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145-463: The city is the center of economic, governance, and education of Central Kalimantan province. It is a relatively new city, founded from a small Dayak village of Pahandut in 1957. The city was planned from scratch and the construction was assisted by the Soviet military due to Sukarno 's relation to Eastern Bloc at the time. Despite relatively developed infrastructure and high Human Development Index rating,

290-554: A German withdrawal, and a joint parade was held . Just three days earlier, however, the parties had a more damaging encounter near Lviv , when the German 137th Gebirgsjägerregimenter (mountain infantry regiment) attacked a Soviet reconnaissance detachment. ; After a few casualties on both sides, the parties negotiated, the German troops left the area, and the Red Army troops entered L'viv on 22 September. According to post-1991 Russian sources,

435-546: A Soviet-friendly communist government threatened by multinational, mainly Afghan, insurgent groups called the mujahideen. The insurgents received military training in neighboring Pakistan, China, and billions of dollars from the United States, Saudi Arabia, and other countries. Technically superior, the Soviets did not have enough troops to establish control over the countryside and to secure the border. This resulted from hesitancy in

580-423: A committee to discuss the matter was created, consisting mostly of Dayak cultural figures, in addition to military figures such as Tjilik Riwut and Dutch-descendant architect D.A.W. Van Der Pijl who also later designed the then-proposed new capital of South Kalimantan , Banjarbaru . From the committee's meeting, it was decided that Pahandut village would be the capital to avoid cultural association within tribes in

725-594: A conflict over succession and against Dutch rule called the Banjarmasin War . There has been debate about whether the fighting constituted one war or two, with the potential auxiliary war called the "Barito War". The village of Pahandut was also used by German missionaries as an outpost for the region around the Kahayan river. In the Tumbang Anoi Peacemaking Agreement between Dayak tribes in 1894 to end

870-578: A further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. The majority of the losses were ethnic Russians (5,756,000), followed by ethnic Ukrainians (1,377,400). The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA (most killed) and 3,576,300 captured (total 7,181,100). In the first part of the war, the Red Army fielded weaponry of mixed quality. It had excellent artillery, but it did not have enough trucks to manoeuvre and supply it; as

1015-407: A local legend, Bayuh and Kambang , a married Dayak couple, founded the village because the surrounding region was not suitable for building a house, as its soil was made up of peat and swamps. Over time, the village grew into a small Dayak outpost with its surroundings being used for farming and as a small plantation. At first, it was believed that the name of the village was Dukuh Bayuh. Dukuh Bayuh

1160-514: A million Afghan civilians were killed in addition to the rebels in the war. From 1985 to 1991, the new leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, attempted to reduce the strain the Army placed on economic demands. His government slowly reduced the size of the army. By 1989 Soviet troops were leaving their Warsaw Pact neighbors to fend for themselves. That same year Soviet forces left Afghanistan. By

1305-467: A notable reach across the world and particularly inside Europe . The analysis explicitly concluded that "Soviet armies have always been massive" while "they are also highly modernized, well-equipped, and have great firepower... [as well as] mobility", which meant that "manpower and materiel combined make the present Soviet ground forces a very formidable land army." Although Soviet military strategy in general merited comment, "the ground forces constituted

1450-529: A quick campaign before the end of the war against England". Even before the issuing of the directive, the German General Staff had developed detailed plans for a Soviet campaign. On February 3, 1941, the final plan of Operation Barbarossa gained approval, and the attack was scheduled for the middle of May, 1941. However, the events in Greece and Yugoslavia necessitated a delay—to the second half of June. At

1595-463: A regional basis, with Soviet soldiers from Russia becoming part of the new Russian Army, while Soviet soldiers originating from Kazakhstan became part of the new Kazakh Army . In mid-March 1992, Yeltsin appointed himself as the new Russian Minister of Defence, marking a crucial step in the creation of the new Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , comprising the bulk of what was still left of

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1740-570: A result the Wehrmacht (which rated it highly) captured much of it. Red Army T-34 tanks outclassed any other tanks the Germans had when they appeared in 1941, yet most of the Soviet armoured units were less advanced models; likewise, the same supply problem handicapped even the formations equipped with the most modern tanks. The Soviet Air Force initially performed poorly against the Germans. The quick advance of

1885-611: A second front for the Poles and forced them to abandon plans for defence in the Romanian bridgehead area, thus hastening the Polish defeat. The Soviet and German advance halted roughly at the Curzon Line . The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , which had included a secret protocol delimiting the "spheres of interest" of each party, set the scene for the remarkably smooth partition of Poland between Germany and

2030-574: A special agency to deal with forest fires and haze. The city government constructed 23 canals and three retention basins around the city to deal with threat of forest fires in 2019. The city was a candidate to become the new Indonesian capital until the 2019 announcement that the new capital will be in Penajam North Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency , both in East Kalimantan . Palangka Raya borders Gunung Mas Regency to

2175-651: A state of war existed between them; the Germans had an extensive land border with the Soviet Union, but the latter remained neutral, adhering to a non-aggression pact and by numerous trade agreements . For Adolf Hitler , no dilemma ever existed in this situation. Drang nach Osten (German for "Drive towards the East") remained the order of the day. This culminated, on December 18, in the issuing of 'Directive No. 21 – Case Barbarossa ', which opened by saying "the German Armed Forces must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in

2320-466: Is Tuah Pahoe Stadium , located in Jekan Raya District. It was expanded in 2019 to increase stadium's capacity, in addition to facility upgrades. There are 134 kindergartens, 146 elementary schools, 60 junior highschools, 34 senior highschools, and 16 vocational highschools in the city. Palangka Raya is a home to number of universities and higher education institutions. University of Palangka Raya

2465-487: Is 27.28 °C (81.10 °F) , with minimum temperature 21.4 °C (70.5 °F), and highest temperature 35.2 °C (95.4 °F). Moisture is between 65 – 95% with yearly average of 82.89%. Wind usually flows between 2 and 22 knots, with yearly average of 5.3 knots. Increase of wind speed is expected in August and November. Population growth was 2.84% as of 2019, with sex ratio of 106 males per 100 females. As of 2020,

2610-480: Is Raider Battalion 631st Antang Elang. Several malls exist in the city, such as Palangka Raya Mall, Mega Town Square, and Barata Departement Store. Palangka Raya Mall is integrated with a hotel named Hotel Neo, which has an interior connection to the mall. Construction of the Palangka Raya Trade Center was halted in 2019 because of a land dispute and followed by Supreme Court of Indonesia 's rejection of

2755-404: Is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to a regency. Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election. Heads of districts are appointed by

