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120-519: Initially part of the former British Indian Army 's Medical Corps in 1947, tracing its roots back to British raj.The medical corps also leads a role in combat disease outbreaks and researching medicines on behalf of Government of Pakistan . To support the Army in all its combat operations, so that the move of the Army is facilitated offensive operations and the move of the enemy is impeded while own Army in defense. Medical Corps Doctors are also responsible for

240-501: A $ 550 million fundraising appeal, and conducted environmental assessments. The United Nations Humanitarian Air Service delivered 28,000 tons of relief supplies to remote areas using helicopters. The International Rescue Committee (IRC) responded swiftly, providing emergency food, medical care, and shelter. They treated thousands of survivors in makeshift clinics, ensured access to clean water and sanitation, and established child-friendly spaces to aid psychological recovery. Before winter,

360-622: A debris avalanche. There were two significant landslides, one in Chella Bandi, Muzaffarabad, and the Hattian landslide in the Pir Panjal Range . The Hattian landslide is considered to be the largest landslide caused by the earthquake and is also attributed with the formation of a new lake. Over 140 aftershocks were recorded, many of at least 4.0 on the Richter scale, and 21 registering at over 5.0 on

480-522: A food-for-work initiative. The World Health Organisation delivered medical equipment, health kits, and set up a disease early warning system. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees managed 37 camps, distributing tents, blankets, and supplies. The International Organization for Migration helped 14,000 families return home, providing transport and food. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs initiated rescue operations, launched

600-505: A half million people were left without shelter, and approximately 138,000 people were injured in the quake. Kashmir is a region in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, bordered by China to the north and east, India to the south, Pakistan to the west, and Afghanistan to the northwest. The region where the earthquake occurred crosses the political borders of Pakistan and India. This area has been prone to earthquakes for centuries, with

720-618: A large-scale reform should be implemented to improve the Indian Army. Calcutta had been ravaged by large communal riots, but the British Indian Army was able to restore order. Nehru demanded with urgency, that the Indian Army should safeguard India's new democracy . Nehru was a nationalist and opposed India's "divide and rule" policy. As a result of the Partition of India in 1947, the formations, units, assets, and indigenous personnel of

840-566: A major route in Muzaffarabad collapsed. Many bridges were damaged, with the largest damaged bridge in Balakot. Several other bridges in the Jhelum Valley (Kashmir) were also damaged. The bridges in Muzaffarabad were not damaged except for a pedestrian suspension bridge north of the city which collapsed. 3,994 water supply systems were destroyed. In Muzaffarabad and Balakot, the electricity network

960-444: A part of their careers. In 1922, after wartime experience had shown that the maintenance of 130 separate single-battalion infantry regiments was unwieldy, a number of large (four to five battalion) regiments were created, and numerous cavalry regiments amalgamated. The List of regiments of the Indian Army (1922) shows the reduced number of larger regiments. Until 1932 most Indian Army officers, both British and Indian, were trained at

1080-514: A significant French presence. In 1903, Lord Kitchener became the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army . He instituted large-scale reforms, the greatest of which was the merger of the three armies of the Presidencies into a unified force. He formed higher level formations, eight army divisions, and brigaded Indian and British units. He left his command in 1909. Following Kitchener's reforms,

1200-409: A team of experienced specialists, provided urgent medical and surgical care for post-disaster casualties. This rapid response accelerated the rehabilitation process, ensuring that victims received timely and professional medical support even under extreme conditions. The local response was also marked by the collaboration between various NGOs and international aid organizations, which helped to amplify

1320-531: A territory under Pakistan. Its epicenter was 19 km northeast of the city of Muzaffarabad , and 90 km north north-east of Islamabad , the capital city of Pakistan, and also affected nearby Balakot in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and some areas of Jammu and Kashmir , India . It registered a moment magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ). The earthquake

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1440-596: A total of 47,746 Indians had been reported dead or missing; 65,126 were wounded. Also serving in the First World War were so-called " Imperial Service Troops ", provided by the semi-autonomous Princely States . About 21,000 were raised in the First World War, mainly consisting of Sikhs of Punjab and Rajputs from Rajputana (such as the Bikaner Camel Corps and the Hyderabad , Mysore and Jodhpur Lancers of

1560-709: A total of about 55,000 Indians taken prisoner in Malaya and Singapore in February 1942, about 30,000 joined the INA, which fought Allied forces in the Burma Campaign. Others became guards at Japanese POW camps. The recruitment was the brainchild of Major Fujiwara Iwaichi who mentions in his memoirs that Captain Mohan Singh Deb , who surrendered after the Battle of Jitra became the founder of

1680-552: A young girl who died in Jalalabad after a wall collapsed on her. The quake was felt in Kabul , but the effects were minimal there. The earthquake resulted in a surface rupture, the first time this kind of phenomenon was reported, based on available data from other past events. This rupture was reported to have extended over seventy-five kilometres. The earthquake triggered several thousand landslides, mainly rock falls, debris falls, and also

1800-674: Is estimated that the death toll could have reached over 100,000. Approximately 138,000 people were injured, and over 3.5 million were rendered homeless. The earthquake affected more than 500,000 families, and cold weather increased the death toll for those who survived the earthquake, but were displaced and homeless. At least 1,350 people were killed and 6,266 injured in Jammu and Kashmir , India . In Uri there were over 150 deaths. The tremors were reportedly felt as far away as Delhi and Punjab . Four deaths were reported in Afghanistan , including

1920-545: Is one of the largest contributors of health services to United Nations. Since 1960 Pakistan has been actively involved in most of the UN peacekeeping, rehabilitation and health providing missions and today stands at the top with 10,175 troops and observers serving in current missions. The Pakistan Army Medical Corps is a major part of it. Some of the largest contributions have been in Somalia , Sierra Leone , Bosnia , Congo and Liberia . In

