and 1989. The east and west sides of Palmeira Square have been listed separately at Grade II by English Heritage , and Palmeira Mansions at the north side of the square has also been listed at this grade under two separate listings. Grade II status

8424-641: The square would have been governed solely by "the rather nebulous authority of the Parish officials of Hove". One consequence was that Sir Francis Goldsmid (who inherited his father Sir Isaac's estate on 1859) was able to delegate responsibility for the maintenance of the Palmeira Square Enclosure (the garden between the west and east sides) to the Brunswick Square Commissioners from April 1865. Previously Goldsmid himself had to employ and pay

8532-564: The square, between Rochester Gardens and Holland Road. An opulent set of mansion flats designed by local firm Clayton & Black in 1890, it is in the Flemish Renaissance style and combines ashlar and red brick in its "busy" façade. The entrance has Classical elements, with Tuscan columns in antis beneath a pediment ; elsewhere, there elaborate gables , turrets and canted bay and oriel windows . Palmeira House, designed in 1887 by Thomas Lainson of Lainson & Sons,

8640-458: The structure after hearing Phillips' description of the situation. The lack of any structural support meant that the ribs, which were meant to sit exactly opposite each other, started to bend out of alignment, eventually ending up several degrees askew and pulling the upper circular junction into an ellipse shape. English expected that the pressure could be supported by the terrace and observatory, but this did not happen. Just an hour after he removed

8748-405: The structure. The ruined Anthaeum "enjoyed a certain amount of posthumous celebrity": the tangled remains stayed where they fell until the 1850s and became a tourist attraction. The Times reported that several hundred people had visited on the day after the collapse alone. English and the other builders disappeared and apparently left the country. Sir Isaac Goldsmid was left "distraught" at

8856-410: The surrounding buildings of the late 19th century. The open land in between these roads was laid out with grass and was named the Palmeira Mansions Enclosures after the "very fine" Palmeira Mansions were built on the north side of Church Road in 1883–84, effectively forming a new north side to Palmeira Square. Local architect Henry Lanchester designed the mansions and Jabez Reynolds built them. Some of

8964-485: The terrace out into a symmetrical five-part composition which has been described as either 2–4–5–4–2 or 2–5–3–5–2. The top storey is in the form of an attic, and the treatment of the windows is different: they are on a moulded cornice, and some are arched. On the floor below, the windows are surrounded by Vitruvian scroll patterns, and at the storey below that they are flanked by pilasters which hold up an entablature and small pediment . A cast iron balcony surrounds

9072-409: The time the building collapsed. Work began in autumn 1832 with the construction of a circular foundation trench to a depth of 12 feet (3.7 m). Phillips had commissioned Amon Henry Wilds to design the structure and supervise the early work; later he brought in C. Hollis as the chief engineer and a Mr English as the building contractor. The main cause of the "series of unfortunate accidents" which

9180-412: The west side form a long, straight terrace of five storeys. Under their stucco façades is brick, rubble and bungaroosh —a composite building material commonly found behind stucco in 18th- and 19th-century buildings in Brighton and Hove. Each house has three windows to each storey (either blocked or containing a sash window , and pilasters and quoins between some of the neighbouring buildings mark

9288-515: The wreckage was eventually cleared in the early 1850s when the Palmeira Square residential development began. The central gardens of the square occupy the site. Work took place between around 1855 and 1865. Maria II of Portugal Dona Maria II (4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853) " the Educator " ( Portuguese : "a Educadora" ) or " the Good Mother " ( Portuguese : "a Boa Mãe" ),

9396-473: The wrecked glass and iron structure lay where it fell at the north end of the incomplete Adelaide Crescent. In the early 1850s, Goldsmid (who had been given the title Baron de Goldsmid e de Palmeira by the Queen of Portugal in 1845) decided to restart development at Adelaide Crescent. He abandoned the original plan for a horseshoe-shape plan and in 1851 commissioned an unknown architect to extend it northwards into