2900-411: Is a small but growing sector, with 389,235 domestic tourists and 3,865 foreign tourists visiting the city in 2019. The city government owns 2.47% of the shares of Central Kalimantan Bank together with provincial government. There are 56,430 small and medium enterprises in 2017, from which 72% are on trade, restaurant, and hotel sector. On the same year, there are more than 250 registered cooperatives in

3045-810: Is estimated as of 2020, 80% of angkot operators has been stop operating due to not being able to cover fuel cost and compete with other public transportation services. According to the Press Council , there are 14 mass media companies registered in Palangka Raya, ranging from online news, printed media, to television. Radio Republik Indonesia has local branch operating in Palangka Raya, as with most of other major cities in Indonesia. According to Ministry of Communication and Information Technology , there were 13 unlicensed media in Palangka Raya as of 2017. Soviet Armed Forces The Soviet Armed Forces , also known as

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3190-509: Is mostly located around 35 meters above sea level. 10,105.34 hectares of land in the city is designated as protected forest, while 90,722.15 hectares are production forest. In addition, there are also 63,816.40 hectares of national park, 1,771.13 hectares of nature reserve, and 726.20 hectares of preserved nature. Palangka Raya has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. According to Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency , average temperature in Palangka Raya

3335-435: Is served by Tjilik Riwut Airport , which is also home to an aviation school operated by Lion Air. The airport served more than 8,000 aircraft and approximately 800,000 passengers in 2020. Palangka Raya has total of 911.83 kilometers of road, of which 563.73 kilometers have been paved with asphalt . The Kahayan River bisects the city and is also used for means of transportation. The city has one port, Rambang Port, located on

3480-430: Is the only public university in the city and the most notable one in the city. Other higher education institutions are Palangka Raya Christian University, Tampung Penyang Hindu Institute, Palangka Raya Muhammadiyah University, among many others. School enrollment rate as of 2020 was 99%. Palangka Raya city has eight hospitals (including two maternity hospitals), five polyclinics , 35 puskesmas , and eight pharmacy. One of

3625-671: The Admiral of the Fleet rank (which, from 1945 was already equivalent to Marshal) was later renamed Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union in 1955. In the 1960s however, it became a rank of its own when new regulations revived the Fleet Admiral rank in the Soviet Navy, thus becoming the naval equivalent to General of the Army. By 1972, the final transformation of military ranks began as the rank of Praporshchik ( Warrant officer ) ranks being added in

3770-848: The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union , the Red Army (1918–1946) and the Soviet Army (1946–1991), were the armed forces of the Russian SFSR (1917–1922) and the Soviet Union (1922–1991) from their beginnings in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991. In May 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued decrees forming the Russian Armed Forces , which subsumed much of

3915-653: The Caucasus but it often proved incapable of restoring peace and order. On April 9, 1989, the army, together with MVD units, massacred about 190 demonstrators in Tbilisi in Georgia. The next major crisis occurred in Azerbaijan , when the Soviet army forcibly entered Baku on January 19–20, 1990, removing the rebellious republic government and allegedly killing hundreds of civilians in the process. On January 13, 1991, Soviet forces stormed

4060-716: The Chief of the General Staff , who was responsible for operations and planning, and the First Deputy Minister of Defence for General Affairs, who was responsible for administration. From 1955 the Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Pact also held the title of First Deputy Minister of Defence. By the 1980s there was another eleven Deputy Minister of Defence; including the commanders-in-chief of the five service branches. In 1989,

4205-836: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Ministry of Defence . At its head was the Minister of Defence , generally a full member of the Politburo (the Politburo, in turn, was chaired by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , generally the de facto leader of the Soviet Union ) and from 1934 onwards, a Marshal of the Soviet Union . Stalin was the last civilian/politician Minister of Defence; from 1947 onwards,

4350-920: The Japanese occupation , most of the Dutch and Ambonese personnel were interned in POW camps. During the Indonesian National Revolution , the KNIL's officers were still largely Dutch and Eurasians although most of its troops were recruited from predominantly Indonesian Christian ethnicities, particularly Batak, Moluccas, Timor and Manado. Although there were smaller numbers of Javanese, Sundanese , Sumatran and other Muslim troops in Dutch service, these received comparatively lower rates of pay than their Christian counterparts, leading to resentment and distrust. The Dutch sought to take advantage of these ethnic tensions by claiming that

4495-701: The KGB Border Troops . The early Red Army never adopted the idea of a professional officer corps . It was seen as a "heritage of tsarism.". In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word "officer" and used the word " commander " instead. The Red Army never adopted epaulettes and ranks , using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander", and similar titles. In 1924 it supplemented this system with "service categories", from K-1 (lowest) to K-14 (highest). The service categories essentially operated as ranks in disguise: they indicated

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4640-826: The Kuril Islands and in northern Korea . Japan surrendered unconditionally on 2 September 1945. The Soviet Union only had Ground Forces, Air Forces, and the Navy in 1945. The two ministries ( Narkomats ), one supervising the Ground Forces and Air Forces, and the other directing the Navy , were combined into the Ministry of the Armed Forces in March 1946. A fourth service, the Troops of National Air Defence ,

4785-788: The NKVD in 1934, and thus its Internal Troops were under the joint management of the Defence and Interior Commissariats. In 1989, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the Strategic Rocket Forces , the Ground Forces, the Air Defence Forces , the Air Forces, and the Navy, listed in their official order of importance. In the USSR, general conscription applied, which meant that all able-bodied males aged eighteen and older were drafted into

4930-517: The Politburo , which allowed only a "limited contingent", averaging between 80,000 and 100,000 troops. Consequently, local insurgents could effectively employ hit-and-run tactics, using easy escape-routes and good supply-channels. This made the Soviet situation hopeless from the military point of view (short of using " scorched earth " tactics, which the Soviets did not practice except in World War II in their own territory). The understanding of this made

5075-491: The Russian Orthodox Church stopped, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle. The Communist Party abolished the institution of political commissars —although it soon restored them. The Red Army re-introduced military ranks and adopted many additional individual distinctions such as medals and orders. The concept of a Guard re-appeared: units which had shown exceptional heroism in combat gained

5220-778: The Southern Group of Forces in Hungary. In the Soviet Union itself, forces were divided by the 1950s among fifteen military districts, including the Moscow , Leningrad , and Baltic Military Districts . The trauma of the devastating German invasion of 1941 influenced the Soviet Cold War doctrine of fighting enemies on their own territory, or in a buffer zone under Soviet hegemony, but in any case preventing any war from reaching Soviet soil. In order to secure Soviet interests in Eastern Europe,

5365-580: The United Kingdom and United States were forbidden from serving. Other foreigners who could not prove fluency in either Dutch or German were also not accepted for service. It was against the law to send Dutch conscripts from the Netherlands to the East Indies but Dutch volunteers continued to enlist for colonial service in the KNIL. In 1890 a Colonial Reserve Corps (Koloniale Reserve) was established in

