26-558: Pakkamalai is a mountain and forest reserve in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu, located 45 km southwest of Gingee . Pakkamalai is steep-sided plateau that reaches an elevation of over 500 meters. In addition to being a forest reserve, Pakkamalai is a sacred forest . There is a shrine to the Goddess Durga on one of the peaks, and a temple to Perumal (Vishnu) at mid-elevation. Maximum temperature ranges from 30° to 36 °C in
52-540: A Royal Navy fleet was en route. After the British initially captured a few French merchant ships, the French called for backup from as far afield as Isle de France (now Mauritius ), beginning an escalation in naval forces in the area. In July 1746, French commander La Bourdonnais and British Admiral Edward Peyton fought an indecisive action off Negapatam, after which the British fleet withdrew to Bengal. On 21 September 1746,
78-566: A dependency of Hyderabad State , India. The first Carnatic wars were fought between 1740 and 1748. The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals, struggles for succession and territory, and furthermore included a diplomatic and military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company . They were mainly fought within the territories of Mughal India with
104-454: Is also home to several endemic and limited-range species. Hubera senjiana , a rare species of tree, is found only on Pakkamalai, growing in dry rocky soils along forest fringes between 200–300 metres elevation in association with Phyllanthus polyphyllus , Stenosiphonium russellianum , and Justicia beddomei . The surrounding lowlands are in the Deccan thorn scrub forests ecoregion. Pakkamalai
130-497: Is composed of 9 taluks : According to 2011 census , the Viluppuram district had a population of 3,458,873 with a sex-ratio of 987 females per 1,000 males, which is well above the national average of 929. A total of 404,106 residents were under the age of six, constituting 208,246 males and 195,860 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 29.37% and 2.16% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of
156-642: Is home to the easternmost population of the grizzled giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura) . It was previously known only in the Western Ghats and the Palani Hills . In 2019, the critically endangered blue tarantula Poecilotheria metallica , known as the peacock parachute spider or Gooty tarantula, was discovered living in the mountains. 12°10′55″N 79°17′23″E / 12.18194°N 79.28972°E / 12.18194; 79.28972 Villupuram district Viluppuram , Villupuram or Vizhuppuram
182-531: Is one of the 38 districts that make up the state of Tamil Nadu , India . It was founded on 30 September 1993, prior to which it was part of the Cuddalore district . Vizhuppuram district lies in the way of the national highway connecting Tiruchirappalli and Chennai , and contains historical landmarks like the 500 year-old Gingee Fort . Vizhuppuram district was once a part of the South Arcot district along with
208-543: Is the predominant language, spoken by 97.08% of the population. Urdu and Telugu are minority languages spoken by 1.61% and 0.93% of the population respectively. Carnatic Wars Mughal Empire [REDACTED] Kingdom of France [REDACTED] Kingdom of Great Britain The Carnatic wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India's coastal Carnatic region ,
234-636: The Cuddalore district . Later, the Cuddalore district was bifurcated and Vizhuppuram district came into existence on 30 September 1993. As a result, the Vizhuppuram district's history closely resembles that of Cuddalore's. The Cholas were among the earliest rulers. Karikala Chola was the most influential. Simhavishnu Pallava overthrew the Cholas, and the region came under the Pallava rule. Vijayalaya Chola restored
260-557: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) , Madras was given back to the British in exchange for the French fortress of Louisbourg in North America, which the British had captured . The war was principally notable in India as the first military experience of Robert Clive , who was taken prisoner at Madras but managed to escape, and who then participated in the defence of Cuddalore and the siege of Pondicherry . The French retained their position as
286-753: The British Fort St. David at Cuddalore , but the timely arrivals of reinforcements halted these and eventually turned the tables on the French. British Admiral Edward Boscawen besieged Pondicherry in the later months of 1748, but lifted the siege with the advent of the monsoon rains in October. With the termination of the War of the Austrian Succession in Europe, the First Carnatic War also came to an end. In
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#1733085728922312-705: The Carnatic, ruled by Nawab Dost Ali Khan , despite being under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad . French and British support soon became intertwined with the affairs of the Nawab. Dost Ali's death sparked a power struggle between his son-in-law Chanda Sahib , supported by the French, and Muhammad Ali , supported by the British. One major instigator of the Carnatic wars was the Frenchman Joseph François Dupleix , who arrived in India in 1715, rising to become
338-471: The French captured the British outpost at Madras . La Bourdonnais had promised to return Madras to the British, but Joseph François Dupleix withdrew that promise, and wanted to give Madras to Anwar-ud-din after the capture. The Nawab then sent a 10,000-man army to take Madras from the French but was decisively repulsed by a small French force in the Battle of Adyar . The French then made several attempts to capture
364-526: The French East India Company's governor in 1742. Dupleix sought to expand French influence in India, which was limited to a few trading outposts, the chief one being Pondicherry on the Coromandel Coast . Immediately upon his arrival in India, he organized Indian recruits under French officers for the first time, and engaged in intrigues with local rulers to expand French influence. However, he