9504-480: The young Queen was returning to Brazil. In fact, Maria II's situation in the English court, alongside the unfriendly attitude of the ministry in power, became embarrassing and humiliating. The Queen left London for Portsmouth to join the ship carrying her new stepmother, Amélie of Leuchtenberg from Ostend to Brazil. They left together on 30 August 1829 for Rio de Janeiro , arriving on 16 October. The constitutional cause

9612-549: Was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1828, and again from 1834 to 1853. Her supporters considered her to be the rightful queen also during the period between her two reigns. Maria was born in Rio de Janeiro during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King Dom João VI . She was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of Braganza, who later became Emperor Dom Pedro I and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina of Brazil . In 1826, her father became king of Portugal but quickly abdicated in favour of

9720-490: Was a chain across each entrance and a watchman controlled admission. Church Road itself was laid out as a thoroughfare in 1851; until then it had been a footpath. In the same year, an Act of Parliament (the Brunswick Square Improvement Extension Act) was passed to bring Palmeira Square and nearby developments into the jurisdiction of the Brunswick Square Commissioners. Had this Act not been passed,

9828-412: Was able to act "much as he pleased for three months without supervision". The immense ribs of iron snapped asunder in ten thousand pieces; and a great part of it, from the height it fell, was buried several feet deep in the earth. The destruction of this great edifice is accounted for only by the immense weight of iron at the top, which when unsupported by the scaffolding, folded in, and forced its way to

9936-440: Was able to confess, receive the sacrament and be anointed, and at half past eleven o'clock she expired. The Queen was saying: "- It is nothing like the other times". And she had already undergone an operation. I cannot explain the consternation of King Fernando and the entire Palace. Queen Maria II is remembered as a good mother and a kind person who always acted according to her convictions in her attempt to help her country. She

10044-451: Was built between 1852 and 1854 to the design of William and Edward Habershon. The flint and ashlar building is Decorated Gothic Revival in style and has a later tower (built in the 1870s) topped with a tall stone broach spire . All of the large windows have tracery in the Decorated style. The entrance porch dates from 1906–07. The worship space was cut down in 1990–92 when part of

10152-400: Was completed in the early 1860s; "the transition from crescent into square is most elegantly handled in a double curve". Between 1855 and 1870, 34 houses were built, all in the same "vigorous and healthy" post- Regency Victorian / Italianate style. It took several years for the houses to be occupied. Numbers 33 and 34 on the west side were the first to be taken, in 1859, and by 1866 none of

10260-547: Was crushed by royalist troops on 22 February 1847, and Portugal otherwise avoided the European Revolution of 1848 . Maria's reign was also notable for a public health act aimed at curbing the spread of cholera throughout the country. She also pursued policies aimed at raising the levels of education throughout the country. From her first pregnancy at the age of eighteen, Maria II faced problems in giving birth, with prolonged and extremely difficult labor. An example of this

10368-476: Was designated by the council in 1969. Brighton & Hove City Council's report on the area's character states that Palmeira Square contributes to "one of the finest examples of Regency and early Victorian planning and architecture in the country". Architecturally, Palmeira Square is "quite different from Adelaide Crescent or Brunswick Square ... when Victorian architecture was out of fashion, [it was] condemned as being heavily Italianate ". Having been "one of

10476-460: Was directing European politics, and so it was dangerous for the young Queen to go to Vienna. Taking responsibility, he changed the direction of the journey, and departed for London , where he arrived on 7 October. English policy was not conducive to its purpose. The Duke of Wellington 's office openly sponsored Miguel, so the asylum the Marquis had sought was not safe. Maria II was received in court with

10584-510: Was exiled to Austria after leading a number of rebellions against his father and his liberal regime. Before his death, the king had nominated his favourite daughter, Dona Isabel Maria, to serve as regent until "the legitimate heir returned to the kingdom" — but he had failed to specify which of his sons was the legitimate heir: the liberal Emperor Dom Pedro I in Brazil or the absolutist , exiled Miguel in Austria. Most people considered Pedro to be

