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108-643: Named after the 16th-century Italian master of calligraphy Giambattista Palatino , Palatino is based on the humanist types of the Italian Renaissance , which mirror the letters formed by a broad nib pen reflecting Zapf's expertise as a calligrapher . Its capital 'Y' is in the unusual 'palm Y' style, inspired by the Greek letter upsilon , a trait found in some of the earliest versions of the letter such as that of Aldus Manutius . Unlike most Renaissance typeface revivals, which tend to have delicate proportions such as

216-518: A 'p' and 'q' without foot serif and no serif on the centre stroke of the 'E' and 'F', as well as a slightly more delicate design with a lower x-height . It has also been released as Marathon Serial without italics. Most modern Palatino clones are set to match the spacing and design of the PostScript version of Palatino that was a standard font in early digital publishing. In the Bitstream font collection,

324-399: A desktop publishing system, a different approach is to export the document and process it outside that system. Any kerning features can then be applied to the document using tools ranging from ordinary text editors to programs specially developed for this task. The modified document is then imported back into the desktop publishing system. Many systems permit this operation, either by converting

432-542: A few exemplifying kerning pairs and their values. These values are based on 1000 units/em and the kerning pairs are ordered from the most negative to the most positive kerning value. The samples are taken from the kerning tables of the Minion Pro font. In other fonts the kerning may be very different. Which letters need to be kerned depends on which languages the font is to be used with. Since some combinations of letters are not used in normal words in any language, kerning these

540-576: A few inscriptions into the 8th century, though not in any South Arabian language since Dʿmt . Early inscriptions in Ge'ez and Ge'ez script are dated to as early as the 5th century BCE, with a sort of proto-Ge'ez written in ESA since the 9th century BCE. Ge'ez literature begins with the Christianization of Ethiopia (and the civilization of Axum) in the 4th century, during the reign of Ezana of Axum . The Ge'ez script

648-468: A foot serif at bottom right, a 'double-V'-style 'W' with four top terminals and a 'palm Y' similar to that on Palatino, inspired by the Greek letter upsilon . It was renamed "Palatino Titling" in the Palatino nova release (see below), since the rights to the name were held by Berthold who also published a digitisation. A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It

756-412: A given pair vary greatly from one font to another. Negative kerning is widely used to fit capital letters such as T , V , W , and Y closer to some other capital letters on either side, especially A , and to some lower case letters on the right side, such as the combinations Ta , Te , and To . It is also used to fit a period (full stop) or a comma closer to these and to F and P , as well as to

864-467: A history of letter design. Aldus is named for the Venetian Renaissance printer Aldus Manutius . The decision annoyed Zapf (who preferred the name "Palatino Book") since it bears little direct resemblance to Aldus's typefaces. Like Palatino, an upgraded digitisation, Aldus Nova, has been released by Linotype. A set of titling capitals, based on Roman square capitals . The design has a 'U' with

972-448: A huge number of pairs of characters that need kerning, OpenType fonts may have an elaborate system of tables and subtables, designed to minimize the overall storage space. (Kerning is treated as part of a broad range of new glyph positioning features which are stored in GPOS. ) The system is based on the concept of glyph classes : instead of a one-dimensional table where each entry corresponds to

1080-459: A kerning value of 15 means an increase in character spacing by 0.015 of the current type size. (The kerning units for a given font are the same as the units used to express the character widths in that font.) Most kerning adjustments are negative, and negative adjustments are generally larger than positive ones. Adjustments for different pairs within a given font can range from a tiny 2 to over 100 (when expressed as 1000 units/em). The adjustments for

1188-448: A low x-height (short lower-case letters and longer ascenders and descenders ), Palatino has larger proportions, increasing legibility. Palatino was particularly intended as a design for trade or 'jobbing' use, such as headings, advertisements and display printing, and was created with a solid, wide structure and wide apertures that could appear clearly on poor-quality paper, when read at a distance or printed at small sizes. Palatino

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1296-484: A lower 't' and foot serifs on 'p' and 'q'. The italic in particular has gone through several redesigns, with the original for hand-set foundry type being distinctly narrow, the version for the Linotype machine distinctly wide to enable duplexing with the roman, and the versions for subsequent photosetting and digital technologies being in between the two extremes. Hutner and Kelly have described Palatino as "distinctly modern...

