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88-488: The administrative divisions of the Palauk Subtownship are the following: This Tanintharyi Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tanintharyi Region Tanintharyi Region ( Burmese : တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [tənɪ́ɰ̃θàjì táɪɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí] ; Mon : ဏၚ်ကသဳ or ရးတၞင်သြဳ ; formerly Tenasserim Division and Tanintharyi Division )

176-507: A Burmese businesswoman. Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay . According to official statistics, less than 10% of primary school students in the division move onto high school. All of Tanintharyi's 7 universities and colleges are located in Dawei and Myeik. Until recently, Dawei University was the only four-year university in

264-471: A blatant attempt to take over the throne, asking the top military command to support him. But he failed to receive sufficient support. Naungdawgyi forgave his brother at the queen mother's intercession because he needed to deal with an insurrection by Gen. Minkhaung Nawrahta , a highly decorated commander with whom Naungdawgyi had a long difficult relationship, and one who led the rearguard action in Siam, as well as

352-560: A long illness that would ultimately claim his life. In 1775, periphery vassals states of Lan Na and Manipur both revolted. He died in June 1776 while the Burmese forces were still engaged in Siam and Manipur. The Burmese armies withdrew from Siam right after his death, leaving Lan Na under Siamese control. His wars would eventually lead to the present-day Burmese control of the Taninthayi Region ,

440-454: A month. Following their last invasion, the Chinese kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of Yunnan for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades. The Burmese were thus preoccupied with its Northern border for much of the next few years. Hsinbyushin did not resume the war with Siam, which had now been reinvigorated under

528-590: A new law book called Manusara Shwe Min Dhammathat , based on older law books, in Burmese and Pali . In 1774, he raised the Shwedagon Pagoda to its present height, gilding it with his own weight in gold and erecting a golden spire studded with gems to replace the one thrown down during the 1769 earthquake. Though mostly known for his wars, Hsinbyushin was deeply interested in poetry. One of his minor queens, Ma Htwe,

616-466: A new leadership. By 1773, Hsinbyushin had waited long enough, and he again contemplated renewing the war with Siam. He sent Ne Myo Thihapate to Chiang Mai with a sizable army, and asked the governor of Martaban to raise an army. However, he had to hold off the invasion because the southern army in Martaban mainly made up of ethnic Mon troops mutinied. The cause of the mutiny was the repressive behavior by

704-629: A newly rebuilt capital of Ava in April 1765. As a first step toward a war with the Siamese, Hsinbyushin decided to secure the northern and eastern flanks of Siam. In January 1765, a 20,000-strong Burmese army led by Ne Myo Thihapate based in Chiang Mai invaded the Laotian states. The Kingdom of Vientiane agreed to become Burmese vassal without a fight. Luang Prabang resisted but Thihapate's forces easily captured

792-557: A plethora of new military units into the Konbaung army, including the incorporation of Manipuri cavalry in the 1820s. Hyshinbyushin's most long-lasting achievement was the destruction of Ayutthaya. The city, argued by Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit, was the most cosmopolitan city in Southeast Asia at the time. Hyshinbyushin's invasion of Ayutthaya resulted in the complete transfer of wealth from Ayutthaya to Ava, from which Hyshinbyushin

880-451: A rebellion by his uncle, Thado Theinkhathu , the viceroy of Toungoo . Hsinbyushin, now officially the heir-apparent per Alaungpaya's wish, watched his brother the king try to put down the rebellions, and offered no help. Naungdawgyi was able to put down the rebellions by January 1762, and even recaptured Lan Na in January 1763. By then Naungdawgyi's authority was unrivaled, and Hsinbyushin

968-453: A rebellion in Lan Na. The new Burmese governor at Chiang Mai , Thado Mindin, was disrespectful to local chiefs (saophas) and the people, and became extremely unpopular. The governor's harsh rule repulsed even Gen. Ne Myo Thihapate who was stationed there in 1773. The general was disgusted with the governor's behavior, and actually provided shelter to one of the chiefs, Kawila , being hunted down by

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1056-652: A truly astonishing elan unmatched since Bayinnaung ." He also raised the Shwedagon Pagoda to its current height in April 1775. The deputy commander-in-chief during his father's reunification campaigns (1752–1759) , Hsinbyushin as king pursued an expansionist policy against his neighbors. By 1767, his armies had put down a rebellion in Manipur , captured the Laotian states , sacked and destroyed Ayutthaya, and driven back two invasions by China. However, his reckless decision to wage two simultaneous wars against China and Siam nearly cost