5510-460: The epaulettes that superseded the previous rank insignia. The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR; the contemporary Russian Army uses largely the same system. The old functional ranks of Kombat (Battalion or Battery Commander), Kombrig (Brigade Commander) and Komdiv (Division Commander) continue in informal use. By the end of the Second World War,

5655-521: The rapidly advancing Imperial German Army . February 23 became an important national holiday in the Soviet Union, later celebrated as "Soviet Army Day", and it continues as a celebration day in present-day Russia as Defenders of the Motherland Day . Credit as the founder of the Red Army generally goes to Leon Trotsky , the People's Commissar for War from 1918 to 1924. At the beginning of its existence,

5800-564: The 19th century. During the protracted Aceh War the numbers of European troops were kept to 12,000 but continued Achenese resistance necessitated the deployment of up to 23,000 indigenous soldiers (mainly from Java , Ambon , and Manado ). Even slaves of the Ashanti ( Ivory Coast and Ghana ) were recruited in limited numbers for service in the East Indies (see Belanda Hitam ). The ratio of foreign and indigenous troops to those of Dutch origin

5945-755: The Army and Air Force for contract NCOs since the rank of Starshina (Sergeant Major) was from now on for conscripts. But in the Soviet Navy, it meant that the Naval rank of Midshipman became a rank for Naval warrant officers since the Navy created the new rank of Ship Chief Sergeant Major for its NCOs in naval service. The year of 1974 saw the rank insignia changed for Army Generals and Navy Fleet Admirals in their parade dress and working and combat dress uniforms. Royal Netherlands East Indies Army The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ( Dutch : Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger ; KNIL , pronounced [knɪl] ; Indonesian : Tentara Kerajaan Hindia Belanda )

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6090-525: The Army parallels the American Vietnam Syndrome trauma over their own unsuccessful war in Vietnam . Tactically, both sides concentrated on attacking supply lines, but Afghan mujahideen were well dug-in with tunnels and defensive positions, holding out against artillery and air attacks. The decade long war resulted in millions of Afghans fleeing their country, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. At least half

6235-632: The Axis cannot be underestimated. A generation of brilliant Soviet commanders (most notably Georgy Zhukov ) learned from the defeats, and Soviet victories in the Battle of Moscow , at Stalingrad , Kursk and later in Operation Bagration proved decisive in what became known to the Soviets as the Great Patriotic War . The Soviet government adopted a number of measures to improve the state and morale of

6380-442: The Commonwealth of Independent States . Steadily, the units stationed in Ukraine and some other breakaway republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets. Following dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Soviet Army dissolved and the USSR's successor states shared out its assets among themselves. The share out mostly occurred on

6525-442: The Dutch soldiers in that battalion interned and imprisoned 500 of their Indonesian native comrades within the camp. Harsh treatment and penalties were issued out by the Dutch on any independence seeking soldiers. This led to the deaths of two KNIL native soldiers; one was a possible suicide and the other was a protest leader. This brought about condemnation from Australian locals, who forced the Australian authorities to repatriate all

6670-471: The Germans into the Soviet territory made reinforcement difficult, if not impossible, since much of the Soviet Union's military industry lay in the west of the country. After the end of the war in Europe, the Red Army attacked Japan and Manchukuo (Japan's puppet state in Manchuria ) on 9 August 1945, and in combination with Mongolian and Chinese Communist forces rapidly overwhelmed the outnumbered Kwantung Army . Soviet forces also attacked in Sakhalin , in

6815-415: The Japanese as POWs . 25% of the POWs did not survive their internment. A handful of soldiers, mostly indigenous personnel, mounted guerrilla campaigns against the Japanese. These were usually unknown to, and unassisted by, the Allies until the end of the war. During early 1942, some KNIL personnel escaped to Australia. Some indigenous personnel were interned in Australia under suspicion of sympathies with

6960-476: The Japanese. The remainder began a long process of re-grouping. In late 1942, a failed attempt to land in East Timor , to reinforce Australian commandos waging a guerrilla campaign ended with the loss of 60 Dutch personnel. Four "Netherlands East Indies" squadrons (the RAAF-NEI squadrons ) were formed from ML-KNIL personnel, under the auspices of the Royal Australian Air Force , with Australian ground staff. KNIL infantry forces (much like their counterparts in

7105-412: The KNIL ceased to exist but its traditions are maintained by the Regiment Van Heutsz of the modern Royal Netherlands Army . At the time of disbandment the KNIL numbered 65,000, of whom 26,000 were incorporated into the new Indonesian Army and should be received with the same rank. Some of them later in the 70s reached the rank of Major General in Indonesian Army. It is estimated that around 39,000 of

7250-477: The KNIL were involved in an abortive coup in Bandung planned by Raymond Westerling and Sultan Hamid II . The coup failed and only accelerated the dissolution of the federal Republic of the United States of Indonesia . The KNIL was disbanded by 26 July 1950 with its indigenous personnel being given the option of demobilising or joining the newly formed Indonesian military . However, efforts to integrate former KNIL units were impeded by mutual distrust between

7395-447: The Kirov (Murmansk) Railway, a transit route for Soviet lend-lease equipment. The conflict stabilised with only minor skirmishes until the tide of the war turned against the Germans and the Soviet strategic Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive occurred in June 1944. The attack drove the Finns from most of the territories that they had gained during the war, but the Finnish Army halted the offensive in August 1944. Hostilities between Finland and

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7540-432: The Kween, to the left bank of the Antasjan Kecil, Lewai, Jelai, Sintang, Takjanjauw, Pagatan, and the island of Pulau Laut, Kotta Ringin, Passir, Kute, Barouw and all their dependencies. His Highness furthermore cedes one half of the lands, Pamboean, Mandawi, Sampit, the large and small Dajak, the Becompaij, and Doesoen. On the other hand, the Government will cede half of the lands that the Government has taken possession of at

7685-431: The Minister of Defence was a serving general (though the last was an airman). Between 1934 and 1946, 1950 and 1953, a separate Ministry of the Navy existed and the Ministry of Defence was responsible only for land and air forces. In practice, the Navy Minister was a far more junior official and the Defence Ministry continued to dominate policymaking. Beneath the Minister of Defence were two First Deputy Ministers of Defence;

7830-446: The Mongolians over the river. The Soviet troops quartered there in accordance with the mutual defence protocol intervened and obliterated the detachment. Escalation of the conflict appeared imminent, and both sides spent June amassing forces. On July 1 the Japanese force numbered 38,000 troops. The combined Soviet-Mongol force had 12,500 troops. The Japanese crossed the river, but after a three-day battle their opponents threw them back over