1404-413: A matching Palatino Sans and Palatino Sans Informal design in 2006. Palatino Linotype is the version of the Palatino family included with modern versions of Microsoft software. It incorporates extended Latin, Greek, Cyrillic characters, as well as currency signs, subscripts and superscripts, and fractions. The family includes roman and italic in text and bold weights. Palatino Linotype was notable as being

1512-560: A modern type not copied from any specific early model." Palatino's italic in metal type included a set of swash capitals . These have not been found in digitisations, although digitisations of Zapf's Renaissance Antiqua design (discussed below) do include a (slightly different) set. Later versions alter the descenders on many letters; Zapf originally had to keep these short to fit on the German common line standard, optimised for blackletter typefaces; later versions escape this restriction. Aldus

1620-407: A pair of characters, there are two-dimensional tables where each entry corresponds to a pair of classes of glyphs. A class includes several characters whose right-hand outline (and right side-bearing) is identical for kerning purposes, or several characters whose left-hand outline (and left side-bearing) is identical. All pairs of characters where the first one is from the first class and the second one

1728-407: A particular system, the user is limited to the existing kerning features. Thus, if one needs features like optical kerning, or contextual kerning, or kerning a pair of characters that belong to different fonts, and if the system lacks these features, other means must be employed. Some desktop publishing systems permit developers to create plug-ins (extensions that perform a variety of functions that

1836-489: A significant art form, and the form it takes may be affected by the meaning of the text or the individual words. In the Western world , the aim of calligraphy is normally regarded as only to achieve attractive writing that is usually consistent within each piece of writing, with little or no interpretation of the text attempted. Modern Western calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where

1944-417: A skilled person, manual kerning will usually give better results than optical kerning; for example, some characters that may appear to an algorithmic comparison to be spaced very closely together may appear to a human reader too far apart, especially when the only element of a glyph that is “too close” is a diacritic mark. Manual kerning may even be better than the metric kerning built into the kerning table by

2052-552: A stub nib pen. Common calligraphy pens and brushes include: The ink used for writing is usually water-based and is much less viscous than the oil-based ink used in printing. Certain specialty paper with high ink absorption and constant texture enables cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a light-box is not needed to allow lines to be visible through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from

2160-454: A text that uses several fonts, the program must decide which kerning table to use when two consecutive characters belong to different fonts   —   the table from the font of the first character, or the second one   —   or to avoid kerning altogether. In this case, optical kerning is preferable. A common situation occurs when italic text ends with a roman symbol (right parenthesis or quotation mark, question mark, etc.) and

2268-526: A total of some 1,000 distinct characters. Ethiopian (Abyssinian) calligraphy began with the Ge'ez script , which replaced Epigraphic South Arabian in the Kingdom of Aksum , which was developed specifically for Ethiopian Semitic languages . In those languages that use it, such as Amharic and Tigrinya , the script is called Fidäl , which means script or alphabet. The Epigraphic South Arabian letters were used for

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2376-414: A version of Zapf's Zapfino . It is a family designed by Toshi Omagari of Monotype Imaging, optimised for on-screen use. It includes a larger x-height and wider spacing. It is the standard four-font family, with bolds and italics. As one of the most iconic typefaces of the twentieth century, derivative designs based on Palatino were rapidly developed, taking advantage of the lack of practical copyright and

2484-506: Is shodō ( 書道 , literally "the way or principle of writing"); and Korean calligraphy is called seoye ( Korean :  서예 ; Hanja :  書藝 ; literally "the art of writing"); The calligraphy of East Asian characters continues to form an important and appreciated constituent of contemporary traditional East Asian culture. In ancient China , the oldest known Chinese characters are oracle bone script ( 甲骨文 ), carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons , as

2592-455: Is a visual art related to writing . It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen , ink brush , or other writing instrument. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner". In East Asia and the Islamic world , where more flexibility is allowed in written forms, calligraphy is regarded as

2700-475: Is a concern in quality typography. An example of a situation that demands contextual kerning in the Minion Pro font is the sequence of three characters f.” ( f , period, quotation mark), as is often found at the end of a quotation. Using the font's kerning tables, the quotation mark is too close to the f , although without the period between them their spacing is adequate. The period, in other words, reduces their spacing instead of increasing it. The explanation

2808-552: Is a superset of TrueType kern tables are still supported for TrueType fonts packed as OpenType; however, PostScript -based ( CFF ) OpenType fonts do not have this option. OpenType introduced a new, uniform way of specifying, among other things, kerning, via the Glyph Positioning Table (GPOS). The more recent font releases by Adobe no longer have kern tables at all, but only specify kerning via GPOS. Since an OpenType font may include thousands of glyphs, and consequently