1144-729: A variety of Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from standard Burmese. Due to its proximity to the Indian Ocean , seafood products, including dried fish, dried prawn, dried shrimp and ngapi (shrimp paste), are a major part of its economy, for both domestic consumption and export to Thailand. Bird's nests are also gathered from offshore islands. The region is also home to several metal mines, including Heinda, Hamyingyi, Kanbauk, Yawa, Kyaukmetaung, Nanthida and Yadanabon. Pearls are also cultured on Pearl Island. In recent years, large-scale palm oil and rubber tree plantations have been established in region. Beginning in

1232-621: Is a region of Myanmar , covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the northern Malay Peninsula , reaching to the Kra Isthmus . It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and the Tenasserim Hills , beyond which lie Thailand , to the east. To the north is the Mon State . There are many islands off the coast, the large Mergui Archipelago in the southern and central coastal areas and

1320-566: The French and the British who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy. Hsinbyshin was second-in-command of the Burmese forces in Alaungpaya's invasion of Siam (1759–1760), which overran the Siamese defenses and reached the gates of Ayutthaya in April 1760. But the Burmese forces had to retreat hastily as Alaungpaya suddenly fell ill from scrofula . Hsinbyushin retreated back alongside his father's litter , and

1408-509: The French commander in his service that he sometimes asked de Milard to sleep in the same room as him in order to protect him against possible attacks linked to a succession dispute. So paranoid was he that in December 1774, he ordered the execution of the last Hanthawaddy king, Binnya Dala , who had been in captivity since May 1757 because the Mon rebels had tried to free the former king to put him on

1496-557: The Indochinese tiger . One major concession in the region, the Myanmar Stark Prestige Plantation, became the subject of an ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights investigation, after local NGOs published a report that documented labour and land rights violations in 19 Karen villages. The controversial plantation is jointly owned by Malaysia-based Prestige Platform and Stark Industries, owned by Mya Thidar Sway Tin,

1584-634: The Mon of Lower Burma broke away, and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom . The central authority of the king had effectively disappeared, and a profound sense of helplessness pervaded and deepened. The Hanthawaddy armies finally toppled the Toungoo dynasty on 23 March 1752 when they captured Ava . On 29 February 1752, three weeks before the fall of Ava, Aung Zeya founded the Konbaung dynasty to resist

1672-591: The Tanintharyi line between Yangon and Dawei. A deepwater port is planned in Dawei , a project that includes a highway and a railway line between Bangkok and that harbour. The Maw Daung pass international cross-border checkpoint into Thailand has been developed since 2014. Religion in Tanintharyi (2014) According to the 2014 Myanmar Census , Buddhists make up 87.5% of Tanintharyi Region's population, forming

1760-630: The Thudhamma Nikaya (83.8%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (1.1%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders . 978 thilashin were registered in Tanintharyi Region, comprising 1.6% of Myanmar's total thilashin community. The region is home to ethnic Dawei, Karens, Mons, Burmese Thai, Myeik, Burmese Malays , Bamar migrants and Mokens . The Dawei speak the Tavoyan dialect ,

1848-658: The 1970s, smaller-scale palm oil plantations were developed in the region. In 1999, the ruling military junta, the State Peace and Development Council , initiated the large-scale development of such plantations in the region. As of 2019, the government has awarded over 401,814 ha of palm oil concessions in Tanintharyi to 44 companies. 60% of the awarded concessions consist of forests and native vegetation, and some concessions overlap with national parks, including Tanintharyi and Lenya National Parks , which have seen deforestation and threaten conservation efforts for endemic species like

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1936-539: The Anglo-Burmese Wars. Another damaging, certainly more enduring, cost was the rise of warlord culture by the army commanders, especially after Hsinbyushin was struck down by illness. The indiscriminate rule of the army commanders and arrogant rule of governors pushed the people to the limit. The Mon rebellion in the south was ruthlessly put down; the rebellion in Chiang Mai succeeded. His constant warfare however left

2024-455: The Burmese armies marched back with its large war booty, with a small number of prize garrisons being left in a number of Siamese outposts and cities, including near the former Siamese capital. By late 1767, Hsinbyushin was forced to recall even more of his Siamese garrison units back to Ava to deal with the Chinese invasions. A long-term effect of the sacking of Ayutthaya in Burma was the creation of

