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98-506: Its land area consists of two non-contiguous parts, separated by Laguna de Bay . Pakil borders Mabitac to the north, Pangil to the west, and Paete to the south. Pakil is 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Santa Cruz , 106 kilometres (66 mi) from Manila , and 67 kilometres (42 mi) from Lucena . The land from Punta Inuod to Guinabihan, Banilan is where the first settlers Gat Maitan and his wife Panumbalihan, and Gat Silayan Maginto and his wife Potongan first established themselves. After

196-582: A national defense plan. The official rebirth of the Philippine Army occurred with the passage of Commonwealth Act No. 1 , approved on December 21, 1935, which effected the organization of a Council of National Defense and of the Army of the Philippines . The act set forth the organizational structure of the army in some detail, set forth enlistment procedures, and established mobilization procedures. With this act,

294-924: A navigation lane for passenger boats since the Spanish colonial era . It is also used as a source of water for the Kalayaan Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Project in Kalayaan, Laguna . Other uses include fishery , aquaculture , recreation , food support for the growing duck industry, irrigation and a "virtual" cistern for domestic, agricultural, and industrial effluents . On December 15, 2023, Marcos, Jr., assisted by Maynilad president and CEO Ramoncito Fernandez, MWSS administrator, Leonor Cleofas and Manuel Pangilinan inaugurated Maynilad Water Services ’s P11-billion Poblacion Water Treatment Plant in Muntinlupa City. The operation and maintenance of

392-647: A new U.S. command in the Far East was created, known as the United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) under the command of General MacArthur. On the same date, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , issued a Presidential Order (6 Fed. Reg. 3825) which called the Philippine Army into the service of the Armed Forces of the United States. The Presidential Order did not order all the military forces of

490-553: A privately owned island off the coast of mainland Cardona, Rizal ; Malahi Island which used to be the site of Maligi Island military reservation, near the southern tip of Talim; the nearby islands of Bonga and Pihan, also in Cardona; and Bay Island off the coast of Bay, Laguna , which is closely associated with the precolonial crocodile-deity myths of that town. The lake is fed by 45,000 km (17,000 sq mi) of catchment areas and its 21 major tributaries . Among these are

588-618: A rapid deployment force, combined in one major unit, and serves as a major maneuver unit, capable of rapid mobilization and conventional warfare. The Army has one armor division, comprising two mechanized brigades, six mechanized battalions, seven separate cavalry squadrons, a maintenance unit and an aviation arm. The unit is responsible for mechanized fire support, as well as the deployment of mobile infantry brigades and armored reconnaissance units. The Army has one artillery regiment, comprising nine artillery battalions and six artillery battery units, responsible of overall artillery fire support to

686-456: A series of raids by pirates and marauders, they moved to the present site of Poblacion, leaving behind Chief Maginoong Dalaga who ruled the place. This account explains why Pakil has two territories on the eastern and western sides of the lake. Gat Maitan and Gat Silayan are one of the borne-leaders from the ancient town of Malolos which was called by pre-colonial Chinese traders from Fujian as "Lihan" where Gats and Lacandolas abundantly reside along

784-581: A service branch of what was now called the Armed Forces of the Philippines. This resulted in the formation of the Philippine Air Force and reformation of the Philippine Navy as separate organizations after long years as part of the Philippine Army. In the early fifties and the mid-sixties, the Philippine government extended a helping hand to war-torn countries as part of its commitment as member of

882-518: Is assisted by the Vice-Commander of the Philippine Army, and the Chief of Staff, Philippine Army in charge on organizational and administrative matters, both holding the ranks of Major General . The Philippine Army consists of 11 infantry divisions, 1 armor division, 1 combined arms brigade, 1 artillery regiment, 5 engineer brigades, 1 aviation regiment, and 7 combat support units which are spread throughout

980-664: Is bordered by the province of Laguna in the east, west and southwest, the province of Rizal in the north to northeast, and Metropolitan Manila in the northwest. The lake has an average depth of 2.8 meters (9 ft 2 in) and its excess water is discharged through the Pasig River . The middle part of Laguna de Bay between Mount Sembrano and Talim Island , is the Laguna Caldera believed to have been formed by two major volcanic eruptions, around 1 million and 27,000–29,000 years ago. Remnants of its volcanic history are shown by

1078-597: Is cultivated extensively in the floodway as well. The Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike is a proposed expressway in the coastal area of Laguna de Bay in the Philippines , from Taguig in Metro Manila to Calamba and Los Baños in Laguna . The project will involve the construction of a 47-kilometer-long (29 mi), six-lane dike including bridges, pumping stations and ancillary flood gates. The project will also involve