2916-708: Is almost indistinguishable from the original apart from a few detail differences. (" Antiqua " is another word for the " Roman " style of typefaces that Palatino is based on, as opposed to blackletter . The genre, inspired by Italian traditions of handwriting and calligraphy, has been a dominant influence on most typefaces and lettering created in the Western world since the Renaissance.) In 1993, Zapf resigned from l'Association Typographique Internationale ( ATypI ) over what he viewed as its hypocritical attitude toward unauthorized copying by prominent ATypI members (namely Monotype ). In

3024-580: Is also used for props , moving images for film and television, testimonials , birth and death certificates , maps, and other written works. The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen and the brush . The pens used in calligraphy can have nibs that may be flat, round, or pointed. For decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens (steel brushes) can be used. However, works have also been created with felt-tip and ballpoint pens , although these works do not employ angled lines. There are certain styles of calligraphy, such as Gothic script , that require

3132-461: Is an old-style serif design, popular for use in book printing. Compared to Palatino, released some years earlier, it has a more condensed design lighter in colour , more graceful and refined and better suited to the high average quality of book printing. Aldus has a non-kerning roman and italic f , allowing the typographer to avoid ligatures . It appeared in the D. Stempel AG catalog in 1954 and Zapf used it to set his own Manuale Typographicum ,

3240-659: Is central to Tibetan culture. The script is derived from Indic scripts . The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace , were often capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, with said religion placing a high significance on the written word. This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by

3348-408: Is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (926–933), who ordered the printing of the classics using new wooden blocks in kaishu . Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China; However, small changes to the characters have been made. For example

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3456-420: Is from the second class will require the same kerning value, so this value needs to be specified only once in the table. The rows in the two-dimensional table correspond to first-character classes, and the columns correspond to second-character classes. The kerning value for a given pair of characters is found in the table at the intersection of the classes to which they belong. This system is very economical, but

3564-438: Is necessarily limited. For example, many of the classes may be quite small. Also, a font with many types of glyphs may require several such tables. Finally, many pairs remain that cannot be represented through classes. For them, simpler, one-dimensional tables are provided: each table is for a particular character that is the first in many pairs, and the entries contain the characters that are the second in these pairs, together with

3672-427: Is not necessary. Non-proportional ( monospaced ) fonts do not use kerning, since their characters always have the same spacing. In older font formats, such as Microsoft's TrueType , the kerning values are specified in a simple kern table where each entry consists of a pair of characters and their kerning value. TrueType fonts typically have several hundred pairs, but some have more than a thousand. Since OpenType

3780-403: Is one of several related typefaces by Zapf, which Stempel marketed as an "extended family". The group includes Palatino, Sistina, Michelangelo, and Aldus; Zapf's biographer Jerry Kelly describes them as forming "the largest type family based on classic renaissance forms at the time." These designs were strongly influenced by Italian Renaissance letter forms and Roman square capitals , although Zapf

3888-564: Is one of the most famous and typical bronzeware scripts in Chinese calligraphic history. It has 500 characters inscribed onto the bronze which is the largest number of bronze inscription we have discovered so far. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters. In Imperial China , the graphs on old steles — some dating from 200 BCE, and in the small seal script ( 小篆 xiǎo zhuàn ) style — have been preserved and can be viewed in museums even today. About 220 BCE,

3996-643: Is primarily created using the Ranjana script . The script itself, along with its derivatives (like Lantsa , Phagpa , Kutila ) are used in Nepal , Tibet , Bhutan , Leh , Mongolia , coastal Japan, and Korea to write " Om mani padme hum " and other sacred Buddhist texts , mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali . Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt . Hieroglyphs combined logographic , syllabic and alphabetic elements, with

4104-802: Is read from left to right and has been adapted to write other languages, usually ones that are also Semitic. The most widespread use is for Amharic in Ethiopia and Tigrinya in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Maya calligraphy was expressed via Maya glyphs ; modern Maya calligraphy is mainly used on seals and monuments in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Maya glyphs are rarely used in government offices; however, in Campeche , Yucatán and Quintana Roo , calligraphy in Maya languages

4212-611: Is recognizable in the use of the Latin script in Western Europe , and in the use of the Greek , Armenian , and Georgian , and Cyrillic scripts in Eastern Europe . The Latin alphabet appeared about 600 BCE in ancient Rome , and by the first century CE it had developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In