2112-470: The Burmese armies were marching towards Ayutthaya. Hsinbyushin refused to recall the main Burmese armies in Siam. At first, the strategy seemed to work well. The remaining Burmese armies handily defeated the first two Chinese invasions at the border. But the Burmese were caught flat-footed in November 1767, when a 50,000-strong force led by the elite Manchu Bannermen invaded again. The main Chinese army defeated

2200-461: The Burmese army commanders, who according to the Burmese historian Htin Aung were "drunk with victory", and were acting like warlords over the local populace. They showed their arrogance even towards their ethnic Mon officers in the Burmese army, provoking them to rebel. The conflict began when Gamani Sanda, the governor of Martaban in charge of raising the army, had a disagreement with Binnya Sein, chief of

2288-582: The Burmese forces defeated the main Chinese army in March 1768 at the Battle of Maymyo . After the third invasions, both sides sent peace feelers but the Qianlong emperor ultimately made it clear that no compromise with the Burmese could be made. Ava now fully expected another major invasion. A Thai-Chinese nobleman, Phraya Tak , was in the process of reunifying Siam. Likewise, Manipur revolted yet again in mid-1768. But there

2376-444: The Burmese invaders. In January 1767, the city suffered a catastrophic fire, which burned 10,000 houses.In January 1767, the city suffered a catastrophic fire, which burned 10,000 houses. The Burmese armies finally breached the city's defenses on 7 April 1767, and subsequently sacked and burned the entire city. Gold, cannons, treatises on science and religion, people, royals, musicians, and artisans were all hauled back to Ava. Most of

2464-639: The Burmese orbit. The initial goal of the Ayutthaya conquest was to end Siamese support of Mon rebels in the Tenasserim coast and Lower Burma. Yet, the new Siamese elites continued to assist Mon rebels and by sending armies to the Tenasserim region for decades, up to the First Anglo-Burmese War , bringing many Mon refugees, both willingly and forcibly, to settle at the new Siamese capital at Bangkok. Furthermore, Burma lost its long-standing vassal Lan Na to

2552-567: The Burmese still could not catch the Manipuri raja. The nominal suzerainty of Cachar and Jaintia came at a heavy price: the Burmese army had suffered heavy casualties. Hsinbyushin was only 39 when he died. He left 20 queens and 41 children. Singu's right to succession was in direct conflict with Alaungpaya's edict that all of his sons become king in the order of seniority. Despite the fact that four of his brothers were still alive, Hsinbyushin had ignored his father's will, and made his eldest son Singu

2640-540: The Burmese to reassert Burmese authority in the Burmese-Chinese borderlands whose chiefs historically had paid tribute to both sides but had become solely Chinese tributaries since the mid-1730s. The Chinese at first decided to use local Tai-Shan militias to reassert their control but by 1765, the Qianlong Emperor decided to send in the regular Chinese troops. The Chinese began their invasion in December 1765, just as

2728-602: The Konbaung homeland, but were driven back. In April 1754, Hsinbyushin also broke the siege of Ava, and pursued the retreating Hanthawaddy armies down to Minbu . Alaungpaya granted Hsinbyushin the town of Myedu in fief, for the latter's successful defense of Ava. He would be known as the Prince of Myedu from then on. Indeed, throughout the rest of the 1750s, Hsinbyushin was a key top commander in Alaungpaya's campaigns which by 1759 had reunited all of Burma (and Manipur), and driven out

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2816-432: The Mon officer corps. The governor ordered Binnya Sein's troops to the front, and when they left, he surrounded the families of Mon officers for money. When the Mon corps heard the news, they duly returned and mutinied. They drove back the ethnic Burmese troops back to Yangon. The army eventually put down the mutiny that they provoked, with "undue severity". About 3000 officers and their families escaped to Siam. The rest of

2904-548: The Mu valley for generations. His father came from a large family, and was related by blood and by marriage to many other gentry families throughout the valley. Aung Zeya claimed descent from a 15th-century cavalry commander and ultimately the Pagan royal line. Ywa grew up during the period in which the authority of King Mahadhammaraza Dipadi of the Toungoo dynasty had largely dissipated across

2992-598: The Northern and Eastern portions of Shan State , and Kachin State . The future king was born Maung Ywa ( မောင်ရွ ) to Aung Zeya and Yun San in Moksobo , a large village in the Mu river valley located about 60 miles northwest of Ava , on 12 September 1736. His father Aung Zeya was the chief of the village of a few hundred households, and was part of gentry families that had administered

3080-470: The Region. The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. Moreover,

