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57-595: The Paiute Trail has over 2000 miles of primary and designated side trails. The main loop of the trail is approximately 240 miles long and covers four counties, Piute County , Beaver County , Sevier County , and Millard County in Utah. The Paiute Trail has trail heads in Marysvale , Circleville , Junction , Koosharem , Antimony , Angle, Monroe , Richfield , Joseph , Aurora , Salina , Annabella , Elsinore , Fillmore , and Kanosh . Most of these communities allow riding on

114-423: A few days at a base camp , climb up to a higher camp (slowly), and then return to base camp. A subsequent climb to the higher camp then includes an overnight stay. This process is then repeated a few times, each time extending the time spent at higher altitudes to let the body adjust to the oxygen level there, a process that involves the production of additional red blood cells . Once the climber has acclimatized to

171-505: A given altitude, the process is repeated with camps placed at progressively higher elevations. The rule of thumb is to ascend no more than 300 m (1,000 ft) per day to sleep. That is, one can climb from 3,000 m (9,800 ft) (70 kPa or 0.69 atm) to 4,500 m (15,000 ft) (58 kPa or 0.57 atm) in one day, but one should then descend back to 3,300 m (10,800 ft) (67.5 kPa or 0.666 atm) to sleep. This process cannot safely be rushed, and this

228-450: A headache is also a symptom of dehydration . A headache occurring at an altitude above 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) – a pressure of 76 kilopascals (0.75 atm) – combined with any one or more of the following symptoms, may indicate altitude sickness: Symptoms that may indicate life-threatening altitude sickness include: The most serious symptoms of altitude sickness arise from edema (fluid accumulation in

285-402: A mild diuretic, works by stimulating the kidneys to secrete more bicarbonate in the urine, thereby acidifying the blood. This change in pH stimulates the respiratory center to increase the depth and frequency of respiration, thus speeding the natural acclimatization process. An undesirable side-effect of acetazolamide is a reduction in aerobic endurance performance. Other minor side effects include

342-535: A national center of attention, both because of the strategic value of these products, and because of persistent rumors of sabotage attempts and spying. The town of Alunite flourished (1915-1930), then died as the war effort wound down. Today it is abandoned. The Sevier River flows northward through the west-central part of Piute County, joined at Kingston by the East Branch of the Sevier. Immediately north of Kingston, it

399-434: A pressure of 80 kilopascals (0.79  atm ). This is the most frequent type of altitude sickness encountered. Symptoms often manifest within ten hours of ascent and generally subside within two days, though they occasionally develop into the more serious conditions. Symptoms include headache, confusion, fatigue, stomach illness, dizziness, and sleep disturbance. Exertion may aggravate the symptoms. Those individuals with

456-417: A prior episode of altitude sickness, a high degree of activity, and a rapid increase in elevation. Being physically fit does not decrease the risk. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and is supported for those who have more than a minor reduction in activities. It is recommended that at high altitude any symptoms of headache, nausea, shortness of breath, or vomiting be assumed to be altitude sickness. Sickness

513-400: A rapid ascent to sleeping altitude above 2,700 metres (9,000 ft), and it may also be effective if started early in the course of AMS. Acetazolamide can be taken before symptoms appear as a preventive measure at a dose of 125 mg twice daily. The Everest Base Camp Medical Centre cautions against its routine use as a substitute for a reasonable ascent schedule, except where rapid ascent

570-434: A rapid change in altitude or oxygen levels. However, some symptoms may be confused with dehydration . Some severe cases may require professional diagnosis which can be assisted with multiple different methods such as using an MRI or CT scan to check for abnormal buildup of fluids in the lung or brain. Ascending slowly is the best way to avoid altitude sickness. Avoiding strenuous activity such as skiing, hiking, etc. in

627-511: A tingle-sensation in hands and feet. Although a sulfonamide , acetazolamide is a non-antibiotic and has not been shown to cause life-threatening allergic cross-reactivity in those with a self-reported sulfonamide allergy. Dosage of 1000 mg/day will produce a 25% decrease in performance, on top of the reduction due to high-altitude exposure. The CDC advises that Dexamethasone be reserved for treatment of severe AMS and HACE during descents, and notes that Nifedipine may prevent HAPE. There