7975-817: The Netherlands East Indies were severely weakened by the defeat and occupation of the Netherlands itself, by Nazi Germany , in 1940. The KNIL was cut off from external Dutch assistance, except by Royal Netherlands Navy units. The KNIL, hastily and inadequately, attempted to transform into a modern military force able to protect the Dutch East Indies from foreign invasion. By December 1941, Dutch forces in Indonesia numbered around 85,000 personnel: regular troops consisted of about 1,000 officers and 34,000 enlisted soldiers, of whom 28,000 were indigenous. The remainder were made up of locally organised militia, territorial guard units and civilian auxiliaries. The KNIL air force, Militaire Luchtvaart KNIL ( Royal Netherlands East Indies Air Force ; ML-KNIL) numbered 389 planes of all types, but

8120-441: The Netherlands itself to recruit and train these volunteers and to re-integrate them into Dutch society upon the conclusion of their overseas service. On the eve of the Japanese invasion in December 1941, Dutch regular troops in the East Indies consisted of about 1,000 officers and 34,000 men, of whom 28,000 were indigenous. The largest proportion of these "native troops" had always consisted of Javanese and Sundanese soldiers. During

8265-472: The Red Army a political commissar, or politruk , who had the authority to override unit commanders' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Although this sometimes resulted in inefficient command, the Party leadership considered political control over the military necessary, as the Army relied more and more on experienced officers from the pre-revolutionary Tsarist period. The Polish–Soviet War represented

8410-554: The Red Army abandoned service categories and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For example, the ranks included " Lieutenant " and " Komdiv " (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "Brigade Commissar", "Army Commissar 2nd Rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "Engineer 3rd Rank", "Division Engineer"), for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches. The year before (1934),

8555-421: The Red Army force in Poland numbered 466,516. The Red Army troops faced little resistance, mainly due to the entanglement of the majority of the Polish forces in fighting Germans along the Western border, but partly due to an official order by the Polish Supreme Command not to engage in combat with the Soviet troops, and also partly because many Polish citizens in the Kresy region—Ukrainians and Belarusians—viewed

8700-462: The Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree of May 29, 1918, imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40. To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks formed regional Military commissariats (voenkomats), which still carry out this function in Russia. They should not be confused with military political commissars . Democratic election of officers

8845-448: The Red Army to switch a large number of its Far Eastern troops into the European Theatre in the desperate autumn of 1941. On September 17, 1939, the Red Army marched its troops into the eastern territories of Poland (now part of Belarus and Ukraine ), using the official pretext of coming to the aid of the Ukrainians and the Belarusians threatened by Germany, which had attacked Poland on September 1, 1939. The Soviet invasion opened

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8990-429: The Russian parliament) immediately after the events of August 1991 , the Army did not play a significant role in what some describe as coup d'état of old-guard communists. Commanders sent tanks into the streets of Moscow, but (according to all the commanders and soldiers) only with orders to ensure the safety of the people. It remains unclear why exactly the military forces entered the city, but they clearly did not have

9135-462: The Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the Strategic Rocket Forces , the Ground Forces, Air Defence Forces , the Air Forces, and the Navy, listed in their official order of importance. The Rear services , "Tyl", had their own deputy minister of defence. In 1970 the troops of the All-Union National Civil Defence Forces were added. There were also a number of armed organisations beyond the Ministry of Defence; in 1989 these included Internal Troops and

9280-402: The Soviet Armed Forces dropped from around 11.3 million to approximately 2.8 million in 1948. In order to control this demobilisation process, the number of military districts was temporarily increased to thirty-three, dropping to twenty-one in 1946. The size of the Ground Forces during most of the Cold War remained between 4 million and 5 million, according to Western estimates. However, there

9425-444: The Soviet Armed Forces. Multiple sections of the former Soviet Armed Forces in the other, smaller Soviet republics gradually came under those republics' control. According to the all-union military service law of September 1925, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the Ground Forces , the Air Forces , the Navy , the State Political Directorate (OGPU), and the convoy guards . The OGPU was later made independent and amalgamated with

9570-445: The Soviet Army moved in to quell anti-Soviet uprisings in the German Democratic Republic (1953), Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968). As a result of the Sino-Soviet border conflict , a sixteenth military district was created in 1969, the Central Asian Military District, with headquarters at Alma-Ata . To improve capabilities for war at a theatre level, in the late 1970s and early 1980s four high commands were established, grouping

9715-425: The Soviet Union dissolved and signed the document setting up the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Gorbachev finally resigned on December 25, 1991, and the following day the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body, dissolved itself, officially ending the Soviet Union's existence. For the next year and a half various attempts were made to keep the Soviet military in existence as the United Armed Forces of

9860-477: The Soviet Union: the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia . However, the Finnish Army continued the offensive past the 1939 border during the conquest of East Karelia , including Petrozavodsk , and halted only around 30–32 km (19–20 mi) from the centre of Leningrad . It participated in besieging the city by cutting the northern supply routes and by digging in until 1944. In Lapland , joint German-Finnish forces failed to capture Murmansk or to cut

10005-436: The State Radio and Television Building and the television retranslation tower in Vilnius , Lithuania , both under opposition control, killing 14 people and injuring 700. This action was perceived by many as heavy-handed and achieved little. By mid-1991, the Soviet Union had reached a state of emergency. According to the official commission (the Soviet Academy of Sciences) appointed by the Supreme Soviet (the higher chamber of

10150-399: The UK ), were augmented by recruitment among Dutch expatriates around the world and by colonial troops from as far away as the Dutch West Indies . During 1944–45, some small units saw action in the New Guinea campaign and Borneo campaign . Just south of Casino, New South Wales , a camp was established in 1942 for a KNIL Technical Battalion. Upon the declaration of the Indonesian Republic,

10295-405: The USSR ended with a ceasefire, which was called on 5 September 1944, formalised by the signing of the Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944. By the autumn of 1940, Nazi Germany and its allies dominated most of the European continent. Only the United Kingdom (in the West) was actively challenging national socialist and fascist hegemony. Nazi Germany and Britain had no common land border, but

10440-475: The USSR. The defined Soviet sphere of interest matched the territory subsequently captured in the campaign. The Soviet and German troops met each other on a number of occasions. Most remarkably, on 22 September 1939, the German XIX Panzer Corps had occupied Brest-Litovsk, which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest. When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade approached Brest-Litovsk, the commanders negotiated

10585-632: The United States supported loyal client régimes or rebel movements in Third World countries. During the Korean War , the Soviet Air Forces directly fought against United States and United Nations Command (UNC) forces. Two Soviet air divisions flying MiG-9 and MiG-15 fighter jets were sent against U.S. Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers and their U.S. and allied fighter escorts The Soviet Union invested heavily in nuclear capabilities, especially in