4320-415: Is this: without the period, their kerning is a positive 121 (expressed as 1,000 units/em). The period's width is 228, but the kerning between f and the period is −5, and between the period and the quotation mark −138. The total is a positive 85, as opposed to the original 121: a net loss of 36 units, which explains why the quotation mark is now closer to the f . Contextual kerning would recognize

4428-473: Is those with diacritical marks. These letters can be added to the class of the base letter, and can stay together whether they are the first or second character in a pair: (a à á â), (e è é ê), etc. A letter cannot be included in the class if its kerning is different from the others in certain pairs (for example, Yá vs. Yä ). Most modern office and desktop publishing systems support OpenType features, and hence class-based kerning. Automatic kerning refers to

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4536-428: Is usually applied to letter pairs as a number by which the default character spacing should be increased or decreased: a positive value for an increase, a negative value for a decrease. The number is expressed in font units , one unit being a certain fraction of an em (one em is the type size currently used). Different fonts may use different units, but common values are 1000 and 2048 units/em. Thus, for 1000 units/em,

4644-448: Is very widely used or cloned. Later Palatino digitisations have different features and spacing. In 1999, Zapf revised Palatino for Linotype and Microsoft , called Palatino Linotype . The revised family incorporated extended Latin , Greek , and Cyrillic character sets. Linotype released a more complex redesign named Palatino nova, together with digitisations of some of Zapf's other Renaissance-inspired designs and Aldus. Zapf also created

4752-598: Is written in Latin script rather than Maya glyphs. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Maya glyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Maya brotherhoods use Maya glyphs as symbols of their groups. Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as Chichen Itza , Labna, Uxmal , Edzna , Calakmul , etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as stele are common sources of ancient Maya calligraphy. Calligraphy in Europe

4860-687: The Android Browser . Another CSS property, font-feature-settings , also enables kerning in Internet Explorer 10+ , Chrome , Edge , Firefox , and the Android Browser . There is also a proposed CSS3 property font-kerning , which is supported in the major browsers. The CSS3 draft suggests that kerning should always be enabled for OpenType fonts. Some critics have proposed to replace (at least some) OpenType-style GPOS kerning with spacer glyphs using OpenType's Glyph Substitution Table (GSUB). The human perception of kerning can vary with

4968-545: The Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authorities. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels , although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well. The Philippines has numerous ancient and indigenous scripts collectively called as Suyat scripts . Various ethno-linguistic groups in

5076-872: The Kulitan script of the Kapampangan people , the badlit script of various Visayan ethnic groups , the Iniskaya script of the Eskaya people , the Baybayin script of the Tagalog people , and the Kur-itan script of the Ilocano people , among many others. Due to the diversity of suyat scripts, all calligraphy written in suyat scripts are collectively called as Filipino suyat calligraphy, although each are distinct from each other. Calligraphy using

5184-464: The OS X system version, which do not include ligatures such as Th and Qu . On release it was one of the few fonts to incorporate an interrobang . Palatino nova is a redesigned version of Palatino, by Hermann Zapf and Akira Kobayashi. This Palatino nova typeface family includes roman and italics in the light, text, medium, and bold weights, a new release of Aldus and versions of Michelangelo and Sistina under

5292-726: The Song dynasty 's printing press , and sans-serif . These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written. Japanese and Korean calligraphy were each greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including ink and wash painting , a style of Chinese , Japanese , and Korean painting based entirely on calligraphy and which uses similar tools and techniques. The Japanese and Koreans have also developed their own specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy while incorporating Chinese influences. Japanese calligraphy goes out of

5400-750: The Tagbanwa people , and Palaw'an/Pala'wan of the Palaw'an people . All four scripts were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme , under the name Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Build, Tagbanua and Pala’wan) , in 1999. Due to dissent from colonialism, many artists and cultural experts have revived the usage of suyat scripts that went extinct due their replacement by the Spanish-introduced Latin alphabet. These scripts being revived include

5508-713: The simplified Chinese character set. Traditional East Asian writing uses the Four Treasures of the Study — ink brushes known as máobǐ ( 毛筆 / 毛笔 ), Chinese ink , paper, and inkstones — to write Chinese characters . These instruments of writing are also known as the Four Friends of the Study ( Korean : 문방사우/文房四友 , romanized :  Munbang sau ) in Korea. Besides the traditional four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used. Many different parameters influence

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5616-594: The Caroline evolved into the blackletter ("Gothic") script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe and, in 1454, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, the Gothic style was adopted for its use, making it the first typeface . In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged