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684-499: A total area of 766 square miles (1,980 km ), of which 758 square miles (1,960 km ) is land and 7.9 square miles (20 km ) (1.0%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Utah by total area. According to the 2020 United States census and 2020 American Community Survey , there were 1,438 people in Piute County with a population density of 1.9 people per square mile (0.7/km ). Among non- Hispanic or Latino people,

741-722: Is myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP), which increases the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin. Prior to the onset of altitude sickness, ibuprofen is a suggested non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and painkiller that can help alleviate both the headache and nausea associated with AMS. It has not been studied for the prevention of cerebral edema (swelling of the brain) associated with extreme symptoms of AMS. Herbal supplements and traditional medicines are sometimes suggested to prevent high altitude sickness including ginkgo biloba , R crenulata , minerals such as iron , antacids , and hormonal -based supplements such as medroxyprogesterone and erythropoietin . Medical evidence to support

798-623: Is a county in south-central Utah , United States . As of the 2020 United States Census , the population was 1,438, making it the second-least populous county in Utah. The county seat is Junction , and the largest town is Circleville . Paiute County was formed on January 16, 1865, with areas annexed from Beaver County . It was named for the Paiute tribe of Native Americans . Its defined boundaries were altered by adjustments between adjoining counties in 1866, in 1880, in 1892, and in 1931. It has retained its current configuration since 1931. By

855-472: Is attributed to a Chinese text from around 30 BCE that describes "Big Headache Mountains", possibly referring to the Karakoram Mountains around Kilik Pass . People have different susceptibilities to altitude sickness; for some otherwise healthy people, acute altitude sickness can begin to appear at around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, such as at many mountain ski resorts, equivalent to

912-452: Is dammed to form Piute Reservoir . Two mountain ridges lie north–south across the county. The eastern ridge runs through the east-central part of the county, and the western ridge ( Tushar Mountains ) runs along the county's west border, its crestline defining the county line. Otter Creek flows southward through the east part of the county; it is dammed to form Otter Creek Reservoir in the SE part of

969-473: Is forced by flying into high altitude locations or due to terrain considerations. The Centre suggests a dosage of 125 mg twice daily for prophylaxis, starting from 24 hours before ascending until a few days at the highest altitude or on descending; with 250 mg twice daily recommended for treatment of AMS. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest the same dose for prevention of 125 mg acetazolamide every 12 hours. Acetazolamide,

1026-453: Is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of sumatriptan and if it may help prevent altitude sickness. Despite their popularity, antioxidant treatments have not been found to be effective medications for prevention of AMS. Interest in phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil has been limited by the possibility that these drugs might worsen the headache of mountain sickness. A promising possible preventive for altitude sickness

1083-415: Is necessary when ascending to extreme altitude; abrupt ascent without supplemental oxygen for other than brief exposures invites severe altitude sickness. The physiology of altitude sickness centres around the alveolar gas equation ; the atmospheric pressure is low, but there is still 20.9% oxygen. Water vapour still occupies the same pressure too—this means that there is less oxygen pressure available in

1140-423: Is often fatal. Symptoms include fatigue, severe dyspnea at rest, and cough that is initially dry but may progress to produce pink, frothy sputum . Descent to lower altitudes alleviates the symptoms of HAPE. HACE is a life-threatening condition that can lead to coma or death. Symptoms include headache, fatigue, visual impairment, bladder dysfunction, bowel dysfunction, loss of coordination, paralysis on one side of

1197-455: Is often taken in order to prevent the symptoms of high altitude sickness, however, no clear medical studies have confirmed the effectiveness or safety of this extract. In high-altitude conditions, oxygen enrichment can counteract the hypoxia related effects of altitude sickness. A small amount of supplemental oxygen reduces the equivalent altitude in climate-controlled rooms. At 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) (67 kPa or 0.66 atm), raising

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1254-452: Is prevented by gradually increasing elevation by no more than 300 metres (1,000 ft) per day. Generally, descent and sufficient fluid intake can treat symptoms. Mild cases may be helped by ibuprofen , acetazolamide , or dexamethasone . Severe cases may benefit from oxygen therapy and a portable hyperbaric bag may be used if descent is not possible. As of 2024, the only definite and reliable treatment for severe AMS, HACE, and HAPE

1311-414: Is the process of adjusting to decreasing oxygen levels at higher elevations, in order to avoid altitude sickness. Once above approximately 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) – a pressure of 70 kilopascals (0.69 atm) – most climbers and high-altitude trekkers take the "climb-high, sleep-low" approach. For high-altitude climbers, a typical acclimatization regimen might be to stay