10730-511: The advancing troops as liberators. Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organised local revolts, e.g. in Skidel , robbing and murdering Poles. Nonetheless, the Red Army sustained losses of 1,475 killed and missing and 2,383 wounded. The losses of the opposing Polish troops are estimated at 6,000–7,000. The Winter War began when the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, two months after

10875-650: The archipelago was considered pacified the KNIL was mainly involved with military policing tasks. To ensure a sizeable European military segment in the KNIL and reduce costly recruitment in Europe, the colonial government introduced obligatory military service for all resident male conscripts in the European legal class in 1917. In 1922 a supplemental legal enactment introduced the creation of the Home Guard ( Dutch : Landstorm ) for European conscripts older than 32. Dutch forces in

11020-628: The area including the Padri War (1821–1845), the Java War (1825–1830), crushing the final resistance of Bali inhabitants to colonial rule in 1849, and the prolonged Aceh War (1873–1904). In 1894, Lombok and Karangasem were annexed in response to reports of the local Balinese aristocracy oppressing the native Sasak people. Bali was finally taken under full control with the Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) and

11165-531: The area. On August 23 the entire Japanese force found itself encircled, and on August 31 largely destroyed. Artillery and air attacks wiped out those Japanese who refused to surrender. Japan requested a cease-fire , and the conflict concluded with an agreement between the USSR, Mongolia and Japan signed on September 15 in Moscow. In the conflict, the Red Army losses were 9,703 killed in action (KIA) and missing in action (MIA) and 15,952 wounded. The Japanese lost 25,000 KIA;

11310-454: The armed forces. International observers regarded the armed organizations as collectively one of the strongest such forces in world history . The relative advancement and development of the government's militaries was a key part of the history of the USSR . In the context of the Cold War , an academic study by the rival U.S. Department of Defense in 1984 found that the Soviets maintained

11455-476: The army consisted of European soldiers, while the other half was made up of indigenous soldiers. However, starting from the late 1830s the ratio between European soldiers and indigenous soldiers went from 1:1 to 1:3. The reason for this was that there were not enough European volunteers to keep up with the recruitment of indigenous soldiers. Besides European volunteers and indigenous recruits the KNIL also recruited foreign mercenaries of several nationalities during

11600-470: The army. Equally important was a general tactical superiority of the German army, which was conducting the kind of warfare that it had been combat-testing and fine-tuning for two years. The hasty pre-war growth and over-promotion of the Red Army cadres as well as the removal of experienced officers caused by the Purges offset the balance even more favourably for the Germans. Finally, the sheer numeric superiority of

11745-509: The authorities abolished the system of military commissars, together with the commissar ranks. The functional ranks remained only in medical, veterinary and legislative corps. By then the Naval rank of Midshipman was revived in the Soviet Navy as an NCO rank, a role lasting until the 1970s. In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with

11890-540: The authorities acquitted the tank crew of all charges. Nobody issued orders to shoot at anyone. Following the coup attempt of August 1991, the leadership of the Soviet Union retained practically no authority over the component republics. Nearly every Soviet Republic declared its intention to secede and began passing laws defying the Supreme Soviet. On December 8, 1991, the Presidents of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine declared

12035-542: The biggest public hospital, Doris Sylvanus Regional Hospital, is owned by provincial government and has been rated by Ministry of Health as B-class hospital. Another public hospital, Palangka Raya Regional Hospital, is owned by city government, and has been classified as D-class. Notable private hospital companies such as Siloam Hospitals also exist in the city. The city also has several laboratorium facilities for many purposes, such as disease control, water and food quality check, and animal health laboratory. Life expectancy of

12180-469: The capital for the Central Kalimantan province was not agreed and it was debated where it should be located. R.T.A. Milono, acting governor of Central Kalimantan, discussed the matter with several native organizations and cultural figures from the region. This however evoked tension from several native tribes and organizations that each wanted their own region to be chosen as capital. On 23 January 1957,

12325-410: The city in an election. Jekan Raya District is divided into two electoral districts, with Jekan Raya A consisting of Bukit Tunggal kelurahan and Petuk Katimpun kelurahan , and Jekan Raya B consisting of Menteng kelurahan and Palangka kelurahan . The most recent election was in 2024 and the next one will be in 2029. As Palangka Raya is also the provincial capital, it also has the governor's office and

12470-445: The city is 73.19 years, which is significantly higher than national average and the highest in the province. There are exactly 234 mosques, 204 churches, four Hindu temples , and five Chinese Buddhist temples in the city as of 2020. The largest mosque in the city, according to Ministry of Religious Affairs , is Darussalam Grand Mosque Palangka Raya. It occupies 50,000 square meters of land and has maximum capacity of 10,000 people. It

12615-454: The city population are from Jekan Raya District. Economic growth was 7% in 2019, above the national average, and inflation rate in the same year was 0.85%. Unemployment rate was 6% in 2020. The service sector is the largest contributor to city's gross regional product, contributing 28.36% of it in 2020, in contrast with neighboring regions which still rely mainly on agriculture and extraction. The next largest contributor to city's economy in 2020

12760-416: The city suffers from environmental problems such as haze, forest fires, and floods. The name Palangka Raya is a combination of two words from two languages: palangka ( Dayak Ngaju ), meaning sacred site, and raya ( Malay ), meaning vast; therefore, Palangka Raya means a vast sacred site . The city stands on the site of a small Dayak village called Pahandut that was surrounded by rainforest. According to

12905-401: The city to pursue higher education. In addition, the city has the highest human development index and standard of living in the entire Kalimantan, making it an attractive destination for migrants. Majority of city population are Dayak ethnic , accounts more than half of city's population. Other ethnics such as Banjar , Malay , Buginese , and Javanese also exist in the city. More than half of

13050-461: The city's population is dominated by younger demographics above the age of 15, making up an estimated 222,285 people of reproductive age. There are estimated to be 199,140 Muslims, 73,641 Protestants, 5,511 Catholics, 3,453 Hindus, 485 Buddhists, 8 Confucians, and 27 followers of other religions such as folk religions. The population of age 20 – 24 keeps increasing; this is thought to be caused by students from other regions in Central Kalimantan moving to

13195-638: The city. Prior to decentralization in 2001, Palangka Raya had two administrative districts, Pahandut and Bukit Batu. Palangka Raya now consists of five administrative districts , tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 Census and from the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2024. The table also includes the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan ), and its post codes. The districts are sub-divided into 30 urban villages ( kelurahan ), with their areas and 2023 populations as set out below: As with all Indonesian cities , it

