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29-510: The dish is of Greco-Roman origin. In 350 BCE, the ancient Greek poets Archestratos and Antiphanes first mentioned plakous . Cato the Elder 's short work De agri cultura ("On Farming") from about 160 BC includes an elaborate recipe for placenta . Palatschinke still bears the same name of its Greek and Roman ancestors. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word placenta , which in turn

58-1072: A casserole dish and covered with custard and baked. Palatschinken may also be eaten unsweetened as a main course, such as the Hungarian meat-filled Hortobágyi palacsinta . They may also be eaten plain, filled with cheeses, or vegetables such as mushroom, spinach or sauerkraut , topped with sour cream, or cut into thin strips, called Flädle in Germany ′s and Switzerland 's Alemannic dialects and Frittaten in Austria . Flädle / Frittaten are used in Frittaten soup – pancake strips served in clear broth. Greco-Roman world The Greco-Roman civilization ( / ˌ ɡ r iː k oʊ ˈ r oʊ m ən , ˌ ɡ r ɛ k oʊ -/ ; also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture ; spelled Graeco-Roman in British English ), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes

87-523: A daily serving of a natural health product must contain no more than 6 μg of cadmium for an individual weighing 150 pounds (68 kg) and 3 μg for a 75 lb (34 kg) individual. While the US government has not set a limit for cadmium in foods or health products, the state of California has established a maximum allowable daily level of oral cadmium exposure of 4.1 μg and requires products containing more than this amount per daily serving to bear

116-669: A mantle of mutual knowledge. For example, several hundred papyrus volumes found in a Roman villa at Herculaneum are in Greek. The lives of Cicero and Julius Caesar are examples of Romans who frequented schools in Greece. The installation, both in Greek and Latin , of Augustus 's monumental eulogy, the Res Gestae , exemplifies the official recognition of the dual vehicles for the common culture. The familiarity of figures from Roman legend and history in

145-809: A pie), the Romanian word can be traced back to the Latin placenta , meaning "pie, cake". Palačinka is also the name in most West and South Slavic languages ( Slovak palacinka , Bosnian , Bulgarian , Czech, Croatian , Montenegrin , Macedonian , Serbian palačinka , палачинка , Slovenian palačinka ). In Polish , the equivalent is called a naleśnik , in Ukrainian налисник ( nalysnyk ) or млинець ( mlynec ), in Russian налистник ( nalistnik ) or блинчик ( blinchik ), in Romanian clătită . Central European palatschinken ( palačinke ) are thin pancakes similar to

174-420: Is 58% carbohydrates , 14% fat , 20% protein , and 3% water (table). It contains several minerals in rich content (having a Daily Value of 20% or higher), including manganese , magnesium , phosphorus , potassium , iron , and zinc , while calcium levels are moderate (table). Cocoa powder is rich in flavonoids (especially flavan-3-ols ), a subset of polyphenols . The amount of flavonoids depends on

203-471: Is bitter and acidic. Dutch process cocoa has been treated with an alkali to neutralize the acid. Cocoa powder contains flavanols , amounts of which are reduced if the cocoa is subjected to acid-reducing alkalization. Other definitions of cocoa solids, especially legal ones, include all cocoa ingredients (cocoa mass, cocoa powder and cocoa butter). In this case, cocoa solids without cocoa butter are specified as non-fat cocoa solids . Natural cocoa powder

232-498: Is cocoa powder that has been treated with an alkalizing agent to modify its color, neutralize its pH and give it a milder taste compared to natural cocoa. It forms the basis for much of modern chocolate , and is used in ice cream , hot chocolate , and baking. The alkalization process reduces bitterness and improves solubility, which is important for beverage product applications. Alkalizing agents employed vary, but include potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate . Cocoa powder

261-744: Is derived from the Greek word plakous for thin or layered flat breads. The name of the dish has followed a track of borrowing across several languages of Central and Southeastern Europe; the dish originates from the Roman era of Central Europe and the Austrian - German term Palatschinke, the Czech palačinka, the Slovak palacinka, and the Croatian - Serb palačinka are deemed to have been borrowed from Hungarian palacsinta, that in turn from Romanian plăcintă (a cake,