2040-594: The 1st Bengal Lancers , among other Indian units, all served during the Rebellion. Numerous Indian soldiers earned the China War Medal 1900 with the "Relief of Pekin" clasp for contributing to the relief of Peking and the International Legations from 10 June to 14 August 1900. The Kitchener reforms began in 1903 when Lord Kitchener of Khartoum , newly appointed Commander-in-Chief , India, completed

2160-746: The 3rd (Lahore) Division , the Kohat Brigade , the Bannu Brigade , and the Derajat Brigade ; Western Command , which consisted of the 4th (Quetta) Division , the 5th (Mhow) Division , the 6th (Poona) Division , and the Aden Brigade , located in Aden in the Arabian Peninsula; and Eastern Command , which consisted of the 7th (Meerut) Division and the 8th (Lucknow) Division . Army Headquarters retained

2280-698: The 44th . In matters of administration, weapons, training, and equipment, the Indian Army had considerable independence; for example, prior to the war the Indian Army adopted the Vickers–Berthier (VB) light machine gun instead of the Bren gun of the British Army, while continuing to manufacture and issue the older SMLE No. 1 Mk III rifle during the Second World War, instead of the Lee–Enfield No.4 Mk I issued to

2400-463: The 9th (Secunderabad) Division and the Burma Division under its direct control. The numbered divisions were organised so that on mobilisation they could deploy a complete infantry division , a cavalry brigade, and a number of troops for internal security or local frontier defence. Permanent divisional commands were formed with an establishment of staff officers under a major general . After

2520-686: The 9th (Secunderabad) Division . By November 1918, the Indian Army rose in size to 573,000 men. Before the war, the Indian government had decided that India could afford to provide two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade in the event of a European war. Some 140,000 soldiers saw active service on the Western Front in France and Belgium – 90,000 in the front-line Indian Corps, and some 50,000 in auxiliary battalions. They felt that any more would jeopardise national security. More than four divisions were eventually sent as Indian Expeditionary Force A formed

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2640-570: The Adjutant-General , dealing with training, discipline, and personnel, and the Quartermaster-General , dealing with supplies, accommodation, and communications. In 1906 a General Branch was established to deal with military policy, organisation and deployment, mobilisation and war plans, and intelligence and the conduct of operations. The Chiefs of the staff branches answered to the Chief of

2760-769: The Bombay Army , of the Presidencies of British India , particularly after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . In 1879, the Presidency armies were integrated into a system of four Commands with a central Commander-in-Chief. On 1 April 1895, the Presidency armies were dissolved and unified into a single Indian Army, also divided into four Commands, and the term "Indian Army" was officially used by 1903. The Commands were later replaced by two "Armies" in 1908—the Northern and Southern Army—but

2880-723: The Federally Administered Tribal Areas in the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ). The medical corps provided health-care facilities to more than 12,000 people affected by the 2010 floods in Pakistan . British Indian Army The Indian Army during British rule , also referred to as the British Indian Army, was the main military force of India until national independence in 1947. Formed in 1895 by uniting

3000-758: The Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade ). These forces played a prominent role in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . Elements of the Army operated around Mary, Turkmenistan in 1918–19. See Malleson mission and Entente intervention in the Russian Civil War . The army then took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919. In the aftermath of the First World War, the Indian Territorial Force and Auxiliary Force (India) were created in

3120-574: The Indian Corps and the Indian Cavalry Corps that arrived on the Western Front in 1914. The high number of officer casualties the corps suffered early on had an effect on its later performance. British officers that understood the language, customs, and psychology of their men could not be quickly replaced, and the alien environment of the Western Front had some effect on the soldiers. However,

3240-740: The Indian III Corps , Indian IV Corps , Indian XV Corps , Indian XXI Corps (served with Tenth Army in the Middle East in 1942), Indian XXXIII Corps and Indian XXXIV Corps . Furthermore, the 2nd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 14th , 17th , 19th , 20th , 21st , 23rd , 25th , 26th , 34th , 36th (later converted to an all-British formation), and 39th Indian Divisions were formed, as well as other forces. Additionally there were at one time or another four armoured divisions formed (the 31st , 32nd , 43rd , and 44th ), and one airborne division, also designated

3360-461: The Mhairwara Battalion from Rajputana . The mountain batteries had already lost their numbers two years earlier. Under the 1903 reforms they were renumbered with twenty added to their original numbers. The army had very little artillery (only 12 batteries of mountain artillery ), and Royal Indian Artillery batteries were attached to the divisions. The Indian Army Corps of Engineers

3480-563: The Western Front , notably in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle , participated in the Battle of Gallipoli and Sinai and Palestine Campaign . Furthermore, it fought in the Siege of Kut of the Mesopotamian Campaign , and campaigned in East Africa , including the Battle of Tanga . Participants from the Indian subcontinent won 13,000 medals, including 12 Victoria Crosses. By the end of the war

3600-597: The epicenter have risen by a few meters, giving ample proof that the Himalayas are still being formed and growing and that this earthquake was a consequence of that. By the end of 2005, a total of 1,778 aftershocks were recorded. Most of the devastation hit Azad Jammu and Kashmir and other parts of Northern Pakistan . Muzaffarabad , the state capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, was hardest hit in terms of casualties and destruction. Various factors combined to make this earthquake particularly deadly. Amongst other factors, it

3720-547: The partition of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947, the army was reconstituted and divided between the two new Dominions , with the process overseen by Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck . Independent India would, however, retain "much of the organizing framework" of the army. The Indian Army has its origins in the years after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , often called the Indian Mutiny in British histories, when in 1858