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1176-466: Is expected. Of the said figure, about 695 have wastewater treatment facilities. Despite this, the lake is absorbing huge amounts of pollution from these industries in the forms of discharges of industrial cooling water, toxic spills from barges and transport operations, and hazardous chemicals like lead, mercury, aluminum and cyanide. Based from the said figure, 65% are classified as "pollutive" industries. The hastened agricultural modernization throughout

1274-630: Is helping out young students to continue the rich musical heritage of the town. Pakil Music Program (PMP) is providing music education through note reading and instrument performances with the help of some retired musicians. The current executive director of the PMP is Mr. Roy Regalado. The St. Peter of Alcantara Parish , also the Diocesan Shrine of the Our Lady of Turumba is a Roman Catholic Church in Pakil and home to

1372-400: Is politically subdivided into 13 barangays .   Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . In the 2020 census, the population of Pakil, Laguna, was 23,495 people, with a density of 510 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,300 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Pakil Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Music was formally initiated in

1470-436: Is the largest lake in the Philippines . It is located southeast of Metro Manila , between the provinces of Laguna to the south and Rizal to the north. A freshwater lake, it has a surface area of 911–949 km (352–366 sq mi), with an average depth of about 2.8 meters (9 ft 2 in) and an elevation of about one meter above sea level. The lake is shaped like a crow's foot, with two peninsulas jutting out from

1568-695: Is the main, oldest and largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), responsible for ground warfare and as of 2021 had an estimated strength of 143,100 soldiers The service branch was established on December 21, 1935, as the Philippine Commonwealth Army . The Philippine Army has engaged in many conflicts including the ongoing Communist rebellion in the Philippines , the Moro conflict and, alongside other national military forces, in conflicts of international scope. The Commanding General of

1666-541: The AFP Special Operations Command (SOCOM) : The Army, being the dominant branch of the AFP, has maintained a large number of bases throughout the country compared to the other branches. They have used these bases in support of their operations nationwide. The Philippine Army has made use of its existing equipment to fulfill its mandate while modernization projects are underway. The Republic Act No. 7898 declares

1764-654: The M1911 pistol . After the Battle of Bataan, the Japanese began the siege and Battle of Corregidor . Defending forces included regiments of the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays , the 4th Marine Regiment and other Philippine, U.S. Army and Navy units and soldiers. Japanese forces landed at Corregidor on May 5, 1942. The island's fall led to the surrender of all defending Filipino and American forces on May 6, 1942. About 4,000 of

1862-1208: The Pagsanjan River which is the source of 35% of the Lake's water, the Santa Cruz River which is the source of 15% of the Lake's water, the Marikina River (through the Manggahan Floodway ), the Mangangate River , the Tunasan River , the San Pedro River , the Cabuyao River , the San Cristobal River , the San Juan River , the Bay , Calo and Maitem rivers in Bay , the Molawin , Dampalit and Pele rivers in Los Baños ,

1960-744: The Pangil River , the Tanay River , the Morong River , the Siniloan River and the Sapang Baho River . The lake is primarily drained through the Pasig River , which is technically a tidal estuary instead of a unidirectional "river." The lake is a multipurpose resource, used for fishery, transportation, irrigation of agricultural lands, power generation, and as a reservoir for regional flood management, among other things. The lake has been used as

2058-643: The Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the national gendarmerie force for law enforcement. Both of these organizations and their victories over the PRA; the Scouts were integrated into the U.S. Army, and the Constabulary gradually took over the responsibility for suppressing hostile forces' activities from United States Army units. This contributed to ending the conflict in 1902, even as resistance continued (inclusive of

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2156-991: The Philippine National Guard with the intent to join the American Expeditionary Force . By the time it was absorbed into the National Army it had grown to 25,000 soldiers. However, these units did not see action. The first Filipino to die in World War I was Private Tomas Mateo Claudio who served with the U.S. Army as part of the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe. He died in the Battle of Chateau Thierry in France on June 29, 1918. The Tomas Claudio Memorial College in Morong Rizal, Philippines, which

2254-516: The 11,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war from the island were marched through the streets of Manila to incarceration at Fort Santiago in Intramuros and Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa , Rizal , which had become Japanese camps. With the fall of Corregidor, Filipino and U.S. forces under U.S. command surrendered. After the surrender, thousands of Filipinos formerly under U.S. command (especially

2352-496: The 11th Airborne Division that helped liberate Southern Luzon and Manila at the closing stages of the Japanese occupation of the country. It would only take until the 1970s and the Communist and Muslim rebellions that would force the PA into the establishment of its 2nd Infantry Division, which led to the raising of more infantry divisions all over the country, as well as the formal raising of