5724-671: The Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the Rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes called the Bastarda . While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel c.  1650 . With

5832-643: The Italian renaissance is one of the most influential typefaces in history. Copies based in it made by printers in Paris from the 1530s onwards by engravers such as Claude Garamond became the main style of type used in Europe, and influenced most successive type styles such as those of the Dutch renaissance. Other Aldine roman-influenced revivals include: Calligraphy Calligraphy (from Ancient Greek καλλιγραφία ( kalligraphía )  'beautiful writing')

5940-610: The Palatino Linotype development process, Zapf and Linotype requested that Microsoft cease to include Book Antiqua with Office, but Microsoft concluded that this was impossible as too many documents had already been created using it. A custom version of Book Antiqua was created by Monotype as a corporate font for the Parliament of the UK. The first legal free version of Palatino was URW Palladio L. The open-source community greatly extended

6048-682: The Palatino Sans, such as asymmetrical A, K, N, W, X, Y, w. It is a family designed by Lebanese designer Nadine Chahine and Hermann Zapf. The design is based on the Al-Ahram typeface designed by Zapf in 1956 but reworked and modified to fit the Palatino nova family. The design is Naskh in style but with a strong influence of Thuluth style. This family only comes in 1 font, with the Arabic characters based on Palatino nova Regular. It supports basic Latin, Arabic, Persian, and Urdu scripts. Chahine also created

6156-460: The Palatino equivalent is called "Zapf Calligraphic". URW++ sells its version as "URW Palladio L". A version of this font was later released by URW under a free and open-source licence as part of the Ghostscript project to develop an open-source alternative to PostScript. As a result, it (or a derivative) is used by much open-source software such as R as a system font. Palladio, however, lacks

6264-594: The Philippines prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century up to the independence era in the 21st century have used the scripts with various mediums. By the end of colonialism, only four of the suyat scripts had survived and continued to be used by certain communities in everyday life. These four scripts are Hanunó'o/Hanunoo of the Hanuno'o Mangyan people, Buhid/Build of the Buhid Mangyan people, Tagbanwa script of

6372-507: The Sans families do not have full Greek or Cyrillic characters. Reviewing it for Typographica on release, font designer Hrant Papazian commented: The confluence of competence, freedom and kiai... evident in Palatino Sans is breathtaking. The sober organicity, the bravado of the raised 'r', the confident flair of the italic; all done before, but never in such a usable, contemporary whole. Palatino Sans Informal incorporates informal characteristics to

6480-621: The United States, the abstract design of a typeface is not protected by copyright, and can be imitated freely (unless the typeface is protected by a design patent, which is of much more limited duration and rarely applied for). Copyright protection is available for the representation of a typeface in software (a computer font), and the names of typefaces can be protected by trademark. Microsoft has since licensed and distributes Linotype's version of Zapf's original design called Palatino Linotype in all versions of Windows since Windows 2000 . During

6588-424: The Western alphabet and the Arabic alphabet are also prevalent in the Philippines due to its colonial past, but the Western alphabet and the Arabic alphabet are not considered as suyat, and therefore Western-alphabet and Arabic calligraphy are not considered as suyat calligraphy. Vietnamese calligraphy is called thư pháp ( 書法 , literally "the way of letters or words") and is based on Chữ Nôm and Chữ Hán ,

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6696-464: The aforementioned. Other European styles use the same tools and practices, but differ by character set and stylistic preferences. For Slavonic lettering, the history of the Slavonic and consequently Russian writing systems differs fundamentally from the one of the Latin language , having evolved from the 10th century to today. Kerning In typography , kerning is the process of adjusting

6804-562: The brush absorb and by the pressure, inclination, and direction of the brush. Changing these variables produces thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations and decelerations of a skilled calligrapher's movements aim to give "spirit" to the characters, greatly influencing their final shapes. Cursive styles such as xíngshū ( 行書 / 行书 )(semi-cursive or running script) and cǎoshū ( 草書 / 草书 )(cursive, rough script, or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where movements made by

6912-574: The character sets of the fonts and releases new, updated versions under new names. Asana Math is an OpenType mathematical font designed to look like Palatino (so that math can visually match the text). It is based on the Type 1 pxfonts by Young Ryu. Palatino Sans and Palatino Sans Informal won Type Directors Club Type Design Competition 2007 award under Type System / Superfamily category. Palatino Arabic won 2008 Type Directors Club TDC2 2008 award under Text / Type Family category. The Aldine type of