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3840-611: The 1920s. The Indian Territorial Force was a part-time, paid, all-volunteer organisation within the army. Its units were primarily made up of European officers and Indian other ranks . The ITF was created by the Indian Territorial Force Act 1920 to replace the Indian section of the Indian Defence Force . It was an all-volunteer force modelled after the British Territorial Army . The European parallel to

3960-526: The 1st Bombay Grenadiers became the 101st Grenadiers . The Gurkha Regiments had developed into their own Line of rifle regiments since 1861. They were five of these until they were joined by the former 42nd, 43rd, & 44th Gurkha Regiments of the Bengal Army, who became the 6th, 7th, & 8th Gurkha Rifles. The numbers 42, 43, & 44 were allocated respectively to the Deoli and Erinpura Irregular Forces and

4080-494: The 2005 Kashmir earthquake were exacerbated by the absence of strategic Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) planning and management. The poor quality of public infrastructure meant that schools, hospitals and roads were not built to withstand seismic hazards. Houses, notably those of the poorest and most vulnerable populations, were prone to their roofs collapsing. The 2005 earthquake led to the adoption of legal, policy and institutional frameworks for disaster risk management, including

4200-577: The 2nd Bengal Lancers became the 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse) . The new order began with the Bengal regiments, followed by the Punjab Frontier Force, then the regiments of Madras, the Hyderabad Contingent, and Bombay. Wherever possible a significant digit was retained in the new number. Thus the 1st Sikh Infantry became the 51st Sikhs , the 1st Madras Pioneers became the 61st Pioneers , and

4320-463: The British Army from the middle of the war. Particularly notable contributions of the Indian Army during that conflict were the: Over the course of the Second World War, about 87,000 Indian soldiers were killed. In this period, 31 Indians were awarded the Victoria Cross (See: Indians in ' List of Victoria Cross Recipients by Nationality' ). Out of the 252 Distinguished Service Orders awarded to

4440-602: The British Indian Army, at least 13 were awarded to native officers (See: South Asian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order ). The Germans and Japanese were relatively successful in recruiting combat forces from Indian prisoners of war . These forces were known as the Tiger Legion and the Indian National Army (INA). Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose led the 40,000-strong INA. From

4560-731: The Children , and Oxfam , focused on providing medical care, clean drinking water, and temporary housing for displaced populations. NGOs were crucial in addressing the psychological and social needs of affected communities, especially for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. The Gift of the Givers Foundation , for example, concentrated on delivering food, water, and medical supplies to remote areas that were difficult to access. Despite substantial aid, logistical difficulties hindered efficient relief efforts. Limited infrastructure, combined with harsh weather and mountainous terrain, delayed

4680-638: The Command system was restored in 1920. About 1.5 million Indian soldiers served during the First World War; the Indian Expeditionary Forces were deployed to France , Belgium, east Africa, Iraq, Egypt , and the Gallipoli peninsula , among other regions. Eleven Indian soldiers won the Victoria Cross in the war. During the Second World War, some 2.5 million soldiers served , and the Indian Army

4800-634: The Crown took over direct rule of British India from the East India Company . Before 1858, the precursor units of the Indian Army were units controlled by the Company and were paid for by their profits. These operated alongside units of the British Army, funded by the British government in London . The three Presidency armies remained separate forces, each with its own Commander-in-Chief . Overall operational control

4920-522: The General Staff , whose post was held by a Lieutenant-General . To provide training for staff officers , the Indian Staff College was established in 1905, and permanently based at Quetta from 1907. With no intermediate chain of command , army headquarters was weighed down with minor administrative details. Divisional commanders were responsible not only for their active formations, but also for internal security and volunteer troops within their respective areas. On mobilisation, divisional staffs took

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5040-424: The Gulf War. In 1992 there were 11,000 Blue Berets deployed around the world; by the end of the year the figure rose to 52,000. Presently it exceeds 80,000 troops. The table below shows the current deployment of Pakistani Forces in UN Peacekeeping missions. In times of natural disaster, such as the great floods of 1992 or the devastating October 2005 earthquake , army engineers, medical and logistics personnel, and

5160-449: The INA. Some Indian Army personnel resisted recruitment and remained POWs. An unknown number captured in Malaya and Singapore were taken to Japanese-occupied areas of New Guinea as forced labour. Many of these men suffered severe hardships and brutality, similar to that experienced by other prisoners of Japan during the Second World War. About 6,000 of them survived until they were liberated by Australian or US forces, in 1943–45. During

5280-607: The IRC distributed warm clothing and bedding and assisted in rebuilding homes and infrastructure, supporting long-term recovery efforts. The World Bank , with the Asian Development Bank , estimated reconstruction costs at $ 3.5 billion, providing financial and technical support for infrastructure, particularly in housing, education, and health, while promoting transparency and disaster risk reduction. The International Monetary Fund helped stabilize Pakistan’s economy by offering financial aid to manage fiscal pressures from emergency relief and reconstruction, ensuring economic stability and

5400-676: The ITF was the Auxiliary Force (India) . After the First World War the British started the process of Indianisation , by which Indians were promoted into higher officer ranks. In a 1923 census, the British Indian Army consisted of 64,669 British-born soldiers and officers, with 187,432 Indian-born soldiers in comparison. Indian cadets were sent to study in Great Britain at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst , and were given full commissions as King's Commissioned Indian Officers . The KCIOs were equivalent in every way to British commissioned officers and had full authority over British troops (unlike VCOs). Some KCIOs were attached to British Army units for

5520-403: The Indian Army were divided between the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan . As Brian Lapping wrote, "By comparison with the two great provinces [Bengal & Punjab], partition of the army and the civil service was easy, though by any other standard, it was difficult, wasteful, and destructive. ... The men were transferred in their units. Regiments of Sikh and Hindu soldiers from