3168-521: The Siamese campaign. He still trusted the old general of the Chinese war fame because his eldest-son and heir-apparent Singu was married to the general's daughter. But the general faced a considerable difficulty in raising an army, especially in Lower Burma, which had just come off a major rebellion, and had to deal with the rampant insubordination in the Burmese high command. Adding to the turmoil, Manipur also revolted in 1775. The former king of Manipur who

3256-543: The Siamese too were unsuccessful in their attempts to retake Tanintharyi ( 1787 and 1792 ). (On the northern front, Burma and Siam were also locked in a struggle for the control of Kengtung and Lan Na .) Burma ceded the region south of Salween river to the British after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) under the Treaty of Yandabo . The British and the Siamese signed a boundary demarcation treaty on 20 June 1826, and another one in 1868. Mawlamyine (Moulmein) became

3344-483: The Southern Tenasserim ports of Mergui and Tenasserim. Since the Mon revolt of Lower Burma in the 1740s, Ayutthaya had been supporting the Mon rebels in fighting against Upper Burma and the Konbaung dynasts, even after the Konbaung conquest of Lower Burma in 1757. After a number of military incursions into Siam, Konbaung elites noticed that Ayutthaya's armies had not responded quickly to its own military movements on

3432-461: The Yodaya people. On the other hand, his seizing of Ayutthaya artisans from the Siamese capital also resulted in the spread of the Siamese arts and culture into Burma, which would significantly influence Burmese culture. According to Baker and Phongpaichit, the Ayutthaya elite taken to Burma settled in well without conflict. At the same time however, Hsinbyushin's decision to sack and destroy Ayutthaya

3520-497: The Yodia people, or the descendants of forcibly relocated Ayutthaya inhabitants to Burma. Ayutthayan musicians and artisans would hold significant roles within the Ava court and would significantly influence Burmese arts and culture. Generations of successive Ayutthaya nobles intermarried with Konbaung rulers and princes. The conflict with the Chinese had its beginnings in the 1758–59 campaign by

3608-427: The border with Siam. The invasion of Ayutthaya was, in the words of Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit, a "joint-stock expedition", designed for the reward of riches of capturing the wealthiest port in Southeast Asia due to the seeming lack of a significant Siamese Army to be able to stop a significant invasion force. After completing the conquest of Laotian states in 1765, Thihapate with his army returned to Lan Na. In

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3696-489: The capital. In January 1770, they marched to Manipur where a rebellion had begun, taking advantage of Burmese troubles with the Chinese. After a three days' battle near Langthabal, the Manipuris were defeated, and their raja fled to Assam. The Burmese raised their nominee to the throne, and returned. The king's anger had subsided; after all, they had won victories and preserved his throne. He exiled Maha Thiha Thura and generals for

3784-492: The city in March 1765, giving the Burmese complete control of Siam's entire northern border. The Ayutthaya Kingdom was one of Southeast Asia's most wealthiest and most cosmopolitan polities in the 18th century. Siamese and Burmese interests in the Tenasserim have clashed on and off since the 16th century. For the past 150 years, Burma controlled the Northern Tenasserim ports of Mawlamyine and Tavoy while Siam controlled

3872-495: The coast to the south of Mottama in 1751. The winner of the civil war, King Alaungpaya of Konbaung Dynasty recovered the coastline to Dawei from the Siamese in 1760. His son King Hsinbyushin conquered the entire coastline in 1765. In the following decades, both sides tried to extend the line of control to their advantage but they both failed. The Burmese used Tanintharyi as a forward base to launch several unsuccessful invasions of Siam ( 1775–1776 ; 1785–1786 ; 1809–1812) ;

3960-474: The entire Tanintharyi salient —today's Tanintharyi Region, Mon State and southern Kayin State . The northernmost region was part of the Thaton Kingdom before 1057, and the entire coastline became part of King Anawrahta 's Pagan Empire after 1057. After the fall of Bagan in 1287, the area fell to the Siamese kingdom of Sukhothai , and later its successor Ayutthaya Kingdom . The region's northernmost border

4048-531: The first capital of British Burma. The British seized all of Lower Burma after the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and moved the capital to Rangoon. After 1852, the Tanintharyi Region consisted the entire southeastern part of Myanmar, including today's Mon State , Kayin State , and Taungoo District, in Bago Region. Mawlamyine was the capital of Tanintharyi. Upon independence from Britain in 1948,