1368-407: Is to descend immediately until symptoms resolve. Other treatment efforts, have not been well studied. AMS occurs in about 20% of people after rapidly going to 2,500 metres (8,000 ft) and in 40% of people after going to 3,000 metres (10,000 ft). While AMS and HACE occurs equally frequently in males and females, HAPE occurs more often in males. The earliest description of altitude sickness

1425-521: Is why climbers need to spend days (or even weeks at times) acclimatizing before attempting to climb a high peak. Simulated altitude equipment such as altitude tents provide hypoxic (reduced oxygen) air, and are designed to allow partial pre-acclimation to high altitude, reducing the total time required on the mountain itself. Altitude acclimatization is necessary for some people who move rapidly from lower altitudes to higher altitudes. The drug acetazolamide (trade name Diamox) may help some people making

1482-454: The arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) generally stays above 90%. Altitude sickness is common between 2,400 and 4,000 metres (7,900 and 13,100 ft) because of the large number of people who ascend rapidly to these altitudes. At very high altitude, 3,500 to 5,500 metres (11,500 to 18,000 ft), maximum SaO 2 falls below 90% as the arterial PO 2 falls below 60mmHg. Extreme hypoxemia may occur during exercise, during sleep, and in

1539-455: The poverty line . In terms of education attainment, out of the 1,328 people in Piute County 25 years or older, 97 (7.3%) had not completed high school , 405 (30.5%) had a high school diploma or equivalency, 539 (40.6%) had some college or associate degree , 218 (16.4%) had a bachelor's degree , and 69 (5.2%) had a graduate or professional degree . Piute County is a traditional Republican stronghold. In no national election since 1940 has

1596-510: The #01 trail is estimated to take approximately 25 riding hours to complete. However, riders could spend weeks traversing the side forest roads and trails. Many parts of the Paiute Trail are closed seasonally. Riding typically starts in April in the lowlands with some the highest riding closed until mid-July. While spring riding is possible on the lower portions of the trail, snowdrifts usually close

1653-470: The 1860s, mining prospectors were pushing into central and southern Utah Territory, and several mining towns, such as Bullion and Webster, appeared. Mining activity had slowed by the 1900s, but gold mining (from lodes in Tushar Mountains) had produced 240,000 ounces of gold from 1868 through 1959. As the nation entered The Great War , a mine on the east Tushar Mountains producing potash and alumina became

1710-773: The Fishlake National Forest with intervening BLM-administered land. Sections of trail were constructed to complete the interconnecting #01 loop. The main #01 trail is 238 miles long, with over 2000 miles of marked side trails and forest roads that are open to ATVs and other recreational vehicles. Much of the Paiute Trail is open to SidexSide Vehicles greater than 50", but there are several two-track trails that are restricted to 50". Riders may see mule deer , elk , bear , mountain goats , cougars , coyotes , sage grouse , pine hen , pheasants , rabbits , rattlesnakes , wild turkeys , badgers , beavers , hawks , eagles , owls , porcupines , and bobcats . The main loop of

1767-399: The age of 18. 445 (83.0%) of households were owner-occupied while 91 (17.0%) were renter-occupied . The median income for a Piute County household was $ 29,125 and the median family income was $ 42,500, with a per-capita income of $ 18,148. The median income for males that were full-time employees was $ 46,652 and for females $ 31,600. 19.1% of the population and 12.9% of families were below

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1824-623: The altitude effect on its performance up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The application of high-purity oxygen from one of these methods increases the partial pressure of oxygen by raising the FiO 2 (fraction of inspired oxygen). Increased water intake may also help in acclimatization to replace the fluids lost through heavier breathing in the thin, dry air found at altitude, although consuming excessive quantities ("over-hydration") has no benefits and may cause dangerous hyponatremia . The only definite and reliable treatment for severe AMS, HACE, and HAPE

1881-520: The altitude: high (1,500–3,500 metres (4,900–11,500 ft)), very high (3,500–5,500 metres (11,500–18,000 ft)) and extreme (above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft)). At high altitude, 1,500 to 3,500 metres (4,900 to 11,500 ft), the onset of physiological effects of diminished inspiratory oxygen pressure (PiO 2 ) includes decreased exercise performance and increased ventilation (lower arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide : PCO 2 ). While arterial oxygen transport may be only slightly impaired