5640-443: The North-West Frontier Province, it was estimated that 30% of exchanges and 8% of lines were disrupted. Immediately after the earthquake struck on October 8, 2005, local residents and organizations sprang into action to provide emergency aid and support to those in need. The government and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) played a crucial role in coordinating relief efforts, distributing food, water, and medical supplies to

5760-419: The Pakistan Army both in battle and in the conditions of peace, the Pakistan Army Medical Corps undertakes the following peace time activities: Before the First World War , the men of the Indian Army depended on their regimental hospitals for their medical treatment. In October 1918, Station Hospitals were sanctioned for the Indian troops to help improve the provision of services. The Indian Hospital Corps (IHC)

5880-531: The Presidency armies, continued to provide armed support to the civil authorities, both in combating banditry and in case of riots and rebellion. One of the first external operations the new unified army faced was the 1899 to 1901 Boxer Rebellion in China. The 1st , 4th , and 14th Sikhs ; 3rd Madras Native Infantry , 4th Goorkas , 22nd and 30th Bombay Native Infantry , 24th Punjab Infantry , 1st Madras Pioneers , No. 2 Company Bombay Sappers , No. 3 Company Madras Sappers , No. 4 Company Bengal Sappers , and

6000-540: The Punjab (including the North-West Frontier and the Punjab Frontier Force). Each was under the command of a lieutenant general , who answered directly to the C-in-C, India. The Presidency armies were abolished with effect from 1 April 1895 by a notification of the Government of India through Army Department Order Number 981 dated 26 October 1894, unifying the three Presidency armies into a single Indian Army. The armies were amalgamated into four commands, Northern , Southern , Eastern , and Western . The Indian Army, like

6120-425: The Richter scale. Following the quake, several studies were undertaken to determine the resultant postseismic deformation. The course of the Neelum River was changed by the landslides and the surface rupture, and a new waterfall also formed at the edges of Kunhar River valley. It was observed that new co-seismic escarpments formed where sharp topographic changes had existed. There are conflicting studies about

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6240-456: The Royal Military College, Sandhurst, after that date the Indian officers increasingly received their training at the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun which was established that year. At the outbreak of the Second World War , the Indian Army numbered 205,000 men and, as the war continued, this would rise to 2.5 million men to become the largest all–volunteer force in history. During this process, six corps would be raised; which consisted of

6360-705: The affected areas. The extent of the damage to the infrastructure meant that prompt action was required on the ground. Many individuals and communities provided assistance spontaneously. People opened their homes to those who had lost theirs, and volunteers worked tirelessly to clear debris and provide assistance to the injured. Despite the diverse approaches taken by different NGOs, this variation sometimes led to inefficiencies in resource allocation and duplication of efforts. For instance, while some organizations focused on immediate needs like food and medical supplies, others aimed for longer-term recovery solutions, which created challenges in coordinating effective responses across

6480-496: The affected population during the crisis. In early 2006, the Government of Pakistan organized a donors' conference to raise money for the reconstruction and development of the area. A large portion of these funds was provided by international NGOs for post-earthquake reconstruction and development by a reconstruction agency called the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA). Well over US$ 5.4 billion (400 billion Pakistani rupees ) in aid arrived from all around

6600-573: The armed forces have played a major role in bringing relief and supplies. The army has also engaged in extensive corporate activities. Most of these enterprises, such as stud and dairy farms, were for the army's own use, but others, such as bakeries, security services and banking, perform functions in the local civilian economy. Army factories have produced such goods as sugar, fertilizer, and brass castings which have then been sold to civilian consumers, albeit at prices higher than those charged from military personnel. Several army organizations operate in

6720-411: The armies of the three Presidencies and provinces of British India . Writing in The Indian Army (1834), Sir John Malcolm , who had a lifetime's experience of Indian soldiering, wrote about the Bengal Presidency: "They consist largely of Rajpoots ( Rajput ), who are a distinguished race among the Khiteree ( Kshatriya ), or Brhamins ( Brahmin ) We may judge of the size of these men when we are told that

6840-437: The army's organisation should be the same in peace as in war, and maintaining internal security was for the army a secondary role, in support of the police . Lord Kitchener found the army scattered across the country in stations at brigade or regimental strength, and in effect, providing garrisons for most of the major cities. The reformed Indian Army was to be stationed in operational formations and concentrated in

6960-459: The board. Women, despite facing significant cultural and logistical challenges, emerged as critical first responders, providing food, building temporary shelters, and offering emotional support. Despite the challenges posed by the scale of the disaster, the local response demonstrated the strength of community bonds and the importance of grassroots efforts in disaster management. The collective action of local residents, government agencies, and NGOs

7080-456: The building of disaster resistant shelters, improved water management, strengthening existing infrastructure, community preparedness and disaster risk management capacity strengthening (from national to sub-national levels) have been deployed to reduce the country's exposure and vulnerability to natural disasters. Although the scale of the international response to the 2005 earthquake was unprecedented, several conclusions can be drawn to improve

7200-407: The buildings were reportedly damaged after a short circuit resulted in a fire. Around 574 health facilities were reported to have been partially damaged or destroyed. In Pakistan, around 320 health institutions were destroyed and 44 were partially damaged. The resulting landslides from the earthquake affected transport, with closure of essential roads and highways. Sections of a road and pavement in

7320-619: The cold weather in the region, and poor insulation in camps. The earthquake caused significant psychological trauma for survivors who endured the sudden loss of family members, homes and livelihoods. This experience triggered acute stress reactions in many individuals, including anxiety , depression and later, post-traumatic stress disorder . The lack of mental health infrastructure in the affected areas compounded these problems as there were few resources available for trauma counselling or psychological support. Mental health clinics set up by non-governmental organisations provided some relief, but