13340-493: The end of 1990, the entire Eastern Bloc had collapsed in the wake of democratic revolutions. As a result, Soviet citizens quickly began to turn against the Soviet government as well. As the Soviet Union moved towards disintegration, the reduced military was rendered feeble and ineffective and could no longer prop up the ailing Soviet government. The military got involved in trying to suppress conflicts and unrest in Central Asia and

13485-498: The entire Soviet Air Force on the ground, the loss of major equipment, tanks, artillery, and major Soviet defeats as German forces trapped hundreds of thousands of Red Army soldiers in vast pockets. Soviet forces suffered heavy damage in the field as a result of poor levels of preparedness, which was primarily caused by a reluctant, half-hearted and ultimately belated decision by the Soviet Government and High Command to mobilize

13630-418: The experience and qualifications of a commander. The insignia now denoted the category, not the position of a commander. However, one still had to use functional titles to address commanders, which could become as awkward as "comrade deputy head-of-staff of corps". If one did not know a commander's position, one used one of the possible positions—for example: "Regiment Commander" for K-9. On September 22, 1935,

13775-560: The field of defence. On March 12, 1936, the co-operation increased with the ten-year Mongolian-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, which included a mutual defence protocol. In May 1939, a Mongolian cavalry unit clashed with Manchukuoan cavalry in the disputed territory east of the Halha River (also known in Russian as Халхин-Гол, Halhin Gol). There followed a clash with a Japanese detachment , which drove

13920-602: The final Dutch intervention in Bali (1908) . In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the KNIL resumed the conquest of the Indonesian archipelago. After 1904 the Netherlands East Indies were considered pacified, with no large-scale armed opposition to Dutch rule until World War II , and the KNIL served a mainly defensive role protecting the Dutch East Indies from the possibility of foreign invasion. Once

14065-513: The first foreign campaign of the Red Army. The Soviet counter-offensive following the 1920 Polish invasion of Ukraine at first met with success, but Polish forces halted it at the disastrous (for the Soviets) Battle of Warsaw (1920) . In 1934, Mongolia and the USSR, recognising the threat from the mounting Japanese military presence in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia , agreed to co-operate in

14210-479: The goal of overthrowing Gorbachev (absent on the Black Sea coast at the time) or the government. The coup failed primarily because the participants did not take any decisive action, and after several days of their inaction the coup simply stopped. Only one confrontation took place between civilians and the tank crews during the coup, which led to the deaths of three civilians. Although the victims became proclaimed heroes,

14355-491: The grand total was 61,000 killed, missing, wounded and taken prisoner. Shortly after the cease-fire, the Japanese negotiated access to the battlefields to collect their dead. Finding thousands upon thousands of dead bodies came as a further shock to the already shaken morale of the Japanese soldiers. The scale of the defeat probably became a major factor in discouraging a Japanese attack on the USSR during World War II, which allowed

14500-506: The imprisoned soldiers, despite being reluctant to heed earlier requests for assistance. Following World War II, the KNIL was used in two large military campaigns in 1947 and 1948 to re-establish Dutch control of Indonesia. The KNIL and its Ambonese auxiliaries have been accused of committing war crimes during this "police action". Dutch efforts to re-establish their colony failed and Netherlands recognition of Indonesian sovereignty came on 27 December 1949. On 26 January 1950, elements of

14645-678: The invasion of Poland by Germany that started World War II. Because the attack was judged as illegal, the Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations on 14 December. The war ended on 13 March 1940. The Continuation War was the second of two wars fought between Finland and the Soviet Union during World War II. On 25 June 1941 the Soviet Union conducted an air raid on Finnish cities, prompting Finland to declare war and to allow German troops stationed in Finland to begin an offensive. By September 1941, Finland had regained its post–Winter War concessions to

14790-477: The largest of the five Soviet military services" as of the date the research ended. The Council of People's Commissars set up the Red Army by decree on January 15, 1918 ( Old Style ) (January 28, 1918), basing it on the already-existing Red Guard . The official Red Army Day of February 23, 1918, marked the day of the first mass draft of the Red Army in Petrograd and Moscow and the first combat action against

14935-465: The mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary. Palangka Raya is part of 1st Central Kalimantan electoral district at the provincial level. That electoral district, which includes Katingan Regency and Gunung Mas Regency , has 10 representatives out of 45 in the provincial parliament. At the city level, Palangka Raya is divided into three electoral districts. City parliament in total has 30 representatives that are democratically elected by people of

15080-710: The military districts, groups of forces, and fleets. The Far Eastern High Command was established first, followed by the Western and South-Western High Commands towards Europe, and the Southern High Command at Baku, oriented toward the Middle East. Confrontation with the US and NATO during the Cold War mainly took the form of threatened mutual deterrence with nuclear weapons . But a number of proxy wars took place. The Soviet Union and

15225-697: The military. The last vestiges of the old Soviet command structure were finally dissolved in June 1993. In the next few years, the former Soviet forces withdrew from central and Eastern Europe (including the Baltic states ), as well as from the newly independent post-Soviet republics of Azerbaijan , Georgia (partially), Moldova (partially), Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . In 2020, Russian forces remained in Abkhazia , Armenia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , South Ossetia , Tajikistan and Transnistria . While in many places

15370-459: The names of "Guards Regiment", "Guards Army", etc. During the German–Soviet War , the Red Army drafted a staggering 29,574,900 in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war. Of these it lost 6,329,600 KIA, 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 MIA (most captured). Of these 11,444,100, however, 939,700 re-joined the ranks in the subsequently re-took Soviet territory, and

15515-424: The north, Katingan Regency to the west, and Pulang Pisau Regency to the south and east. The area's soil consists mostly of peat and alluvium in its southern part and podzol on the northern part of the city. Overall, podzol soil dominates the city soil with 218,486 out of 285,349 hectares of city's landscape. Most of the city's topography is flat, with a general slope of less than 40 percent. Palangka Raya

15660-445: The number of Africans much higher ) and at least 1,666 Eurasian recruits. The officer corps was wholly European and was probably close to 1,300. There were also about 1,300 horses. Recruitment was carried out in the Netherlands and Indonesia, with over 1,000 Dutch subjects and 500 foreigners enlisting annually. The foreign troops consisted of Flemish , German , Swiss , and French volunteers. Walloons , Arabs , and nationals of both

15805-556: The political and 'military-technical' sides of military doctrine, while from the Soviet point of view, Westerners ignored the political side. According to Harriet F Scott and William Scott, the political parts of Soviet military doctrine best explained the international moves that the Soviet Union undertook during the Cold War. In 1979, however, the Soviet Army intervened in a civil war raging in Afghanistan . The Soviet Army came to back