2450-503: The 2000s, the Army acquired a small aviation capability for transport purposes, with plans to include attack and transport helicopters, a rocket artillery battery unit, and a land-based missile battery system unit. These ranks and insignia are also found in buttons of camouflage military uniforms The Philippine Army is headed by the Chief of the Army , attaining the rank of Lieutenant General . He

2548-571: The AFP was officially established. The development of the by now renewed Philippine Army was slow. The year 1936 was devoted to the building of camps, organization of cadres, and the special training of instructors, drawn largely from the Constabulary, which joined the new force as the Constabulary Division. The commander of the Philippine Department provided Philippine Scouts as instructors and detailed U.S. Army officers to assist in

2646-710: The Army slowly fulfills its modernization efforts and will soon be responsible for future air support and improved transport operations. The Army has seven combat support units, responsible for overall combat support operations, ranging from communications, logistics, intelligence, ordinance disposal, enforcement, signalling, and services operations. The Army has 14 combat service support units, responsible for overall organizational support; as well as public, information, and military law affairs; security and escort operations; and medical, dental and religious services. The Philippine Army has three special operations regiments dedicated to special operations. These units report directly to

2744-1060: The Army's Special Operations Command and what is now today the Armor Division. The Philippine Army was also involved in major conflicts worldwide, such as the Korean War , the Vietnam War , the War on terror , the Persian Gulf War and the Iraq War , as well as missions with the United Nations , such as the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force in Golan Heights and the United Nations Mission in East Timor . By

2842-904: The Augustinian Recollect Sisters. In 1982, the school's name was changed to Liceo De Pakil by the Diocese of San Pablo . The first batch to graduate under Liceo de Pakil was the batch of 1983 graduating class. In 1986, the administration of the school was passed on to the Missionary Catechists of St. Therese (MCST). Liceo De Pakil is currently under the administration of the MCST and the Diocese of San Pablo. Laguna de Bay Laguna de Bay ( Spanish for "Lagoon/Lake of Bay "; Filipino : Lawa ng Bay , [bɐˈʔi] ), also known as Laguna Lake and alternatively spelled " Laguna de Bae ",

2940-566: The Bureau of Constabulary and Makapili militia. After the restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines on October 20, 1944, President Sergio Osmeña, the government, military officials and cabinet returned from exile in the United States. After the war, four military areas were activated to take the place of military districts. The Armed Forces were reorganized, thereby giving birth to its four major services. Headquarters National Defense Forces

3038-498: The Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. As at Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on 12 December 1941. General Douglas MacArthur was ordered out, leaving his men at Corregidor on

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3136-505: The Continuous and Comprehensive Monitoring System (CCMS) provided by the Japanese government. Laguna de Bay has had a significant impact on the cultures of the communities that grew up around its shores, ranging from folk medicine to architecture. For example, the traditional cure for a child constantly experiencing nose bleed in Victoria, Laguna is to have the child submerge his or her head in

3234-606: The Japanese troops occupied in Pakil, Laguna and in 1945, the liberated from the Philippine Commonwealth forces under the Philippine Army and Philippine Constabulary entering in Pakil, Laguna with the local recognized guerrillas against the Japanese forces during the Second World War . In 1954, the sitios known as Casa Real, Casinsin and Kabulusan were converted into barrios. Durado followed suit in 1957. Pakil

3332-693: The LLDA only if the wastewater being discharged complied with the said order. According to the Clean Water Act of 2004, the DENR (through the LLDA) shall implement a wastewater charge system in all management areas including the Laguna Lake region and Regional Industrial Centers through the collection of wastewater charges/fees. The system shall be established on the basis of payment to the government for discharging wastewater into

3430-672: The Laguna Lake Drinking Water Treatment Plant was awarded by Maynilad Water Services to Acciona , CEO José Díaz-Caneja, and D.M Consulting Inc. -DMCI Holdings, Inc. It will process 150 million liters of drinking water a day from Laguna de Bay. Because of its importance in the development of the Laguna de Bay Region, unlike other lakes in the country, its water quality and general condition are closely monitored. This important water resource has been greatly affected by development pressures like population growth, rapid industrialization , and resources allocation. At least 18 fish species are known from Laguna de Bay; none are strictly endemic to

3528-408: The Muslims of the south, resulting in the Moro Rebellion ) through 1914. Starting in 1910, one Philippine Scout soldier was sent to the United States Military Academy each year. Several of these graduates who had served with the Scouts, along with PC officers, formed part of the first officer corps of the revitalized Philippine Army established in 1935. In 1917 the Philippine Assembly created