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7440-449: The commercial sector across the country. For example, the National Logistics Cell was responsible for trucking food and other goods across the country; the Frontier Works Organization built the Karakorum Highway to China ; and the Special Communication Organization maintained communications networks in remote parts of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army has been involved in relief activities not only in Pakistan but also in many other countries of

7560-438: The disaster affected areas presented with the highest incidences of PTSD . This highlighted the need to provide targeted mental health support that specifically addressed PTSD symptoms, notably for the most at-risk groups such as women and children. The usefulness of the short-term, standalone mental health programmes that emerged in the aftermath of the disaster was challenged by the Pakistan Psychiatric Society who advocated for

7680-505: The divisional locations remained constant. To emphasise that there was now only one Indian Army, and that all units were to be trained and deployed without regard for their regional origins, the regiments were renumbered into single sequences of cavalry, artillery , infantry of the line , and Gurkha Rifles . Regimental designations were altered to remove all references to the former Presidential Armies. Where appropriate subsidiary titles recalling other identifying details were adopted. Thus

7800-440: The doctors of Pakistan's Army Medical Corps. The administration is carried out by the General Duty Medical Officers (GDMOs) while the patients' management and care is primarily the responsibility of the doctors of specialist cadre. The CMHs are categorized into three major parts depending on their functions, governing and physical body and role as Class 'A', Class 'B' and Class 'C' Hospitals. The Pakistan Army Medical Corps

7920-511: The earliest recorded quake occurring in 1255 in Kathmandu . The Kashmir valley is completely surrounded by mountains, with the valley floor being 1850 meters above sea level, but the encircling mountains reach heights of 3000–4000 meters. Its unique geography makes it particularly prone to natural disasters including floods, windstorms, avalanches and landslides, fires and droughts. It is, however, particularly prone to earthquakes as it lies on top of active geological faults where two tectonic plates,

8040-438: The earthquake in the most at-risk areas. Such measures, although necessary at the time, are unsustainable and delay critical investments in local health facilities which are better positioned to provide cost-effective, in-time emergency care to affected populations. Secondly, the first responders to the Pakistan earthquake were mostly untrained local volunteers who worked desperately to rescue as many people as possible but lacked

8160-493: The earthquake. In the aftermath, women often struggled with mental health issues including depression and anxiety as they assumed the burden of caring for the injured family members while dealing with their own trauma and additional occurrence of domestic violence . Children were at a heightened risk of developing psychological issues, including PTSD due to the traumatic experience of witnessing death and destruction. The devastating socio-economic impacts and health consequences of

8280-447: The efficiency and effectiveness of immediate post-disaster health responses. Firstly, longstanding under-investments in staffing, equipment and infrastructure meant that local health facilities could not provide immediate emergency care in the aftermath of the earthquake. They were effectively replaced by more than 50 "semi-permanent" foreign field hospitals which provided emergency care as well routine health services up to 9 months after

8400-412: The efficient management of international aid. Countries worldwide responded quickly with financial and logistical aid. For instance, Saudi Arabia contributed a $ 133 million aid package, including emergency supplies and medical teams, and institutionalized its support through SPAPEV. China provided $ 6.2 million in aid, deployed a 49-member rescue team with sniffer dogs, and sent US$ 1 million in cash and

8520-656: The establishment of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), the elaboration of a national disaster risk reduction policy, and the observation of a national resilience day on the 8th October to honour the earthquake victims and commit the country to improved disaster preparedness. The Pakistan government, in collaboration with the United Nations and other international organisations and partners, has made significant progress in implementing these frameworks and policies at sub-national levels, especially in high-risk areas. A wide range of practical interventions including risk and hazard mapping, conditional cash transfers for

8640-504: The estimated population of 315 million in the Indian subcontinent. Regimental battalions were not permanently allocated to particular divisions or brigades, but instead spent some years in one formation, and were then posted to another elsewhere. This rotating arrangement was intended both to provide all units with experience of active service on the Frontier, and to prevent them becoming 'localised' in static regimental stations. In contrast,

8760-662: The feared unrest in India never happened, and while the Indian Corps was transferred to the Middle East in 1915 India provided many more divisions for active service during the course of the war. Indians' first engagement was on the Western Front within a month of the start of the war, at the First Battle of Ypres . In October/November 1914, the Baluchis of the 129th Duke of Connaught's Own ,

8880-538: The field, leaving no-one to maintain the local administration. Supporting services were insufficient, and many troops intended for the field force were not moved from their old stations into the areas of their new divisional command. These defects became clear during the First World War , and lead to further reorganisation. The Indian Army Act 1911 legislated the replacement of the Indian Articles of War 1869. It

9000-482: The first Indian contingent to be in contact with Germans at Hollebeke (and the only to inscribe 'Ypres 1914'), the sepoy Khudadad Khan maintaining the position until gravely wounded became the first Indian to win a Victoria Cross (Indians were eligible from 1911). In November, after a retreat, a scout section of the 1st Battalion 39th Garhwal Rifles under the leadership of Naik Darwan Singh Negi , then badly injured, reinvested lost trenches. For his gallantry he received

9120-446: The first batch of rescue materials for immediate relief. Turkey delivered $ 150 million in aid, sent 30 aircraft with medical teams and relief goods, and built tent cities for 70,000 people. Cuba dispatched 2,260 health professionals, set up 32 field hospitals, supplied 234.5 tons of medicines, and offered 1,000 free medical scholarships to Pakistani students from rural areas. Numerous NGOs, including Médecins Sans Frontières , Save