7020-406: The combinations ff , fi , fl , ffi , ffl , and others. In metal typesetting, kerning was labour-intensive and expensive because the matrices had to be physically modified. It was therefore only employed on letter combinations which needed it the most, such as VA or AV . With the arrival of digital fonts, it became much easier to kern many glyph combinations. In digital typography, kerning

7128-416: The corresponding kerning values. Here are a few examples of glyph classes in the Minion Pro font for the first character in a kerning pair: (d i l u), (h m n), (j q), (b o p), (v w y), (D O Q), (H I), (V W); and for the second character in a pair: (f i m n r), (h k l), (j p t u), (c d e o q), (v w y), (C G O Q), (B D E F H I K L N P R). A category of letters that lend themselves well to class-based kerning

7236-519: The creation of the humanist minuscule or littera antiqua . The 17th century saw the Batarde script from France, and the 18th century saw the English script spread across Europe and world through their books. In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of

7344-455: The design, and continued to collaborate on new versions into his eighties. Palatino itself, as previously noted, has a solid structure, intended to read clearly on poor-quality paper and printing. Zapf's friend Alexander Lawson wrote that "the open counters that make Palatino such a legible letter were provided to overcome a then current printing problem in Germany, poor-quality paper. The weight of

7452-778: The destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527) , the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand . In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before

7560-483: The document with import and export functions, or by making their internal document format an open standard. The benefit of this approach is that some complex typesetting functions that may be hard to implement through plug-ins (kerning in particular) may be relatively easy to implement through separate tools. The CSS property text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; enables kerning in Firefox , Chrome , Safari , Opera , and

7668-461: The easy copying possible in the phototypesetting font market of the 1960s and 70s onwards. Many of these are almost indistinguishable from Palatino, and some even had Zapf's involvement as a consultant. Softmaker's clone of Palatino, Palazzo Original, is unique for being based on the original metal type of Palatino: as a result, it contains many design features not seen in the digital versions of Palatino endorsed by Zapf and most clones. These include

7776-491: The emperor Qin Shi Huang , the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si 's character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized small seal characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles. The clerical script ( 隸書 / 隸书 ) ( lì shū ) which

7884-484: The empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script , Laon script , Luxeuil script , Visigothic script , Beneventan script ), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable . Christian churches promoted the development of writing through

7992-414: The final result of a calligrapher's work. Physical parameters include the shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush; the color, color density and water density of the ink; as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result, as the look of finished characters are influenced by the quantity of ink and water the calligrapher lets

8100-410: The first western OpenType font that Microsoft shipped; Palatino Linotype was bundled with Windows 2000 . The OpenType version showcased some (then new) alternate features, including ligatures , true small caps , proportional and tabular figures , text figures and a variety of special alternate characters, such as the swash Capital Qu combination. This marks it out from earlier digitisations such as

8208-456: The font's designer, since these tables often have errors or omissions, or the difference may simply be a matter of personal preference. Contextual kerning refers to positional adjustment that depends on more than two consecutive glyphs. For example, the spacing of a certain glyph may depend not only on the preceding glyph (as in ordinary kerning) but also on the one following it. Although rarely implemented in ordinary documents, contextual kerning

8316-743: The historical Vietnamese writing system rooted in the impact of Chinese characters and replaced with the Latin alphabet as a result of French colonial influence . However, the calligraphic traditions maintaining the historical employment of Han characters continue to be preserved in modern Vietnamese calligraphy. Religious texts preservation is the most common purpose for Indian calligraphy. Monastic Buddhist communities had members trained in calligraphy and shared responsibility for duplicating sacred scriptures. Jaina traders incorporated illustrated manuscripts celebrating Jaina saints. These manuscripts were produced using inexpensive material, like palm leave and birch, with fine calligraphy. Nepalese calligraphy

8424-618: The humanist sans-serif Optima . An ultra-bold display type, with a slight slope but roman rather than italic letter forms. Unlike Palatino, it is very unlike the style of roman type printing used during the Renaissance, which did not use bold type . Not part of Stempel's metal Palatino family, Zapf Renaissance Antiqua is a separate interpretation by Zapf of the same Renaissance models dating to 1984–1986, initially created for Scangraphic and later digitised and sold by Linotype along with Palatino. Compared to Palatino, Zapf Renaissance Antiqua has greater stroke contrast, which carries through to