3626-407: The Our Lady of Sorrows de Turumba. Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Turumba ("Our Lady of Sorrows of Turumba") is the name for a specific statue of the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Sorrows, enshrined in Pakil. Liceo de Pakil is a private sectarian Catholic high school originally established by the Maryknoll Fathers in 1956. At first, the school was named Maryknoll Fathers High School following

3724-417: The PRA remained active in the Philippines under the Central Executive Committee established by Francisco Macabulos . On May 19, 1898, during the Spanish–American War , Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, rekindled the revolution, declared independence from Spain, and became President of the First Philippine Republic which was established during the lull following Spanish surrender to American forces in

3822-432: The Pasig River to regulate the tidal flow of saline water between Manila Bay and the lake, and to prevent the intrusion of polluted water into the lake. It has a fully gated diversion dam at its head and was designed with a width of 260 meters (850 ft). Over 40,000 households are situated along the floodway's banks and these shoreline slums have reduced its effective width to 220 meters (720 ft). Kangkong

3920-400: The Philippine Archipelago. The Philippine Army has several regular units (Infantry, Armor, Artillery, Special Forces, Intelligence, Signalling and Engineering units) and five regular support units (Medical, Ordinance, Quartermaster, Finance and Adjutant General units) dedicated to both counter-insurgency and conventional army operations. The Army has 4 support commands, and is responsible for

4018-413: The Philippine Army is its professional and overall head. Its main headquarters (Headquarters Philippine Army or HPA) is located at Fort Andres Bonifacio , Taguig City . After three centuries of Spanish rule there were calls for social reforms and an end to the perceived oppressive friar rule. In 1896, Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan to prepare his band of Filipinos for armed revolt against

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4116-401: The Philippine Scouts and Constabulary, from among former officers of the National Guard and from such others who possess exceptional ability or special training and skill." After the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth on November 15, 1935, President Manuel L. Quezon sought the services of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (also Philippine Army Field Marshal ) to evolve

4214-409: The Philippine government into the service of the United States Armed Forces; only those units and personnel indicated in orders issued by a general officer of the United States Army were mobilized and made an integral part of the United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE), and only those members of a unit who physically reported for duty were inducted. With an annual appropriation of 16 million pesos,

4312-473: The Philippines . President Sergio Osmeña and Major General Basilio J. Valdes ordered the re-establishment of the army. The general headquarters of the Philippine Army and the United States Army Forces in the Far East moved to Tacloban , Leyte on October 23. From October 17, 1944, to September 2, 1945, local Philippine Constabulary troops, guerrilla units and the American liberation forces fought Imperial Japanese and Kempeitai troops which were supported by

4410-448: The Philippines after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu on December 7, 1941. At this time, two regular and ten reserve divisions of the Philippine Army undertook the defense of the Philippines . This included North Luzon Force (under then Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright ), South Luzon Force activated December 13, 1941 under Brig. Gen. George M. Parker Jr., the Visayas-Mindanao Force under Colonel W.F. Sharp in

4508-442: The Philippines on 20 October 1944. The landings on the island of Leyte were accompanied by a force of 700 vessels and 174,000 men. Through December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of Japanese soldiers. During the campaign, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted a suicidal defense of the islands. Cities such as Manila were reduced to rubble. Around 500,000 Filipinos died during the Japanese Occupation Period. In 1942,

4606-431: The Philippines. The 1898 Treaty of Paris formalized the end of the Spanish–American War , with one of its provisions being cession of the Philippines to America by Spain. Shortly thereafter, the Philippine–American War erupted between that nascent republic and occupying American forces, eventually resulting in American victory and the disbanding of the PRA. During the final years of the Philippine–American War, with

4704-430: The Spanish government. The Katipunan formed an army of insurgents . On March 22, 1897, almost a year after the outbreak of hostilities between the Katipuneros and the Spanish troops, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as revolutionary president in the Tejeros Convention and revolutionary forces were organized into the Philippine Revolutionary Army (PRA). General Artemio Ricarte was named Captain General. This date marks

4802-418: The United Nations. 1950 would see the new army not just fighting Communist groups in Luzon but from August of that year, even the Korean People's Army and their allies in the People's Liberation Army in the Korean War as PA Battalion Combat Teams (BCTs) forming the bulk of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea formed part of the UN forces, led by the US, that fought in the conflict. The decade saw