15950-511: The position of military advisor ( voyenspets : "военспец" an abbreviation of "военный специалист", i.e., " military specialist "). A number of prominent Red Army commanders had previously served as Imperial Russian generals. In fact, a number of former Imperial military men, notably a member of the Supreme Military Council , Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich , had joined the Bolsheviks earlier. The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of

16095-424: The practice of headhunting , it was noted that Pahandut village consisted of eight longhouses and was inhabited by around 40 families. Later, during Indonesian National Revolution , there were armed clash within the region between Indonesian nationalists under unit TNI/MN 1001 and Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on 17 January 1946. The province of Central Kalimantan was established on 23 May 1957. At first,

16240-549: The predominantly Ambonese KNIL troops and the Javanese -dominated Republican military, leading to clashes at Makassar in April and the attempted secession of an independent Republic of South Maluku (RMS) in July. These revolts were suppressed by November 1950 and approximately 12,500 Ambonese KNIL personnel and their families opted for temporary resettlement in the Netherlands. Following this,

16385-468: The production of ballistic missiles and of nuclear submarines to deliver them. The Soviet meaning of military doctrine was much different from U.S. military usage of the term. Soviet Minister of Defence Marshal Andrei Grechko defined it in 1975 as 'a system of views on the nature of war and methods of waging it, and on the preparation of the country and army for war, officially adopted in a given state and its armed forces.' Soviet theorists emphasised both

16530-483: The prosecutor's dispute. According to city media center, Palangka Raya has 63 city parks as of January 2020. These parks scattered in Pahandut, Jekan Raya, and Sebangau District. Cultural events are often held on city park beside Kahayan Bridge. The Sebangau District is home to Sebangau National Park , which was established in 2004. The Balanga Museum has collections focused on history of Dayak people and their culture. It

16675-519: The province, hence avoiding conflicts. At the time, the village only had an estimated population of around 900. The first pillar in the development of Palangka Raya City was erected by Sukarno , the President of the Republic of Indonesia , on 17 July 1957, marking the inauguration of the monument to the provincial capital of Central Kalimantan in Pahandut. Then, in accordance with Law No. 21 of 1958, Pahandut

16820-399: The provincial parliament of Central Kalimantan located in the city. The city is headquarter of Kodim 1016/Palangka Raya inside Korem 102/Panju Pujung , which was historically under Kodam XI/Tambun Bungai but currently is under Kodam XII/Tanjungpura . The unit was created on 9 December 1975 and formalized on 23 March 1976. The unit has one raider battalion attached to it as of 2021, which

16965-539: The remaining KNIL troops who majority of whom came from Ambon , took the option of retiring or joining the Royal Dutch Armed Forces and serving in Papua or Suriname. Some of them were involved in the Dutch contingent in Korean War (1950–1953). During its formation, it was stated that the KNIL would include both European and indigenous soldiers. In the beginning the KNIL was equally divided, which meant that half

17110-855: The request of His Highness, and which have belonged to Mr Hare . In particular Molucco, Laut, the Kuroe, Leanangan and all their dependencies up to Tanjong Selatan and to the boundaries of Pagatan and Pasir. It was integrated into Zuid Ooster Afdeeling in accordance with Bêsluit van den Minister van Staat, Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie No. 8 , 27 August 1849. ("Decision of the Minister of State, Governor-General of Netherlands-India No. 8) In 1898, it became part of Afdeeling Dajaklandeen in accordance with Staatblad 1898 No. 178 . (Official Gazette 1898 No. 178) Dutch rule remained weak in this region and several revolts from native rulers took place, such as under Raden Djaija and Pambakal Sulil in 1849. The region saw

17255-599: The retreating Red Army in 1941. Soviet propaganda turned away from political notions of class struggle , and instead invoked the deeper-rooted patriotic feelings of the population, embracing Tsarist Russian history. Propagandists proclaimed the War against the German aggressors as the "Great Patriotic War", in allusion to the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon . References to ancient Russian military heroes such as Alexander Nevski and Mikhail Kutuzov appeared. Repressions against

17400-616: The revival of personal ranks began with the Marshal of the Soviet Union rank bestowed upon 5 Army Commanders. There were further modifications to the system. 1937 saw the Junior Lieutenant and Junior Military Technician ranks being added. On May 7, 1940, the ranks of " General " or " Admiral " replaced the senior functional ranks of Kombrig , Komdiv, Komkor , Komandarm ; the other senior functional ranks ("Division Commissar", "Division Engineer", etc.) remained unaffected. On November 2, 1940,

17545-490: The river and was the primary transit point for goods up until the 1980s. Improved road conditions between Palangka Raya and other regions such as Banjarmasin and Sampit resulted in a decline in the port's use, leading to disrepair. The city government has announced plans to revitalize the river port as a historic landmark and tourist destination. The city has a bus rapid transit system operated by city government, named Trans Palangkaraya . This BRT system has five lines, and

17690-428: The river. The Japanese kept probing the Soviet defences throughout July, without success. On August 20 Georgy Zhukov opened a major offensive with heavy air attack and three hours of artillery bombardment , after which three infantry divisions and five armoured brigades , supported by a fighter regiment and masses of artillery (57,000 troops in total), stormed the 75,000 Japanese force deeply entrenched in

17835-409: The road construction stopped at the town of Tangkiling. Surrounded by forests and peat land, the city can be heavily affected by haze in the dry season, notably in 2015 and 2019 . In 2015, the haze made the sky look yellow and affected road traffic. In 2019, the haze caused several people to evacuate the city. Forest fires and haze have been annual threats to the city and the city government formed

17980-773: The régimes in what became satellite states of the Soviet Union and to deter and to fend off pro-independence resistance and later NATO forces. The greatest Soviet military presence was in East Germany , in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany , but there were also smaller forces elsewhere, including the Northern Group of Forces in Poland, the Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia , and

18125-516: The system underwent further modification with the abolition of functional ranks for non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and the introduction of the Podpolkovnik ( Lieutenant Colonel ) rank. In early 1942 all the functional ranks in technical and administrative corps became regularised ranks (e.g., "Engineer Major", "Engineer Colonel", "Captain of the Intendant Service", etc.). On October 9, 1942,

18270-504: The time of the Nazi assault on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Red Army had 303 divisions and 22 brigades (4.8 million troops), including 166 divisions and 9 brigades (2.9 million troops) stationed in the western military districts. Their Axis opponents deployed on the Eastern Front 181 divisions and 18 brigades (3.8 million troops). The first weeks of the war saw the annihilation of virtually

18415-557: The village, it was named Pahandut. According to documents from the Dutch East Indies , Pahandut village's existence was discovered by Zacharias Hartman, a Dutch explorer, on his journey around Kahayan and Kapuas River in 1823. This conflicts with the statements that claim the village was previously known under the Sultanate of Banjar , which became a Dutch protectorate under an agreement with Sultan Tahmidullah II in 1787. The region