390-502: The French were facing many financial problems. The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore in 1757. However, the war was decided in the south, where the British successfully defended Madras , and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French, commanded by the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. After Wandiwash, Pondicherry fell to
416-610: The assistance of various fragmented polities loyal to the "Great Moghul". As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India. The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to Pondicherry . The East India Company's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to
442-449: The district was 63.48%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had a total of 800,368 households. There were a total of 1,703,249 workers, including 322,900 farmers, 537,581 farm workers, 23,961 in household industries, 376,360 other workers, 442,447 marginal workers, 46,746 marginal farmers, 294,632 marginal farm workers, 14,276 marginal workers in household industries and 86,793 other marginal workers. After bifurcation,
468-662: The establishment of the British Raj . The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb died in 1707. He was succeeded by Bahadur Shah I , but there was a general decline in central control over the empire during the tenure of Jahandar Shah and later emperors. Nizam-ul-Mulk established Hyderabad as an independent kingdom. A power struggle ensued after his death between his son, Nasir Jung , and his grandson, Muzaffar Jung , which soon involved foreign powers eager to expand their influence. France aided Muzaffar Jung while Britain aided Nasir Jung. Several erstwhile Mughal territories were autonomous such as
494-552: The protectors of nizams of Hyderabad. Though a state of war did not exist in Europe, the proxy war continued in India. On one side was Nasir Jung , the Nizam and his protege Muhammad Ali, supported by the British, and on the other was Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung , supported by the French, vying to become the Nawab of Arcot . Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib were able to capture Arcot while Nasir Jung's subsequent death allowed Muzaffar Jung to take control of Hyderabad . Muzaffar's reign
520-479: The residual Viluppuram district had a population of 2,111,669. The residual district had a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. 321,703 (15.23%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 28.60% and 1.16% of the population respectively. Hindus are the majority religion, with 92.27% of the population. Christians and Muslims are in minority with 3.71% and 3.63% of the population respectively. Languages of Viluppuram district (2011) Tamil
546-570: The rule of Chola, marking the beginning of the Chola Empire . The entire district became a war zone during the Anglo-French rivalry and it came under the control of the East India Company . It remained under British authority until the independence of India in 1947. The district shares borders with Bay of Bengal in the east, Puducherry district of the union territory Puducherry in
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#1733085728922572-614: The southeast and the districts Chengalpattu and Tiruvannamalai in the north, Cuddalore in the south and Kallakurichi in the west. In 2006, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Vizhuppuram one of the 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640 ) in the country. It is one of the six districts in Tamil Nadu currently receiving funding from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Program (BRGFP). Viluppuram district
598-771: The summer, and 24 °C during the winter months. Mean annual rainfall is 700 mm. Pakkamalai forest reserve covers an area of 22.38 km, and the mountain's dry forests contain a mix of species characteristic of the coastal dry evergreen forests which lie to the east, and the dry deciduous forests that lie to the west in the Eastern Ghats . Typical dry evergreen species in the forests include Atalantia monophylla , Acacia intsia , Combretum albidum , Dichrostachys cinerea , and Psydrax dicoccos , and typical dry deciduous species include Cochlospermum religiosum , Deccania pubescens , Garuga pinnata , Hildegardia populifolia , Ochna lanceolata , and Premna tomentosa . It
624-585: Was drawn into the war in 1744, opposed to France and its allies. The trading companies of both countries maintained cordial relations in India while their parent countries were bitter enemies on the European continent. Dodwell writes, "Such were the friendly relations between the English and the French that the French sent their goods and merchandise from Pondicherry to Madras for safe custody." Although French company officials were ordered to avoid conflict, British officials were not, and were furthermore notified that
650-528: Was met by the equally challenging and determined young officer from the British Army, Robert Clive . "The Austrian War of Succession in 1740 and later the war in 1756 automatically led to a conflict in India...and British reverses during the American War of Independence (1775–1783) in the 1770s had an impact on events in India." In 1740, the War of the Austrian Succession broke out in Europe. Great Britain
676-673: Was short as he was soon killed, and Salabat Jung became Nizam. In 1751, however, Robert Clive led British troops to capture Arcot , and successfully defend it . The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry , signed in 1754, which recognised Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah as the Nawab of the Carnatic . Charles Godeheu replaced Dupleix, who died in poverty back in France. The outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India. In this time
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