4136-549: The governor of Ava, (which had been totally sacked by the retreating Hanthawaddy forces). Just three months later, the Hanthawaddy invasion forces were back, this time in their full might. Konbaung forces led by Hsinbyushin and his elder brother Naungdawgyi were badly defeated at present-day Myingyan District . Hsinbyushin fell back to Ava, and had to defend the city against a siege by the invaders. Hsinbyushin's defenses held. Other Hanthawaddy armies also advanced up to Mu valley,

4224-438: The governor. After Thihapate's army was recalled, Kawila and other chiefs fled to the Siamese territory and raised a rebellion. Kawila and Siamese forces attacked Chiang Mai, and captured the city on 15 January 1775, ending the 200-year Burmese rule of Chiang Mai. Following the fall of Chiang Mai, Hshinbyushin was forced to respond. The king on his deathbed ordered a fresh invasion of Siam, appointing Maha Thiha Thura as head of

4312-576: The health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor. In 2003, the entire Tanintharyi Region had fewer hospital beds than the Yangon General Hospital . The following is a summary of the public health care system. Hsinbyushin Hsinbyushin ( Burmese : ဆင်ဖြူရှင် , IPA: [sʰɪ̀ɰ̃ pʰjú ʃɪ̀ɰ̃] , lit.   ' Lord of the white elephant ' ; Thai : พระเจ้ามังระ ; 12 September 1736 – 10 June 1776)

4400-463: The heir apparent. With Maha Thiha Thura's backing, Singu ascended the throne without incident. The new king killed off potential rivals to the throne as soon as he came to power. Yet Hsinbyushin's penchant for unmitigated warfare everywhere had a heavy cost to the kingdom. His reckless decision to wage simultaneous wars with Siam and China nearly cost the kingdom its independence, allowing Chinese armies to advance within 30 miles of Ava. He did learn from

4488-552: The invasion route, withdrew with his troops, leaving Maha Thiha Thura with a portion of the troops. (This kind of insubordination would have been unimaginable only a couple years back when the king was in full control. Amazingly, Zeya Kyaw was never punished after the war.) The remaining Burmese armies fought their way into Siam, facing fierce Siamese resistance along the way. Thihapate's army managed to capture Chiang Mai and Maha Thiha Thura's army fought its way down to Phitsanulok and Sukhothai provinces in central Siam, destroying

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4576-518: The kingdom its independence. The third Chinese invasion forced Hsinbyushin to hastily withdraw from Siam, until an uneasy truce in 1769. The specter of war kept the state heavily militarized, setting the stage for army commanders to mistreat the population. In 1773, the army command provoked a rebellion by ethnic Mon troops, only to suppress the mutiny with "undue severity". The warlord behavior by local governors and army commanders only increased in 1774 when Hsinbyushin suffered from what turned out to be

4664-506: The kingdom utterly exhausted. People were weary of constant war, and were relieved when his son Singu did not pursue an aggressive warfare policy. Hsinbyushin is one of the most famous kings in Burmese history, known for his victories over the Chinese and the Siamese. Historian Victor Lieberman writes: "These near simultaneous victories over Siam (1767) and China (1765–1769) testified to a truly astonishing elan unmatched since Bayinnaung ." Historian Harvey writes that Alaungpaya's "tradition

4752-487: The kingdom. The Manipuris had been raiding increasingly deeper parts of Upper Burma between the Chindwin and Irrawaddy rivers since the mid-1720s. Ywa's home region was directly on the path of the raids, and took the brunt of the raids. With the Burmese court unable to deal with the small kingdom of Manipur, the Burmese watched helplessly as the raiders torched villages, ransacked pagodas , and taking away captives. In 1740,

4840-674: The largest religious community there. Minority religious communities include Christians (7.2%), Muslims (5.1%), and Hindus (0.2%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Tanintharyi Region's population. 0.1% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated. According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee ’s 2016 statistics, 9095 Buddhist monks were registered in Tanintharyi Region, comprising 1.7% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu. The majority of monks belong to

4928-408: The main Burmese army in December 1767 at the Battle of Goteik Gorge , prompting Hsinbyushin to finally recall his remaining garrison forces from Siam. The main Chinese army overran Burmese defenses and reached Singu , 30 miles north of Ava around late January 1768. Hsinbyushin to his credit never lost composure, and personally organized the defenses. Bolstered by the reinforcements returning from Siam,

5016-560: The mistake. With the Chinese keeping a heavy Chinese military lineup in the China-Burma border for about one decade to wage another war. Moreover, although his armies achieved many battlefield victories, the victories were short-lived. The Burmese had little administrative control over the newly acquired territories. Likewise, his repeated wars in Manipur, Cachar and Jaintia produced only temporary "barren victories". The rule of Cachar and Jaintia