4900-412: The allowable limit. The Manggahan Floodway is an artificially constructed waterway in Metro Manila , Philippines. The floodway was built in 1986, with the cost of 1.1 billion pesos, in order to reduce flooding along the Pasig River during the rainy season, by diverting the peak water flows of the Marikina River to Laguna de Bay, which serves as a temporary reservoir. In case the water level on

4998-420: The army's maneuver units. The Army has 5 engineer brigades, responsible for overall engineering support, construction of army facilities, and counter-mobility operations. The Army has one aviation regiment, which is part of the Army's Armor Division, responsible for reconnaissance and airborne operations such as aerial transport and medical evacuation duties. The unit is also undergoing significant upgrades as

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5096-506: The church choir. The entire population became involved in teaching their youth to sing and play instruments. This tradition was handed down from generation to generation. The Adonay family influenced the spread of musical interest and helped form the first brass band in Pakil. The elderly Tacio Celis helped train children to read musical notes and play instruments. Since then, many young musicians finished college on scholarships by playing for their school bands. Currently Pakil Music Program

5194-405: The control of General Douglas MacArthur's General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area . The Japanese occupation of the Philippines saw repeated combat between the Japanese imperial forces, their collaborators and Filipino guerrillas. The American and Allied liberation force which began landing on October 17, 1944, was aided by local Filipino soldiers and recognized guerrillas in the liberation of

5292-459: The cost of administering the discharge permitting and water pollution charge system; c) reflect damages caused by water pollution on the surrounding environment, including the cost of rehabilitation; d) type of pollutant; e) classification of the receiving water body; and f) other special attributes of the water body. CECAM is a 5-year research cooperation between Japanese and Filipino scientists. Seven monitoring instruments are being used as part of

5390-410: The defeat of the Filipino Forces in the Philippine–American War of 1898–1900, the Americans had to reorganize the pattern of the Civil Government in the country in 1901. It was Bernardo Gonzales was appointed the first Municipal President (Presidente Municipal) under American Period until November 25, 1903. Upon this reorganization, the Public Law No. 1009, of the Philippine Commission, the town of Pakil

5488-436: The early colonial times, "Bayi" or "Vahi". The town's name is believed to have come from the Tagalog word for "settlement" ( bahayan ), and is related to the words for "house" ( bahay ), "shore" ( baybayin ), and "boundary" ( baybay ), among others. The introduction of the English language during the American administration of the Philippines , elicited confusion as the English word " bay ", referring to another body of water,

5586-507: The existing road networks. The Export-Import Bank of Korea-Economic Development Cooperation Fund (KEXIM-EDCF) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) will jointly finance the project. The Manila Water began laying down in 2021 two high density polyethylene (HDPE) underground and 21 km submarine pipes from Binangonan , Cardona , Morong , and Pililla to expand their services under the East Bay Phase 1 Project. These two pipes once completed will deliver 50 million liters per day (MLD) to

5684-438: The families living along the shoreline do not have toilets and/or septic tanks. In 2018 a survey on Microplastics were conducted by researchers from the Polytechnic University of the Philippines , and have found out that the Laguna de Bay is heavily polluted with microplastics. The study involved three (3) barangays and these are Napindan , San Isidro, and Sampiruhan. Among the barangays, Sampiruhan in Calamba, Laguna has

5782-400: The first Capitan Municipal or Gobernadorcillo on May 12, 1676, and finally Pakil was named as an independent town with the administration of "Capitan Municipal" at the helm of the local colonial government, the last of whom was Capitan Municipal Don Nicolas Regalado. With the change of government from Spanish to American upon the total Occupation of the United States in the Philippines after

5880-415: The former Visayas-Mindanao Force , which had seen little combat) evaded Japanese confinement and hid in the jungle. Every major island had guerrilla groups; Luzon had a dozen, including the Communist Huks . After initial clashes based on religious and political rivalries order was gradually restored, with most willing to trust the United States to grant independence in time. Many of these groups worked under

5978-430: The founding day of the PRA, and is considered by the Armed Forces of the Philippines to be the establishment date of the Philippine Army. On November 1, the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was established, with the PRA as its military arm. That republic was dissolved on December 14 by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato , with Aguinaldo and other senior leadership going into exile in Hong Kong . During the exile period, some elements of

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6076-462: The handling of reserves, creating doctrines and training operations, and overall installation and combat support in the army's operations. The Army has a total of 11 infantry divisions, composed of 2-4 infantry brigades. The infantry divisions are also part of the 6 Unified Commands of the AFP, and are responsible for overall infantry operations within their respective areas of responsibility. The Army has one combined arms brigade , and also serves as