18560-438: The war highly unpopular within the Army. With the coming of glasnost , Soviet media started to report heavy losses, which made the war very unpopular in the USSR in general, even though actual losses remained modest, averaging 1670 per year. The war also became a sensitive issue internationally, which finally led General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to withdraw the Soviet forces from Afghanistan. The " Afghan Syndrome " suffered by

18705-630: The withdrawal and division took place without any problems, the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet remained in the Crimea , Ukraine, with the fleet division and a Russian leasehold for fleet facilities in Crimea finally achieved in 1997. The Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) became successful members of NATO since 2004. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine maintain cooperation with NATO as well. The Soviet Armed Forces were controlled by

18850-515: Was a large-scale reduction in force size in 1953–56; 1.1 million personnel were released from the armed forces. Two military districts were disestablished in 1956. Soviet law required all able-bodied males of age to serve a minimum of two years. As a result, the Soviet Ground Forces remained the largest active army in the world from 1945 to 1991. Soviet units which had taken over the countries of Eastern Europe from German rule remained to secure

18995-580: Was also abolished by decree, while separate quarters for officers, special forms of address, saluting, and higher pay were all reinstated. After General Aleksei Brusilov offered the Bolsheviks his professional services in 1920, they decided to permit the conscription of former officers of the Imperial Russian Army . The Bolshevik authorities set up a special commission under the chair of Lev Glezarov (Лев Маркович Глезаров), and by August 1920 had drafted about 315,000 ex-officers. Most often they held

19140-592: Was built in 1973 and inaugurated in 1990. The preservation of Dayak culture has been promoted by the provincial government through cultural events and festivals, including the annual Isen Mulang Festival , usually held in May and June. Other festivals were later held in 2020 with support of Ministry of Tourism , including those celebrating Malay cultures. Palangka Raya is home to Kalteng Putra F.C , which as of 2021 competes in Liga 2 after degradation from Liga 1 . Its home stadium

19285-432: Was built in 1984 and located in Jekan Raya District. St. Mary's Cathedral, Palangkaraya , a Catholic church, located also in Jekan Raya District. It was inaugurated on 21 March 1999. Hindu temples in the city such as Pura Pitamaha, the biggest out of the four, located also in Jekan Raya District, was constructed by Indonesian Army to help local Hindu population in 1978 and now mostly used by Balinese migrants . The city

19430-536: Was constructed with the assistance of Soviet military, especially regarding road construction due to the terrain of the region - dominated by swamps and peat. The road which today is named Jl. Tjilik Riwut, was previously planned to be constructed from the city to Pangkalan Bun and Sampit . This however, was never realized due to 30 September Movement , coup d'état against Sukarno, and subsequent communist purge that followed. Many local workers resigned and abandoned their work due to fear of being accused as communist and

19575-509: Was formed in 1948. The Ministry was briefly divided into two again from 1950 to 1953, but then was amalgamated again as the Ministry of Defence . Six years later the Strategic Rocket Forces were formed. The Soviet Airborne Forces , were also active by this time as a Reserve of the Supreme High Command . Also falling within the Soviet Armed Forces were the Tyl, or Rear Services . Men within

19720-495: Was largely outclassed by superior Japanese planes. The Royal Netherlands Navy Air Service, or MLD, also had significant forces in the NEI. During the Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–42, by forces of the Empire of Japan, most of the KNIL and other Allied forces were quickly defeated. Most European soldiers, which in practice included all able bodied Indo-European males, were interned by

19865-465: Was launched in early 2018. Its operation was halted during the COVID-19 pandemic until resuming on 8 November 2020. App-based ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab also serve the city. Angkots used to be important for urban transportation within the city. However, arrival of online ride-hailing services and taxis together with creation of urban bus system resulted in angkot presence's decline. It

20010-515: Was leased to the Dutch East Indies by Sultan Sulaiman in 1817, and was ceded by Sultan Adam of Banjar under a contract signed on 4 May 1826, written in Dutch on second point which reads in English as: The Fifth article of the contract is hereby declared null and void and shall be replaced by the following, His Highness the Sultan Sleman, relinquishes in full ownership to his entire island of Tatas and

20155-538: Was not part of the Royal Netherlands Army , but a separate military arm specifically formed for service in the Netherlands East Indies . Its establishment coincided with the Dutch drive to expand colonial rule from the 17th century area of control to the far larger territories constituting the Dutch East Indies seventy years later. The KNIL was involved in many campaigns against indigenous groups in

20300-525: Was officially made the capital of Central Kalimantan on 1 January 1960, relocated from its temporary seat in Banjarmasin . By late 1962, the city had by this point largely finished construction of its basic infrastructure such as schools, government offices, inner city roads, and residential areas, with an estimated 500 buildings having been constructed. On 23 July 1965, it gained official city status ( kotapraja ) and formed its own municipal government. The city

20445-407: Was renamed to Palangka Raya City, maintaining its status as the provincial seat. The construction of the city was directly led by Tjilik Riwut, whom by then had become governor of the Central Kalimantan province. The city was claimed by him to be "free from colonial legacies". At first however, he was rumoured to be insane by residents of the province for trying to build a city on top of nothingness. It

20590-473: Was reported to be 60% to 40%. After the Aceh War, the enlistment of non-Dutch European troops ceased and the KNIL came to consist of Dutch regulars recruited in the Netherlands itself, Indonesians, Indos (Eurasians), and Dutch colonists living in the East Indies and undertaking their military service. In 1884 personnel strength was numbered at 13,492 European, 14,982 Indonesian, 96 African (though some sources put

20735-610: Was the military force maintained by the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its colony of the Dutch East Indies , in areas that are now part of Indonesia . The KNIL's air arm was the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force . Elements of the Royal Netherlands Navy and Government Navy were also stationed in the Netherlands East Indies. The KNIL was formed by royal decree on 14 September 1814. It

20880-524: Was thought to be derived from Eka Badukuh , meaning "place to settle" in Dayak (with daily usage called Dukuh ain Bayuh, shortened Dukuh Bayuh). Pahandut on the other hand, according to local stories, was a respected elder and cultural figure from the village. He was often called Bapa Handut , which literally means Mr. Handut. Handut passed away because of an illness, and to respect his death as an important figure from

21025-463: Was trade, with figure of 17.85%, followed by construction with 11.06%. The financial and banking sector provides around 6% of the city's economy. Agriculture, forestry, plantation, and fishery all combined contributed to 2.45% of the city's economy in 2019. Crop yields decreased rapidly from year-on-year; production of red chili dropped from 2,864 tons in 2018 to just more than 200 tons in 2020. Fish catch also decreased by 19.8% from 2018 to 2019. Tourism

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