8532-428: The intraword and interword spacing during reading. Even without complete kerning control, the effect can be simulated by slight modifications to the space between letters. For instance, on webpages with CSS1 , a standard dating back to 1996, the letter-spacing property offers options for "lost" or "enhanced kerning perception" by simply making the space between letters non-uniform. The newer CSS3 standard includes

8640-399: The kerning applied automatically by a program, as opposed to no kerning at all, or the kerning applied manually by the user. There are two types of automatic kerning: metric and optical . With metric kerning, the program directly uses the values found in the kerning tables included in the font file. Most systems with typographic features today provide this type of kerning. Optical kerning, on

8748-450: The last letter's slant clashes with the symbol. Manual kerning, available in some systems, permits the user to override the automatic kerning and to apply any kerning value directly to a pair of characters in a particular place in the text. When not available, this feature can be simulated by using, for those two characters, the function that modifies the space between characters in a block of text (usually called tracking). When employed by

8856-505: The letter m ). The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block . The source of the word kern is from the French word carne , meaning "projecting angle, quill of a pen". The French term originated from the Latin cardo , cardinis , meaning "hinge". In the days when all type was cast metal , the parts of a typecasting sort that needed to overlap adjacent letters simply hung off

8964-481: The letters may or may not be readable. Classical calligraphy differs from type design and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may practice both. Western calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding invitations and event invitations, font design and typography , original hand-lettered logo design, religious art , announcements, graphic design and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions , and memorial documents. It

9072-527: The lower case letters r , v , w , and y . Some other combinations that use negative kerning are FA , LT , and LY , and letters like A , L , and h followed by a quotation mark. Positive kerning is used mainly in conjunction with special characters and punctuation (for example, the lower case letter f followed by right parenthesis or quotation mark). Depending on the font, some small positive kerning may also be required for accented letters and for pairs like Bo , Dw , and TY . The table below contains

9180-423: The name of "Palatino Titling" and "Palatino Imperial". The font family was premiered on November 24, 2005, the same day as Hermann Zapf's 87th birthday celebration. A new digitisation of Aldus named Aldus nova was created at the same time. Palatino Sans is a sans-serif design with stroke width modulation, resembling Zapf's classic design Optima but with a softer, more organic feel. Unlike the serifed counterpart,

9288-400: The name “Zapf Renaissance Antiqua SB” contains these same high-contrast letterforms, but with looser spacing for running text. However, some typographers have criticized the poor quality of the spacing in all available digitizations, attributing it to an inaccurate conversion from its original, proprietary digital format into PostScript. Palatino's early digitisation intended for PostScript use

9396-486: The norm on most digital versions. Linotype licensed Palatino to Adobe and Apple who incorporated it into the PostScript digital printing technology as a standard font. This guaranteed its importance in digital and desktop publishing and made it (or a variant of it) a preinstalled font on most computers. As with many popular fonts, knockoff designs and rereleases under different names are common. Zapf retained an interest in

9504-434: The other hand, is available only in the more advanced systems. With optical kerning, the program uses an algorithm to calculate, from their outlines, the optimal spacing for each pair of consecutive characters. With both types of automatic kerning, the system usually permits the user to specify a minimum font size for applying kerning, if the user feels that kerning is unnecessary for smaller font sizes. With metric kerning, in

9612-647: The prolific copying of the Bible, the Breviary , and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin uncia , or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman bookhands . The 7th–9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells . Charlemagne 's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in

9720-517: The recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin , the Abbot of York . Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule . The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends. In the eleventh century,

9828-521: The rulers in the Shang dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreation and weather. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made , the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved. With the development of the bronzeware script ( jīn wén ) and large seal script ( dà zhuàn ) "cursive" signs continued . Mao Gong Ding

9936-612: The second and third centuries the uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the early Middle Ages . At the height of the Roman Empire , its power reached as far as Great Britain; when

10044-479: The sequence of three characters, and would increase one or both inter-character spaces. A similar problem exists with the letters F , P , T , V , W , and Y ; with comma rather than period; or with single rather than double quotation mark. Contextual kerning is supported by the OpenType font format, but few font designers implement it, and probably no desktop publishing systems can currently use it. When important,

10152-483: The set of CJK strokes to also include local alphabets such as hiragana and katakana , with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials ( Japanese paper , washi 和紙 , and Japanese ink). The modern Korean alphabet and its use of the circle required the creation of a new technique not used in traditional Chinese calligraphy. Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style. Tibetan calligraphy