10692-558: Was her third pregnancy, whose labor lasted 32 hours, after which a girl was baptized in articulo mortis with the name of Maria (1840). At 25 years of age and in her fifth pregnancy, Maria II became obese and her births became even more complicated. In 1847, the fetal distress that preceded the birth of her eighth child – Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra – brought to the world a child "quite purple and with little breathing". The dangerous routine of successive pregnancies, coupled with obesity (which eventually caused her heart problems) and

10800-517: Was later given the nickname "The Good Mother". Maria first married Auguste Charles, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg , son of Eugène de Beauharnais , grandson of Empress Josephine , who died soon after arriving in Portugal. She then married Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , son of Prince Ferdinand Georg August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his wife Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág . National honours Foreign honours In 1832, Letitia Elizabeth Landon published The Queen of Portugal ,

10908-414: Was listed at the higher Grade II* on 18 July 1978; such buildings are defined as "particularly important [and] of more than special interest". There were 70 Grade II*-listed buildings in the city of Brighton and Hove as of February 2001. Palmeira Square forms part of the 95.92-acre (38.82 ha) Brunswick Town Conservation Area , one of 34 conservation areas in the city of Brighton and Hove . This area

11016-448: Was proclaimed King Dom Fernando II a year later in accordance with Portuguese law following the birth of their first child, Pedro . Maria faced a series of difficult pregnancies and ultimately died in childbirth in 1853, at the age of 34. She was succeeded by her eldest son, Dom Pedro V. Maria II was born Maria da Glória Joana Carlota Leopoldina da Cruz Francisca Xavier de Paula Isidora Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga on 4 April 1819 in

11124-482: Was published in the Government Gazette of 16 November 1853: Necessidades Palace , November 15, 1853, at half an hour after noon. Her Majesty the Queen began to notice announcements of childbirth at nine-thirty of last night. Difficulties appeared in the progress of the same childbirth, which forced the doctors to resort to operations, through which the extraction of an Infante was obtained, of time, who received

11232-501: Was that firm's first building for the Brighton & Hove Co-operative Supply Association. It is a "richly Italianate " stucco -clad office building. Opposite, Zephania King's ornate Tudor Revival -style branch building for the London and County Bank (now offices), with tall chimneys and gables , was completed in 1890. St John the Baptist's Church , the Anglican church serving the area,

11340-579: Was the designer. Its slightly raised circular design may be a reference to the nearby Bronze Age barrow, which was destroyed by building work at the north end of the square in 1857. It was the only one on the Sussex coast and was larger than examples found on the South Downs . (The centre of the site is at 50°49′39″N 0°09′49″W  /  50.8275°N 0.1637°W  / 50.8275; -0.1637  ( Site of Bronze Age barrow, Hove, Sussex ) , about 100 yards (91 m) north-northeast of St John

11448-467: Was the only European monarch to have been born outside of Europe, though she was still born in Portuguese territory. The death of Maria's grandfather, King Dom João VI , in March 1826 sparked a succession crisis in Portugal. The king had a male heir, Dom Pedro, but Pedro had proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822 with himself as Emperor. The late king also had a younger son, Infante Dom Miguel , but he

11556-507: Was thereupon restored as undisputed queen, and obtained an annulment of her betrothal. Soon after her restoration to the throne and her declaration of majority (so that no further regents would be necessary, although she was still only 15), her father died from tuberculosis. On 7 February 1833, in order to protect the Queen, the 2nd Lancers Regiment was created, first known as the Regimento de Lanceiros da Rainha (Queen's Lancers Regiment), with

11664-460: Was thought to have been lost. The dispersed emigres (France, England and Brazil) were divided into rival factions. Only Terceira Island recognized the constitutional principles, and even there Miguelist guerillas appeared. France was ready to recognize Miguel's government when the revolution of July broke out in Paris in 1830, which encouraged the Portuguese liberals. On 7 April 1831, Dom Pedro I abdicated

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