6174-407: The inspection, instruction, and administration of the program. By the end of the year instructors had been trained and camps established. The first group of 20,000 men was called up on January 1, 1937, and by the end of 1939 there were 4,800 officers and 104,000 men in the reserves. Infantry training was given at camps scattered throughout the Philippines. Field artillery training was concentrated in

6272-413: The islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine, and sent reinforcements and officers. Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, partly because of the American guarantee of independence, and also because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and even put young Filipino women into brothels. General MacArthur kept his promise to return to

6370-411: The lake is higher than the Marikina River, the floodway can also reverse the flow. By design, the Manggahan Floodway is capable of handling 2,400 cubic meters per second of water flow, although the actual flow is about 2,000 cubic meters per second. To complement the floodway, the Napindan Hydraulic Control System (NHCS) was built in 1983 at the confluence of the Marikina River and the Napindan Channel of

6468-528: The lake is often incorrectly called "Laguna Bay," including in government websites, or "Laguna Lake", which is used by the Laguna Lake Development Authority . Laguna de Bay is a large shallow freshwater body in the heart of Luzon Island with an aggregate area of about 911 km (352 sq mi) and a shoreline of 220 km (140 mi). It is considered to be the third largest inland body of water in Southeast Asia after Tonle Sap in Cambodia and Lake Toba in Sumatra , Indonesia . Laguna de Bay

6566-507: The lake water at daybreak. When nipa huts were more common, huts made in the lake area were constructed out of bamboo that would first be cured in the waters of Laguna de Bay. Some experts on the evolution of local mythologies suggest that the legend of Mariang Makiling may have started out as that of the Lady (Ba'i) of Laguna de Bay, before the legend was transmuted to Mount Makiling . Philippine Army The Philippine Army ( PA ) ( Filipino : Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas )

6664-403: The lake, but 3 are endemic to the Philippines: Gobiopterus lacustris , Leiopotherapon plumbeus and Zenarchopterus philippinus . Aquaculture is widespread in Laguna de Bay, but often involves non-native species. Some of these, such as the janitor fish , clown knifefish , Thai catfish , and blackchin tilapia , have escaped and have become invasive species , representing a threat to

6762-443: The lake, hurting its economic importance to the country. As population expands in the Bay, its expected to rely more heavily on the lake for freshwater supply, thus water quality directly affects human populations. Laguna de Bay means "Lagoon of [the town of] Bay" for the lakeshore town of Bay (pronounced Bä'ï), the former provincial capital of Laguna province. Alternate spellings of the town's name include "Bae" or "Ba-i", and in

6860-438: The mobilized units trained new Filipino members in defending the nation and protecting its people. When World War II broke out in December 1941, two regular and ten reserve divisions of the Philippine Army undertook the defense of the Philippines. These divisions were incorporated into the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) under the command of General Jhun De Silva and General MacArthur. Japanese forces invaded

6958-416: The most microplastics, with a median of 15 ranging from 11 to 24 microplastics per 1000 liters of lake water. The data from the conducted survey is available in Mendeley Data. On January 29, 2008, the Mamamayan Para sa Pagpapanatili ng Pagpapaunlad ng Lawa ng Laguna (Mapagpala) accused the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) of the deterioration of Laguna de Bay due to multiplication of fish pens beyond

7056-602: The namesake of its leaders. When the Maryknoll Fathers had to go to their mission in Davao, they ceded the leadership to the Maryknoll Sisters who subsequently changed the school's name into Maryknoll High School. Upon the termination of the mission of the Maryknoll Sisters in 1972, Bishop Pedro N. Bantigue invited the Augustinian Recollect Sisters to administer the school. The name was changed again to Mary Immaculate Academy by

7154-518: The native fish. Government data showed that about 60% of the estimated 8.4 million people residing in the Laguna de Bay Region discharge their solid and liquid wastes indirectly to the lake through its tributaries. A large percentage of these wastes are mainly agricultural while the rest are either domestic or industrial According to DENR (1997), domestic and industrial wastes contribute almost equally at 30% each. Meanwhile, agricultural wastes take up

7252-568: The night of 11 March 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km (2,500 mi) away. The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in Bataan surrendered on 9 April 1942, and were forced to endure the infamous Bataan Death March on which 7,000–10,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on 6 May. Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan. A highly effective guerilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of

7350-423: The northern shore and filling the large volcanic Laguna Caldera . In the middle of the lake is the large island of Talim . The lake is one of the primary sources of freshwater fish in the country. Its water drains to Manila Bay via the Pasig River . Environmental issues such as water quality problems created by population pressure and industrialization , invasive species and overfishing are of concern for