9240-511: The height below which no recruit is taken is five feet six inches. The great proportion of the Grenadiers are six feet and upwards." The meaning of the term Indian Army changed over time, initially as an informal collective term for the armies of the three presidencies –the Bengal Army , Madras Army and Bombay Army –between 1858 and 1894. In 1895, the Indian Army began its formal existence and

9360-837: The impact of relief efforts. Nonetheless, the reliance on international aid raised questions about the sustainability of recovery efforts. Over-dependence on external resources could potentially undermine the local capacity for self-reliance and long-term resilience. In the initial phases of response, the Pakistan Medical corps, Corps of Engineers, Army Aviation and a large number of infantry units played important roles. Helicopters conducted aerial reconnaissance and delivered essential supplies to remote areas, while infantry units engaged in search and rescue operations, providing critical first aid and establishing temporary shelters. Their coordinated efforts not only facilitated immediate relief but also helped restore order and instill confidence among

9480-408: The knowledge and skill to safely evacuate and transfer the injured to health facilities. In the case of spinal cord injuries , this often aggravated symptoms and at times led to paralysis. To ensure better preparedness, it will be critical to provide training and logistical and material support to medical volunteers and local community members on emergency care and trauma management. People living in

9600-670: The large Eurasian and small Indian tectonic plates collide. This collision forces the Indian plate under the Eurasian plate, causing movement of the earth's crust. The geological activity born out of this collision, also responsible for the birth of the Himalayan mountain range , is the cause of unstable seismicity in the region. leading to earthquakes. This region continues to experience frequent earth-crust movement and thirty-two seismic events were recorded in this area between January to June 2023. Several studies have been undertaken to determine

9720-636: The later stages of the Second World War, from the fall of Singapore and the ending of ABDACOM in early 1942 until the formation of the South East Asia Command (SEAC) in August 1943, some American and Chinese units were placed under British military command. 12 September 1946 the minister for external affairs in India, Jawaharlal Nehru demanded in a letter to the Commander in Chief and Defence Secretary, that

9840-599: The majority of health related fields. In the past personnel were taken from Army Medical College in Rawalpindi, but with the need of more health professionals in the army as well as an increased demand for their services, the corps has begun to recruit civilians medical personnel, who then attend short military courses. Combined Military Hospitals (CMHs) are the base hospitals of the Pakistan Armed Forces, which are situated in various cantonments. These hospitals are run by

9960-558: The north of the subcontinent . The Commander-in-Chief's plan called for nine fighting divisions grouped in two corps commands on the main axes through the North-West Frontier. Five divisions were to be grouped on the Lucknow – Peshawar – Khyber axis, and four divisions on the Bombay – Mhow – Quetta axis. However, the cost of abandoning some thirty-four stations and building new ones in

10080-569: The north-west frontier had to make their way through Muslim territory to get out of what was to be Pakistan." Also in 1947 a final agreement was signed regarding the Gurkha regiments in the British Indian Army. Four Gurkha regiments, recruited from both eastern and western Nepal , would join the British Army . The remaining six Gurkha regiments of the British Indian Army joined the Dominion of India. During

10200-442: The occurrence of soil liquefaction. This phenomenon, and sand-blows were reported in the northwest of Kashmir Valley. However, one study did not observe any liquefaction. It is estimated that over 780,000 buildings were destroyed or damaged beyond repair. In Balakot , about 90% of the buildings in the city were reduced to rubble, and in Muzaffarabad, almost every building was either destroyed or damaged. In Uri, over 50% of

10320-493: The postseismic deformation following the earthquake. New lakes were formed as a result of the earthquake. There were many secondary earthquakes in the region, mainly to the northwest of the original epicenter. A series of strong aftershocks occurred near Muzaffarabad . As of 27 October 2005 There had been more than 978 aftershocks with a magnitude of 4.0 and above that continued to occur daily. Since then, measurements from satellites have shown that mountain parts directly above

10440-423: The proposed corps areas was considered prohibitive, and that aspect of the plan had to be modified. Under the compromise adopted in 1905, the four existing commands were reduced to three, and together with Army Headquarters , arranged in ten standing divisions and four independent brigades. The commands comprised: Northern Command , which consisted of the 1st (Peshawar) Division , the 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division ,

10560-413: The rebellion. The officer commanding the Army of India was the Commander-in-Chief , India who reported to the civilian Governor-General of India . The title was used before the creation of a unified British Indian Army; the first reported holder was then-Major Stringer Lawrence in 1748. Lawrence went to India with no larger command than a "small undisciplined garrison of two or three hundred men" facing

10680-429: The reforms ended in 1909, the Indian Army was organised along British lines, although it was always behind in terms of equipment. An Indian Army division consisted of three brigades each of four battalions. Three of these battalions were of the Indian Army, and one British. The Indian battalions were often segregated, with companies of different tribes, castes or religions. One and a half million volunteers came forward from

10800-541: The second VC. Nearly 700,000 troops then served in the Middle East, fighting against the Turks in the Mesopotamian campaign. There they were short of transportation for resupply and operated in extremely hot and dusty conditions. Led by Major General Sir Charles Townshend, they pushed on to capture Baghdad but they were repulsed by Ottoman forces. In the First World War the Indian Army saw extensive active service, including on

10920-543: The sub-continent, with internal security as their main function. In 1891 the three staff corps were merged into one Indian Staff Corps . Two years later the Madras and Bombay armies lost their posts of Commander-in-Chief. In 1895, the Presidency Armies were abolished and the Indian Army created thereby was grouped into four commands : Bengal, Madras (including Burma ), Bombay (including Sind , Quetta , and Aden ), and