5104-549: The most militaristic of all Konbaung kings). Ywa, now styled as Thado Minsaw , quickly proved a capable military commander—certainly, the most capable of Alaungpaya's sons, and became a top commander in his own right. By December 1753, the Konbaung forces had driven back Hanthawaddy invasion forces back to Ava, the fallen capital. The 17-year-old prince was given the overall command to recapture Ava. The prince's assault on 3 January 1754 succeeded, forcing Hanthawaddy troops to withdraw in disarray. Pleased, Alaungpaya made his second son

5192-486: The new Siamese capital at Thonburi. At Manipur, the Burmese expedition force again managed to drive out the pesky Manipuri raja, who again fled into neighboring Cachar and Jaintia . This time, Hsinbyushin ordered the army to chase into these tiny kingdoms to capture the raja. Hsinbyushin died soon after. Even after the king's death, the Burmese continued to operate in Cachar and Jaintia. The raja of Cachar finally submitted but

5280-555: The north, Tenasserim and Yodaya (Siam). He officially moved to Ava in April 1765, after his return from the Manipuri campaign. In 1765, Hsinbyushin commissioned the translation of the Vyakarana , the Sanskrit works on grammar, medicine, astrology, erotic lore, etc. The Maungdaung Sayadaw translated with the help of nine Brahmin scholars Hsinbyushin had invited to his court from Varanasi , India . In 1771, an official at his court compiled

5368-452: The northeastern districts of Tanintharyi were placed into the newly created Karen State. In 1974, the northern part of remaining Tanintharyi was carved out to create Mon State. With Mawlamyine now inside Mon State, the capital of Tanintharyi Region was moved to Dawei. Tanintharyi Region comprises ten townships and six subtownships , spreading over four districts : Taninthayi Region High Court. Trains run on

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5456-459: The other in Martaban in the south) stationed, planning the invasion. While Hsinbyushin was busy preparing, Manipur, which had been a tributary state since 1758, revolted. Hsinbyushin did not recall his armies. In December 1764, the king himself led the expedition to Manipur. The Burmese army easily defeated the Manipuri army, taking Imphal . The raja of Manipur fled. Hsinbyushin brought back hundreds of Manipuris. The king and his armies arrived back to

5544-456: The populace could not leave, and took the brunt of the army's repression. If Hsinbyushin was beginning to lose control of his commanders in the field, it only got worse in 1774. The king suffered from what turned out to be a debilitating long illness that would ultimately claim his life two years later. The illness is believed to be scrofula . (According to historian Helen James, his brother Naungdawgyi and possibly his father Alaungpaya died from

5632-659: The region changed hands from the Kedah Sultanate , to the Hanthawaddy , Ayutthaya and Konbaung kingdoms , and British Burma . The region is called Tanah Sari in Malay, Tanao Si ( Thai : ตะนาวศรี , RTGS: Tanao Si, pronounced [tā.nāːw sǐː] ) in Thai, ဏၚ်ကသဳ and တနၚ်သြဳ in Mon. In 1989 the division's English name was officially changed from Tenassarim to Tanintharyi. Tanintharyi Region historically included

5720-434: The resolve of the Chinese government. Without Hsinbyushin's knowledge, they agreed to a truce, and allowed the Chinese to withdraw without their arms. The uneasy truce was not recognized by either side. Qianlong did not accept the agreement. Hsinbyushin was furious that his generals had acted without his knowledge, and tore up his copy of the treaty. Knowing that the king was angry, the Burmese armies were afraid to return to

5808-426: The rest. Tenasserim south of Dawei (Tavoy) remained under Siamese control. Myeik (Mergui) port was a principal centre of trade between the Siamese and Europeans. For nearly seven decades, from the middle of the 18th century to the early 19th century, Burma and Siam were involved in multiple wars for control of the coastline. Taking advantage of the Burmese civil war of 1740–1757, the Siamese cautiously moved along

5896-411: The same disease.) The palace was full of rumors and intrigues about the succession. The army commanders, who were already acting like warlords even before the king's illness, were sure that the king would die soon, and now routinely ignored the king's orders to tone down their behavior, unimaginable only a few years back. The once self-assured king also became paranoid. He trusted only Pierre de Milard ,

5984-438: The smaller Moscos Islands off the northern shores. The capital of the division is Dawei (Tavoy). Other important cities include Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung . The division covers an area of 43,344.9 square kilometres (16,735.6 sq mi), and had a population of 1,406,434 at the 2014 Census. Tanintharyi has historically been known by a number of names, reflecting changes in administrative control throughout history, as