10260-654: The shape of 广 has changed from the version in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 to the version found in modern books. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order remains the same, according to the old style. Styles which did not survive include bāfēnshū , a mix of 80% small seal script and 20% clerical script . Some variant Chinese characters were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose

10368-513: The sharp serifs and wedge-like punctuation marks, but it also features smoother transitions between thick and thin strokes. It is also notable for including a full set of swash letterforms, with as many as five variants of each lowercase letter – something not included on digital versions of Palatino. According to Linotype the currently available digitisation is based on the versions prepared by Scangraphic for display use, with tight spacing and striking contrasts in stroke weight. A version marketed under

10476-467: The solution for a user is to employ manual kerning instead. While the OpenType math standard does not include support for kerning of subscripts or superscripts, Microsoft's implementation adds extensions to support this feature as of Office 2007. Font editors allow the user to modify the properties of a font, including its kerning table (if the font license permits it). They accomplish this by modifying

10584-466: The sort slug's edge. Those overhanging metal pieces were called kerns. At that time, the word kerning only referred to manufacturing the sorts with kerns, while adjusting space between letters during compositing was called inter-spacing or letter spacing. Because this method was not well suited to some pairs of letters, ligatures were supplied for those glyph combinations, such as the French L’ , or

10692-526: The spacing between characters in a proportional font , usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. Kerning adjusts the space between individual letterforms while tracking (letter-spacing) adjusts spacing uniformly over a range of characters. In a well-kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have a visually similar area. The term "keming" is sometimes used informally to refer to poor kerning (the letters r and n placed too closely together being easily mistaken for

10800-551: The subtle stroke modulation and rounded corners which can be found for example in Palatino Linotype. One of the best-known Palatino PostScript clones is "Book Antiqua" (originally by Monotype ), distributed with much Microsoft software, beginning with Microsoft Windows . It is one of many clone PostScript typefaces distributed by Microsoft and Monotype around this time, including Arial (similar to Helvetica ), Century Gothic (ITC Avant Garde) and Bookman Old Style ( ITC Bookman ). Book Antiqua resembles Palatino extremely closely and

10908-493: The system itself lacks), and this capability has also been used for kerning. In general, these plug-ins permit the user to apply a kerning change automatically to a certain character pair throughout an entire document, instead of applying it by searching manually for those pairs. So far only basic kerning features have been implemented through plug-ins, and it is unclear whether the more advanced features can be effectively implemented in this manner. Instead of adding functionality to

11016-432: The table found in the actual font file. The user can change the kerning value in existing pairs, or add new pairs. A few desktop publishing systems allow the user to change or add kerning pairs without modifying the font file itself. The system merely applies to the user's document the new kerning values, in place of the values found in the font file. Whether modifying the font file with a font editor or overriding it in

11124-512: The type was also thickened beyond that of a normal roman in order to adapt to the lithographic and gravure printing processes of that period. Zapf has steadily maintained that he did not create Palatino as a book type but rather as a commercial face." Due to Palatino's increasing popularity in body text, multiple versions have been released for the changing technologies of handsetting, hot metal typesetting, phototypesetting and digital font design. Later versions often have regularised details such as

11232-455: The work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half an inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used. This is the case with litterea unciales (hence the name) , and college- ruled paper often acts as a guideline well. Chinese calligraphy is locally called shūfǎ or fǎshū ( 書法 or 法書 in traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing"); Japanese calligraphy

11340-477: The writing implement are more visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from the clerical script, in the same time as the regular script ( Han dynasty ), but xíngshū and cǎoshū were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The cǎoshū style was highly appreciated during Emperor Wu of Han 's reign (140–187 CE). Examples of modern printed styles are Song from

11448-587: Was more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, was also authorised under Qin Shi Huang. Between clerical script and traditional regular script, there is another transitional type of calligraphic work called Wei Bei . It started during the North and South dynasties (420 to 589 CE) and ended before the Tang dynasty (618–907). The traditional regular script ( kǎi shū ), still in use today, and largely finalized by Zhong You ( 鐘繇 , 151–230) and his followers,

11556-595: Was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia ; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed "Palatino Imperial" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been unable to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired

11664-509: Was unable to visit Italy until after he had finished the Palatino roman. Palatino rapidly became popular for book body text use, overshadowing the narrower and lighter Aldus, which Zapf had designed for this role. It has been described as one of the ten most used serif typefaces. Since Palatino was not originally designed for body text, some of its characters were intended to stand out with quirky, calligraphic design features, and Zapf later redesigned them with more sober alternates, which have become

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