11040-647: The support was often short lived to limited funding and resources. Cultural stigma surrounding mental health also discouraged individuals from seeking help, further amplifying the psychological burden of the earthquake. In terms of non-communicable diseases, increased rates of hypertension , diabetes and cardiovascular disease were observed as access to routine health care services became severely disrupted. This disruption meant that individuals with chronic illnesses struggled to obtain necessary medications and medical care, leading to poor disease management and subsequent health complications. Long term mental health impact

11160-943: The survivability of the Army, serving each and every soldier both in the battle field and back in the temporary and permanent care hospitals." 1. Medical cadets from Army Medical College , CMH Lahore Medical College , CMH Kharian Medical College, CMH Bahawalpur Medical College, CMH Karachi (Malir) medical college, CMH Multan Medical College and CMH Quetta Medical College after completion of basic military training at Pakistan Military Academy join this corps. 2. The civil medical college graduated students / specialists are also inducted into Army Medical Corps. Divided into two categories, SSRC and PTC, they undergo basic military training at Pakistan Military Academy for 22 weeks. 3. Soldiers in nursing and other trades of Army Medical Corps cadre undergo their basic military training and nursing classes at AMC centre Abbottabad and subsequent professional courses at AFPGMI . Besides their primary role in serving

11280-621: The suzerainty of the King-Emperor ." The Indian Army was an important part of the forces of the British Empire , in India and abroad, particularly during the First World War and the Second World War . The term Indian Army appears to have been first used informally, as a collective description of the Presidency armies, which collectively comprised the Bengal Army , the Madras Army and

11400-503: The terminology used for the forces in India was altered. The Indian Army referred from that time to "the force recruited locally and permanently based in India, together with its expatriate British officers;" the British Army in India referred to the British Army units posted to India for a tour of duty, and which would then be posted to other parts of the Empire or back to the UK. The Army of India

11520-545: The three Presidency Armies , it was responsible for the defence of both British India and the princely states , which could also have their own armies . As stated in the Imperial Gazetteer of India , the "British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within: its army is organized for the defence not merely of British India, but of all possessions under

11640-517: The title of the Indian Staff Corps was abolished, and thereafter officers were simply appointed to 'the Indian Army.' A General Staff was then created to deal with overall military policy, supervision of training in peacetime, conduct of operations in war, distribution of forces for internal security or external deployment , plans for future operations and collecting intelligence . Functions were divided along British lines into two branches;

11760-542: The transition period after partition, those Gurkha regiments that were in Pakistan, did their service, but were eventually moved back to India. The partition reduced the ethnic imbalance of the British Indian Army, which became the present-day Indian Army . But, the partition resulted in more ethnic imbalance in the Pakistani military, mainly because the new nation state of Pakistan was formed by joining West Punjab, NWFP, East Bengal, Baluchistan, and Sind. The new Pakistan Army

11880-615: The transport of critically injured patients to hospitals, increasing fatalities among the injured Lower income populations faced greater hardship due to inadequate housing which was more vulnerable to collapse during the earthquake. These individuals also lacked financial means to rebuild their homes and lives post disaster, prolonging their exposure to hazardous living conditions and increasing their risk of health complications. Women, especially those who were pregnant or had caregiving responsibilities faced additional health challenges due to their limited mobility and high risk of injury during

12000-747: The transport of supplies to remote areas. Additionally, coordination challenges among different organizations sometimes led to resource duplication and gaps in critical areas. The 100,000 and more injured suffered from fractures, crush injuries and lacerations. Healthcare facilities were inundated, and makeshift field hospitals were quickly established; However, the lack of adequate facilities, supplies and skilled personnel significantly hampered medical response efforts. Temporary shelters and overcrowded camps coupled with inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, led to outbreaks of respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases and measles . Respiratory infections were notably prevalent, exacerbated by

12120-599: The unification of the three former Presidency armies , and also the Punjab Frontier Force , the Hyderabad Contingent and other local forces, into one Indian Army. The principles underlying the reforms were that the defence of the North-West Frontier against foreign aggression was the army's primary role and that all units were to have training and experience in that role on that frontier. Furthermore,

12240-503: The wake of the new world power equilibrium a more complex security environment has emerged. It is characterised by growing national power politics and state implosions which have necessitated involvement of the United Nations peace keeping forces for conflict resolution. The United Nations has been undertaking peace keeping operations since its inception, but the need for employment of peace keeping forces has increased significantly since

12360-795: The world came to the region to assist in relief efforts. The United Nations employed the cluster approach in its response, with ten key clusters led by specialized agencies addressing critical areas of need. The United Nations Development Programme coordinated responses, rebuilt shelters, schools, and health facilities, and implemented a cash-for-work program. The United Nations Population Fund deployed nine mobile medical units, provided reproductive health services for one million people, and focused on pregnant women and children. The United Nations Children's Fund distributed school kits for 140,000 children, established 70 child-friendly spaces, and reopened 487 schools. The World Food Programme provided emergency food, including high-energy biscuits, and launched

12480-556: The world, such as the relief activities after Bangladesh was recently hit by floods. The Army also dispatched relief to Indonesia , Bangladesh and Sri Lanka after they were hit by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the resulting tsunami. Both the Pakistan Army and Navy sent ships and helicopters to assist in the tsunami relief operation. The Army Medical Corps are responsible for providing medical facilities and organizing free medical camps in under privileged tribal areas such as

12600-629: The world. US Marine and Army helicopters stationed in neigbouring Afghanistan quickly flew aid into the devastated region along with five CH-47 Chinook helicopters from the Royal Air Force that were deployed from the United Kingdom. Five crossing points were opened on the Line of Control (LOC), between India and Pakistan, to facilitate the flow of humanitarian and medical aid to the affected region, and aid teams from different parts of Pakistan and around