290-539: Is extracted with the Broma process where after the cocoa fats have been removed from the chocolate nibs the remaining dry cocoa beans are ground into cocoa powder, which is sold to consumers. Natural cocoa powder has a light-brown color and an extractable pH of 5.3 to 5.8. Because of its acidity, natural cocoa is often paired in recipes with baking soda. This neutralizes the acidity and creates carbon dioxide which in cakes helps them rise. Dutch process cocoa or Dutched cocoa

319-520: Is the result of the syncretism between Roman and Greek myths, spanning the period of Great Greece at the end of Roman paganism . Along with philosophy and political theory , mythology is one of the greatest contributions of Classical antiquity to Western society . From a historical point of view, early Christianity was born in the Greco-Roman world, which had a massive influence on Christian culture . Cocoa solids Dry cocoa solids are

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348-630: The Constitutio Antoniniana , and although one of the edict's main purposes was to increase tax revenue, all of the empire's free men became citizens with all the rights this entailed. As a result, even after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire , the people who remained within the lands (including Byzantium) that the empire comprised continued to call themselves Rhomaioi . ( Hellenes had been referring to pagan, or non-Christian, Greeks until

377-460: The Parallel Lives by Plutarch is one example of the extent to which " universal history " was then synonymous with the accomplishments of famous Latins and Hellenes . Most educated Romans were likely bilingual in Greek and Latin. Graeco-Roman architecture in the Roman world followed the principles and style that had been established by ancient Greece. That era's most representative building

406-568: The European portion of Turkey ), Moesia (roughly corresponding to modern-day Central Serbia , Kosovo , Northern Macedonia , Northern Bulgaria and Romanian Dobrudja ), and Pannonia (corresponding to modern-day Western Hungary , the Austrian Länder of Burgenland , Eastern Slovenia and Northern Serbia ). Also included were Dacia (roughly corresponding to modern-day Romania and Moldavia ), Nubia (a region roughly corresponding to

435-779: The Fourth Crusade .) Through attrition of Byzantine territory in the preceding 400 or so years from perceived friends and foes alike (Crusaders, Ottoman Turks, and others), Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) fell to the Turks led by Mehmed II in 1453. There is a perception that these events led to the predecessor of Greek nationalism through the Ottoman era and even into modern times. Greco-Roman mythology , sometimes called classical mythology ,

464-1159: The French crêpe . The main difference between the French and Central European version of the dish is that the mixture for palatschinken can be used straight away unlike that of crepes which is suggested to be left at rest for several hours. Palatschinken are made by creating a batter from eggs , wheat flour , milk , and salt and frying it in a pan with butter or oil. Unlike thicker types of pancakes, palatschinken are usually served with different types of fillings and eaten for lunch or dinner. Palatschinken are traditionally rolled with apricot , strawberry , or plum jam , and sprinkled with confectioner's sugar . A variety of fruit sauces (like apple sauce ), or thick fruit butters called lekvar ( plum , prune , raspberry , cherry or sour cherry jam), lemon juice and sugar, chocolate sauce , hazelnut-chocolate cream, almonds, dried or fresh fruits, sweet cottage or quark cheese and raisins , cocoa powder , poppy seed , are common modern ingredients. Rakott palacsinta are layered pancakes with sweet cottage cheese and raisins, jam and walnut layers between

493-511: The Great , and of Marcus Licinius Crassus (conqueror of the slave general Spartacus ), who was defeated in the field by a Persian force and was beheaded by them. In the schools of art , philosophy , and rhetoric , the foundations of education were transmitted throughout the lands of Greek and Roman rule. Within its educated class, spanning all of the "Greco-Roman" eras, the testimony of literary borrowings and influences are overwhelming proofs of

522-666: The Greeks and the Romans, in which those peoples' cultural perceptions, ideas, and sensitivities became dominant in classical antiquity . That process was aided by the universal adoption of Greek as the language of intellectual culture and commerce in the Eastern Mediterranean and of Latin as the language of public administration and of forensic advocacy , especially in the Western Mediterranean. Greek and Latin were never