7448-655: The notable successes by the all-Filipino Macabebe Scouts cavalry squadron (raised in 1899) under U.S. command against the PRA, the American President Theodore Roosevelt officially sanctioned the raising of the Philippine Scouts (PS) as part of the United States Army , with full effect starting from October 1901. Earlier, in August that same year, came the colonial civil government's decision to found

7546-643: The place in 1571, this colony was under the leadership of Gat Paquil, a descendant of Gat Maitan whose name was used to name the settlement as "Paquil", which remained during the whole Spanish Regime and early part of the American period. It was changed to "Pakil" by Executive Order No. 77 in 1927. When the Franciscan missionaries came in 1578 Order of Friars Minor (OFM) Pakil was attached to Paete in 1602 as its "visita". Padre Francisco Barajas, made efforts to separate this town from Paete , and Don Diego Jorge became

7644-563: The presence of series of maars around the area of Tadlac Lake and Mayondon hill in Los Baños, Laguna , another maar at the southern end of Talim Island , and a solfataric field in Jala Jala. Known lake islands include Talim , the largest and most populated island on the lake; Calamba Island , which is completely occupied by the Wonder Island resort in Calamba, Laguna ; Cielito Lindo,

7742-587: The programs that aimed to develop and protect Laguna de Bay is the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), signed into law under Republic Act (RA) 4850 in 1966 during the Marcos administration . Originally only created as a quasi-government agency with regulatory and proprietary functions, its charter was strengthened by Presidential Decree (PD) 817 in 1975 and by Executive Order (EO) 927 in 1983 to include environmental protection and jurisdiction over

7840-413: The province at the southern shore of the lake, and not the lake itself. The province, though, was in turn named after the lake and was originally called La Laguna until the early 20th century. In the pre-Hispanic era, the lake was known as "Puliran Kasumuran" ( Laguna Copperplate Inscription , c. 900 AD), and later by "Pulilan" ( Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , 1613. Pila, Laguna ). Currently,

7938-709: The raising of the first active division of the Army, the 1st Infantry Division. With the victory over the Huks later in the 50s, the BCTs became active duty infantry battalions. Formed in the same time was the 1st Scout Ranger Regiment , and in 1962 the PA raised its airborne and special forces formation, the Special Forces Regiment (Philippines) following the traditions of the US Army Special Forces (the Green Berets) and

8036-485: The reclamation of 700 hectares (1,700 acres) west of and abutting the expressway dike, separated from the shoreline by a 100-to-150-meter (330 to 490 ft) channel in Taguig and Muntinlupa. The project aims to provide a high-standard highway that will speed up traffic between the southern part of Metro Manila and Laguna and a dike that would mitigate flooding in the western coastal communities along Laguna Lake. The project

8134-532: The region took its toll on the lake. This paved the way for massive and intensified use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides whose residues eventually find their way to the lake basin. These chemicals induce rapid algal growth in the area that depleted oxygen levels in the water. Hence, oxygen available to the lake is being used up thereby depleting the available oxygen for the fish, causing massive fish kills . A 2012 study found excessive pesticide use largely attributed to overapplication of pesticides close to

8232-497: The remaining 40%. In a recent sensitivity waste load model ran by the Laguna Lake Development Authority's (LLDA) Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) division, it revealed that 70% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) loadings came from households, 19% from industries, and 11% came from land run-off or erosion (LLDA, 2005). As far as industries and factories are concerned, there are about 1,481 and increase

8330-598: The said area. The environmental impact of the project was worked on by the University of the Philippines Los Baños . East Bay Phase 2 Project will involve construction of a water treatment plant (WTP) at Bgy. Kabulusan, Pakil, Laguna beginning 2023. The WTP once completed will produce 200 MLD for the Metro Manila East Zone through the submarine pipeline under the lake. The main agency tasked to oversee

8428-634: The shores of Manila Bay under the Kingdom of Tondo. Gat Silayan actually is one of the members of the ruling clan of Lihan whose names bearing prefix "gat" a royal title. Every member of the clan in Malolos called "Gat", and it became "Gatchalian", Gatmaitan, together with Lakandula and Gatbonton at the course of time When the Spaniard Conquistador together with the Augustinians stationed at Bay came to

8526-1123: The southern islands (61st, 81st , and 101st Divisions plus three other regiments), and the Reserve Force. North Luzon Force included the 11th , 21st , and 31st Divisions , all reserve. South Luzon Force include the 1st (regular) Division, and the 41st, 51st, and 71st (reserve) Divisions. These divisions were incorporated into the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). The equipment of these units included: Renault FT tank (prewar training only); 75mm SPM (manned by PA and PS personnel); Bren Gun Carrier (ex-Canadian); Canon de 155 mm GPF ; Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider 75 mm Gun M1917 ; 2.95 inch QF Mountain gun ; 3-inch gun ; 6-pounder naval gun ; Stokes Mortar ; Brandt mle 27/31 ; Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP ; M2 Browning machine gun ; M1917 Browning machine gun ; M1919 Browning machine gun ; M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle ; M1917 Enfield rifle; M1903 Springfield rifle ; Thompson submachine gun ; and