6072-728: The snowy Himalaya passes to conquer the Brahmaputra Valley and waging a near-successful offensive campaign in British Bengal that caused a panic within Calcutta , the capital of British Bengal= Despite the Burmese loss in that war, the First Anglo-Burmese War became the British East India Company's most costly war and led to the company's dissolution. The military campaigns of the Konbaung rulers would also bring in

6160-488: The south, Maha Nawrahta 's army had also been massing at Tavoy (Dawei), then the border town between Burma and Siam. Thihapate's northern army began the invasion via the Chao Phraya valley in August 1765 during the rainy season. In the middle of October 1765, towards the end of the rainy season, Maha Nawrahta's southern army joined in via Tenasserim for a two-pronged assault. With a policy of total war, Burmese armies captured and sacked most of Ayutthaya's major cities along

6248-411: The throne. This was despite the fact that Hsinbyushin's father Alaungpaya had pardoned the former king's life. In April 1775, he raised the Shwedagon Pagoda to its present height, gilding it with his own weight in gold and erecting a golden spire studded with gems to replace the one thrown down during the 1769 earthquake. The same arrogant repressive behavior by the local Burmese government caused

6336-627: The two cities similar to Ayutthaya in 1767. But the invasion force was unable to continue down the Chao Phraya Plain due to a food shortage. Then, Hsinbyushin died on 10 June 1776 at age 39. Maha Thiha Thura decided to call off the invasion, and rushed back to Ava to ensure that his son-in-law Singu could ascend to the throne without incident. Ne Myo Thihapate also withdrew from Chiang Mai back to safer Chiang Saen. Had Hsinbyushin lived longer, it's possible that Maha Thiha Thura's army could have successfully marched down through central Siam and destroyed

6424-465: The upcoming Hanthawaddy rule, styling himself King Alaungpaya . The Konbaung resistance was just one of many resistance forces that had sprung up across Upper Burma (mostly by panicked ethnic Burmans but also by ethnic Shans ). Many young men from 46 villages in the Mu valley, who longed to redress the humiliations of the previous decades, answered Alaungpaya's call. The 15-year-old Ywa enthusiastically joined his father's call. (He would later prove to be

6512-453: The way, while most Siamese fled into the jungles. A large number of Siamese soldiers also joined the Burmese armies within Siam, in a time where loyalties were to tied to monarchs rather than to ethnicities. The Burmese forces reached the outskirts of Ayutthaya on 20 January 1766. The Burmese then began what turned out to be a grueling 14-month siege. Burmese chronicles note that the inhabitants of Ayutthaya fought fiercely and bravely against

6600-452: Was a long-term strategic failure. While he was immensely successful in acquiring Ayutthaya's wealth and people and in destroying of the Ayutthaya polity, the sacking of Ayutthaya unified and reinvigorated many Siamese elites to pursue a militaristic trajectory that would expand Siam's orbit to its greatest military extent. The resurgent Siam proved to be a formidable competitor to Burma- eventually seizing Lan Na, Vientiane, and Luang Prabang from

6688-636: Was a noted poet. Letwe Thondara , a secretary to the Hluttaw council, whom Hsinbyushin had exiled to Meza Hill (in present-day Katha District ), earned his recall two months later by writing the well known Meza Taung-Che poem, bewailing his grief and loneliness. Hsinbyushin was determined to renew the war against Siam, and began making preparations as soon as he became king. A year later, in November 1764, Hsinbyushin had two armies (one in Kengtung in Shan States, and

6776-483: Was able to partake in a number of projects to commemorate his reign, such as the raising of the height of the Shwedagon Pagoda in 1775. The 50 year period of near-constant warfare between Burma and Siam (1759-1812) resulted in the depopulation of large areas of Siam, whereupon some Siamese provinces would remain deserted up to the 1870s. The descendants of Ayutthaya captives taken to Burma in 1767 are sometimes called

6864-466: Was around the Thanlwin (Salween) river near today's Moulmein . The region reverted to Burmese rule in 1564 when King Bayinnaung of Toungoo Dynasty conquered all of Siam. Ayutthaya had regained independence by 1587, and reclaimed the southern half of Tanintharyi in 1593 and the entire peninsula in 1599. In 1614, King Anaukpetlun recovered the northern half of the coast to Dawei but failed to capture