551-631: The Persians, with which there was constant interaction: Xenophon 's Anabasis (the ' March Upcountry ' ), the Greco-Persian wars , the famous battles of Marathon and Salamis , the Greek tragedy The Persians by Aeschylus , Alexander the Great 's defeat of the Persian emperor Darius III and conquest of the Persian empire , or the later Roman generals' difficulties with the Persian armies, such as Pompey

580-417: The Roman jurist and imperial chancellor Ulpian of Phoenician origin; the mathematician and geographer Claudius Ptolemy of Greco-Egyptian ethnicity; and the theologian Augustine of Berber origin. Note too the historian Josephus Flavius , who was of Jewish origin but spoke and wrote in Greek. Based on the above definition, the "cores" of the Greco-Roman world can be confidently stated to have been

609-576: The amount of processing and manufacturing the cocoa powder undergoes. Alkalization, also known as Dutch processing , causes its content of flavonoids to be substantially reduced. Cocoa powders may contain cadmium , a toxic heavy metal and probable carcinogen , found naturally in high levels in the soil of some regions of cocoa-producing countries. The European Union has imposed a limit (as of 1 January 2019) for cadmium in cocoa powder of 0.6 μg per gram of cocoa powder and 0.8 μg per gram for chocolate with ≥ 50% total dry cocoa solids. In Canada,

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638-716: The coasts of the Mediterranean Sea , specifically the Italian Peninsula , Greece , Cyprus , the Iberian Peninsula , the Anatolian Peninsula (modern-day Turkey ), Gaul (modern-day France ), the Syrian region (modern-day Levantine countries , Central and Northern Syria , Lebanon and Palestine ), Egypt and Roman Africa (corresponding to modern-day Tunisia , Eastern Algeria and Western Libya ). Occupying

667-436: The components of cocoa beans remaining after cocoa butter , the fatty component of the bean, is extracted from chocolate liquor , roasted cocoa beans that have been ground into a liquid state. Cocoa butter is 46% to 57% of the weight of cocoa beans and gives chocolate its characteristic melting properties. Cocoa powder is the powdered form of the dry solids with a small remaining amount of cocoa butter. Untreated cocoa powder

696-501: The far south of Egypt and modern-day Northern Sudan ), Mauretania (corresponding to modern-day Morocco , Western Algeria and Northern Mauritania ), Arabia Petraea (corresponding to modern-day Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia , Jordan , Southern Syria and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula ), and the Tauric Chersonesus (modern-day Crimea and the coast of Ukraine ). The Greco-Roman world had another "world" or empire to its east,

725-522: The geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans . A better-known term is classical antiquity . In exact terms the area refers to the "Mediterranean world" , the extensive tracts of land centered on the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, the "swimming pool and spa" of

754-705: The native languages of many or most of the rural peasants, who formed the great majority of the Roman Empire 's population. However, they became the languages of the urban and cosmopolitan elites and the Empire's lingua franca for those who lived within the large territories and populations outside the Macedonian settlements and the Roman colonies . All Roman citizens of note and accomplishment, regardless of their ethnic extractions, spoke and wrote in Greek or Latin. Examples include

783-622: The pancakes, baked in the oven, comparable to the French mille crêpes . A well-known Hungarian version of palatschinke is the Gundel pancake ( Gundel palacsinta ), made with ground walnuts, raisin, candied orange peel, cinnamon, and rum filling, served flambéed in dark chocolate sauce made with egg yolks, heavy cream, and cocoa . Rakott palacsinta is a traditional Hungarian crêpe cake, commonly made from up to 30 tiers of palacsinta. It can also be made with crêpes that are filled with cottage cheese, jam and/or poppyseeds, rolled up and layered in

812-518: The periphery of that world were the so-called "Roman Germany" (the modern-day Alpine countries of Austria and Switzerland and the Agri Decumates , southwestern Germany ), the Illyricum (modern-day Northern Albania , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and the coast of Croatia ), the Macedonian region , Thrace (corresponding to modern-day Southeastern Bulgaria , Northeastern Greece and

841-750: Was the temple. Other prominent structures that represented that style included government buildings like the Roman Senate . The three primary styles of column design used in temples in classical Greece were Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian . Some examples of Doric architecture are the Parthenon and the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, and the Erechtheum , next to the Parthenon, is Ionic. By AD 211, with Caracalla 's edict known as

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