8624-489: The surface waters of the lake basin. In 1993, by virtue of the devolution, the administrative supervision of the LLDA was transferred to the DENR by EO 149. The technical aspect regarding the quality of wastewater is given in DENR Administrative Order 1990–35. The order defines the critical water parameters' value versus the classification of the body of water (e.g., lake or river). Discharge permits are issued by

8722-631: The town of Pakil by San Pedro Bautista (1586) the Guardian of the Franciscan order. He established the only Music Academy in the country. The school started with 400 children from towns along the Laguna Bay. These students started as church choir members and were taught how to make musical instruments out of locally available materials like bamboo, cans, wood and coconut shells. These kids were called “Tiple” and they trained other younger children to become members of

8820-485: The vicinity of the U.S. Army's Fort Stotsenburg near Angeles, about fifty miles north of Manila , and specialized training was given at Fort William McKinley just south of Manila. Coast artillery instruction was carried on at Fort Stotsenburg and at Grande Island in Subic Bay by personnel supplied largely by the American commander at Corregidor . With the threat of war with Japan becoming imminent, on July 26, 1941,

8918-408: The water bodies. Wastewater charges shall be established taking into consideration the following: a) to provide strong economic inducement for polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution control technology in order to reduce the amount of water pollutants generated; b) to cover the cost of administering water quality management or improvement programs, including

9016-430: The waterways. As far as domestic wastes are concerned, around 10% of the 4,100 metric tons (4,000 long tons; 4,500 short tons) of waste generated by residents of Metro Manila are dumped into the lake, causing siltation of the lake. As reported by the now defunct Metropolitan Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), only 15% of the residents in the area have an effective waste disposal system. Moreover, around 85% of

9114-633: Was founded in 1950, was named in his honor. The Philippine National Guard unit of the U.S. Army was deactivated following World War I, then formally disbanded in 1921. During most of the Interwar period , spanning about 20 years from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939, the Philippines had no armed forces other than the Philippine Scouts, the Constabulary, and some semimilitary units which were generally privately organized and had no connection with conventional military forces. The Philippine Army of today

9212-857: Was initially conceived as a public-private partnership project, but the project was not successful in receiving bids. The project would later be revised as an untolled highway, known as the Laguna Lakeshore Road Network (LLRN) under a new proposal. The highway project has a total length of about 37.4 kilometers (km) expressway from Lower Bicutan in NCR to Calamba in Laguna Province, consisting of (i) 11.7 km long viaduct from Lower Bicutan to Tunasan; and (ii) 25.7km long combination of shoreline viaduct and embankment from Tunasan to Calamba. The expressway will be an access-controlled road with eight interchanges, with an access road at each interchange to connect to

9310-576: Was initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 (Commonwealth Act No. 1) that formally created the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The act specified that insofar as may be practicable, original appointments by the President in grades above third lieutenant "shall be made from among those formerly holding Reserve Commissions in the United States Army, from among former officers of

9408-680: Was merged with Pangil in order to reduce the number of existing towns whereas the weak towns to be merged with the stable one for the stabilization of local economy due to the damages of the previous wars. After nineteen years, On October 1, 1927, by virtue of Executive Order No. 77, Pakil was re-established into town thus the Municipality of Pakil was restored. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines (Filipino: Pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas; Japanese: 日本のフィリピン占領; Hepburn: Nihon no Firipin Senryō) occurred between 1942 and 1945, when Imperial Japan occupied

9506-412: Was mistakenly substituted to the town name that led to its mispronunciation. However, the word "Bay" in Laguna de Bay has always referred to the town. The Spanish word laguna refers to not just lagoons but also for freshwater lakes , aside from lago . This would make the lake's alternate name, "Laguna Lake", tautological . However, the "Laguna" in "Laguna Lake" refers to the province of Laguna,

9604-403: Was renamed General Headquarters Armed Forces of the Philippines. Service of the Philippine Army as part of the United States Army terminated as of midnight, June 30, 1946, by authority of General Order #168, U.S. Army Forces, Western Pacific . The next day, on July 1, President Manuel Roxas issued Executive Order No. 94 s. 1947 which, among other things, reorganized the Philippine Army into

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