6952-449: Was by his father's bedside when the king died near a small village in Martaban (Mottama). Alaungpaya was succeeded by his eldest son Naungdawgyi. Alaungpaya had pronounced that all of his six sons by his first wife would become king in the order of seniority. At Alaungpaya's deathbed, Hsinbyushin had promised his father to uphold his wish. But right after his father's death, Hsinbyushin made

7040-500: Was driven out in 1770 by the Burmese, returned and overthrew the Burmese puppet ruler. Hsinbyushin, instead of focusing on the Siamese war, now diverted a portion of the army for a Manipuri expedition. The Siamese invasion was held off until after the rainy season of 1775. A combined force of 35000 was raised for the Siamese theater. In November, Maha Thiha Thura's main army invaded by the southern route from Martaban, and Ne Myo Thihapate's army from Chiang Saen in northern Lan Na, (which

7128-552: Was king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1763 to 1776. The second son of the dynasty founder Alaungpaya is best known for his wars with Qing China and Siam , and is considered the most militaristic king of the dynasty. His successful defense against four Qing invasions preserved Burmese independence. His 1765 invasion of Ayutthaya brought an end to the Ayutthaya Kingdom . The near simultaneous victories over Qing and Siam has been referred to as testimony "to

7216-608: Was little they could do. The survival of their kingdom was now at stake. When the next Chinese invasion came in October 1769, the Burmese were well prepared. They succeeded in containing the 60,000 strong invasion force at the border, and by early December had all the Chinese forces encircled inside the Kaungton - Shwenyaungbin corridor in northern Burma. The Chinese command asked for terms. The Burmese command, led by Gen. Maha Thiha Thura , were concerned that another defeat would merely stiffen

7304-532: Was nominal. Manipuri rebellions continued after Hsinbyushin and Manipur would become independent in 1782. Moreover, the Burmese army penetrated deep into Siam again in 1775–1776 but could not defeat the new Thonburi regime. A long-lasting side-effect of Hsinbyushin's successful destruction of Ayutthaya was a resurgent and reinvigorated Siamese regime from Thonburi and Bangkok which would become a more ardent competitor to Burma than Ayutthaya, whose rivalry will continue for another 70 years until Burma's later destruction in

7392-412: Was not only maintained, it was eclipsed." The long-term legacy of the wars Hsinbyushin pursued comes in terms of a new militaristic Burmese aristocracy, the cultural and economic capital from sacking of Ayutthaya, the military resurgence of Siam, the territorial changes vis-a-vis China and Siam/Thailand, and modern Burmese-Thai relations. A medium-term consequence of Hsinbyushin and his father's campaigns

7480-596: Was prepared to stay as the heir-apparent for the long haul. Then in November 1763, Naungdawgyi, only 29, suddenly died. The ambitious Hsinbyushin, now 27 years old, ascended to the throne. On 28 November 1763, Hsinbyushin ascended to the throne. His full royal style at the coronation ceremony on 16 May 1764 was Thiri Thuriya Dhamma Razadhipati Hsinbyushin . He later assumed the new reign name of Thiri Thuriya Dhamma Mahadhammaraza Razadhipati ( သီရိသူရိယဓမ္မမဟာဓမ္မရာဇရာဇဓိပတိ ; Pali : Sirisūriyadhamma Mahadhammarāja Rājadhipati ) on 3 January 1768. The first order of business

7568-459: Was still under Burmese control). From the start, the invasion was fraught with multiple issues. First, the invasion force of 35000 was too small to be effective whereas the 1765 invasion force consisted of at least 50,000 troops. More importantly, the Burmese command was in disarray. With the king on his deathbed, insubordination became increasingly rampant. Indeed, the second-in-command of the southern army, Zeya Kyaw, disagreed with Maha Thiha Thura on

7656-462: Was the repeopling of Burma following the internal crisis of the 1740s and 1750s. His and his father's campaigns of endless warfare would also create a military aristocracy that would turn Burma into a great military kingdom, whose feats included the defense of Burma against the Qing Empire, the sacking of Ayutthaya. The Konbaung dynasty would go on to continue its militarism by marching an army through

7744-437: Was to rebuild the ruined city of Ava , which he wished to make his capital. By the royal order issued on 27 November 1764, the relocation of the kingdom's capital to Ava from Sagaing was announced. The gates of restored Ava were named after the conquered states: on the east side, Chiang Mai, Martaban, Mogaung; on the south, Kaingma, Hanthawaddy, Myede, Onbaung (Thibaw); on the west, Gandalarit, Sandapuri (Viengchang), Kenghung; on

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