12720-664: Was also felt in Afghanistan , Tajikistan , India and the Xinjiang region. The severity of the damage caused by the earthquake is attributed to severe upthrust. Although not the largest earthquake to hit this region in terms of magnitude it is considered the deadliest, surpassing the 1935 Quetta earthquake . Sources indicate that the official death toll in this quake in Pakistan was between 73,276 and 87,350, with some estimates being as high as over 100,000 dead. In India , 1,360 people were killed, while 6,266 people were injured. Three and

12840-709: Was also significant. Research conducted years after the earthquake found that many survivors were still experiencing symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders. These persistent psychological effects highlight the limited access to mental health resources in the affected regions and the cultural barriers preventing individuals from seeking mental health support. The severity of injuries varied across regions, with mountainous and remote areas particularly affected. The geographical isolation of these regions made it challenging for rescue teams to provide timely assistance, leading to higher mortality rates in these hard-to-reach areas. Their rugged terrain and damaged infrastructure delayed

12960-523: Was characterized by massive landslides and rockfalls, affecting transport, with closure of essential roads and highways. The time of day when the quake occurred (8:50am) also contributed to the loss of life and devastation. As Saturday is a normal school day in the region, most students were at school when the earthquake struck. In total, approximately 19 000 of those who died in Pakistan, were school children who were inside when their schools collapsed. Many people were also trapped in their homes, and because it

13080-570: Was destroyed. In Balakot, some pylons were tilted. The GSM network withstood the impact of the earthquake better. In both towns, the Mobilink operator was functional, but was saturated and experienced intermittent signal, and was therefore unreliable. In contrast, landline telephone infrastructure was completely destroyed. It was estimated that about 40% of telecommunication exchanges, and 15% of telephone lines in Azad Jammu and Kashmir were disrupted. In

13200-604: Was exercised by the Commander-in-Chief of the Bengal Army , who was formally the Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies. From 1861, most of the officer manpower was pooled in the three Presidential Staff Corps. After the Second Afghan War a Commission of Enquiry recommended the abolition of the presidency armies. The Ordnance , Supply and Transport , and Pay branches were by then unified. The Punjab Frontier Force

13320-565: Was formed by the Group of Madras , Bengal and Bombay Sappers in their respective presidencies. The Queen's Own Corps of Guides, Punjab Frontier Force, composed of cavalry squadrons and infantry companies , was renamed the Queen's Own Corps of Guides (Lumsden's) but stayed numberless. The new regimental numbering and namings were notified in India Army Order 181 , dated 2 October 1903. In 1903

13440-556: Was initially divided into ten Division Companies, which corresponded to the ten existing Military Divisions in India and Burma. They were located at Peshawar , Rawalpindi , Lahore , Quetta , Mhow , Poona , Meerut , Lucknow , Secunderabad and Rangoon . After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistan Army raised its own medical corps. Since then the Pakistan Army Medical Corps has provided services in

13560-418: Was instrumental in providing immediate relief and setting the stage for long-term recovery and reconstruction. Medical rehabilitation services swiftly intervened, providing assistive devices and customized prosthetics to facilitate the early recovery of injured individuals' functional abilities and psychological states. As a crucial component of this relief effort, MST Military Hospital, equipped with 12 beds and

13680-553: Was mainly made up of soldiers from two of these provinces. The Bangladesh Army , which was created from the Pakistan Army on the independence of Bangladesh , retain many British Indian Army traditions. The armies of the East India Company were recruited primarily from forward caste Hindus and Muslims in the Bengal Presidency , which consisted of Bengal , Bihar and Uttar Pradesh , and Oudh . This later expanded into

13800-527: Was passed by the Governor General . It was under aspects of this law that the Army charged defendants during the Indian National Army Trials in 1945. It was replaced by the "Indian Army Act, 1950" after partition and independence. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War , the strength of the British Indian Army was 215,000. Either in 1914 or before, a ninth division had been formed,

13920-650: Was recognized as the largest volunteer army in history to that point. India itself also served as a major logistical base for Allied operations in World War II. The force is also sometimes referred to as the Army of the Indian Empire , or Imperial Indian Army . The Indian Army should not be confused with the Army of India , which was the Indian Army plus the British Army in India (British units sent to India). With

14040-606: Was the "army of the government of India", including British and Indian ( sepoy ) units; this arrangement lasted until 1902. Many of these troops took part in the Indian Mutiny , with the aim of reinstating the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II at Delhi, partly as a result of insensitive treatment by their British officers. During this period, the Company Raj relied heavily upon the armies of Princely states to quell

14160-667: Was the month of Ramadan , most people were taking a nap after their pre-dawn meal and did not have time to escape. Women made up a larger number of casualties than men, as many were inside, cleaning after the morning meal. Hospitals, schools, and rescue services, including police and armed forces, were paralysed. There was virtually no infrastructure, and communication was badly affected. Local building construction practices, poor workmanship, economic constraints and design flaws meant that almost 780 000 buildings were destroyed or damaged beyond repair. The Pakistani government's official death toll as of November 2005 stood at 87,350, although it

14280-525: Was under the direct control of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab during peacetime until 1886, when it came under the Commander-in-Chief, India. The Hyderabad Contingent and other local corps remained under direct governmental control. Standing higher formations – divisions and brigades – were abandoned in 1889. No divisional staffs were maintained in peacetime, and troops were dispersed throughout

14400-521: Was used to describe the combined forces of both the Indian Army and the British Army in India. By the early 1900s the three previous separate army staffs had been amalgamated into Headquarters, India ( see 1906 Birthday Honours ) which by 1922 had become GHQ India ( see 1922 New Year Honours ). (or equivalent) 2005 Kashmir earthquake An earthquake occurred at 08:50:39 Pakistan Standard Time on 8 October 2005 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir ,

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