1938-484: The body, and confusion. Descent to lower altitudes may save those affected by HACE. Altitude sickness can first occur at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), with the effects becoming severe at extreme altitudes (greater than 5,500 metres (18,000 ft)). Only brief trips above 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) are possible and supplemental oxygen is needed to avert sickness. As altitude increases, the available amount of oxygen to sustain mental and physical alertness decreases with

1995-1125: The county selected the Democratic Party candidate (as of 2024). The school district of the county is Piute School District . 38°20′N 112°08′W  /  38.34°N 112.13°W  / 38.34; -112.13 Altitude sickness Altitude sickness , the mildest form being acute mountain sickness ( AMS ), is a harmful effect of high altitude , caused by rapid exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high elevation . People's bodies can respond to high altitude in different ways. Symptoms of altitude sickness may include headaches , vomiting, tiredness, confusion, trouble sleeping, and dizziness . Acute mountain sickness can progress to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) with associated shortness of breath or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) with associated confusion. Chronic mountain sickness may occur after long-term exposure to high altitude. Altitude sickness typically occurs only above 2,500 metres (8,000 ft), though some people are affected at lower altitudes. Risk factors include

2052-532: The county. Along the way it is fed by Greenwich Creek and Box Creek, draining the east face of the eastern ridge. The eastern part of the county generally slopes to the south while the west-central part of the county slopes to the north. The county's highest point is Delano Peak on the Tushar Range, at 12,174 ft (3,711 m) ASL. The highest point on the eastern ridge is a crest near the county's north border, at 9.893 ft (3.015 m) ASL. The county has

2109-579: The effectiveness and safety of these approaches is often contradictory or lacking. Indigenous peoples of the Americas , such as the Aymaras of the Altiplano , have for centuries chewed coca leaves to try to alleviate the symptoms of mild altitude sickness. This therapy has not yet been proven effective in a clinical study. In Chinese and Tibetan traditional medicine, an extract of the root tissue of Radix rhodiola

2166-561: The first 24 hours at high altitude may reduce the symptoms of AMS. Alcohol and sleeping pills are respiratory depressants, and thus slow down the acclimatization process and should be avoided. Alcohol also tends to cause dehydration and exacerbates AMS. Thus, avoiding alcohol consumption in the first 24–48 hours at a higher altitude is optimal. Pre-acclimatization is when the body develops tolerance to low oxygen concentrations before ascending to an altitude. It significantly reduces risk because less time has to be spent at altitude to acclimatize in

2223-478: The following: People with high-altitude sickness generally have reduced hyperventilator response, impaired gas exchange, fluid retention or increased sympathetic drive. There is thought to be an increase in cerebral venous volume because of an increase in cerebral blood flow and hypocapnic cerebral vasoconstriction causing oedema. Altitude sickness is typically self-diagnosed since symptoms are consistent: nausea, vomiting, headache, and can generally be deduced from

2280-440: The lower portions of the trail can be hot. After October, storms may close the upper portions of the trail. Because of the size of the trail system and the varied geography and altitude, weather can be very extreme, and fluctuate greatly even over the course of hours. Temperatures in excess of 100F in the valley floors can be encountered, while snow covers the trails at higher elevations. Rain storms can come in quickly, and because

2337-450: The lowest initial partial pressure of end-tidal pCO 2 (the lowest concentration of carbon dioxide at the end of the respiratory cycle, a measure of a higher alveolar ventilation) and corresponding high oxygen saturation levels tend to have a lower incidence of acute mountain sickness than those with high end-tidal pCO 2 and low oxygen saturation levels. Headaches are the primary symptom used to diagnose altitude sickness, although

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2394-490: The lungs and blood. Compare these two equations comparing the amount of oxygen in blood at altitude: The hypoxia leads to an increase in minute ventilation (hence both low CO 2 , and subsequently bicarbonate), Hb increases through haemoconcentration and erythrogenesis. Alkalosis shifts the haemoglobin dissociation constant to the left, 2,3-BPG increases to counter this. Cardiac output increases through an increase in heart rate. The body's response to high altitude includes

2451-408: The mountain ranges can present limited visibility, without much notice. Riders should bring clothing for all types of weather that they may encounter. Gasoline is available in most of the populated areas along the trail system. Some of the smaller localities may have limited selection. Notably, Koosharem has only 83 octane gasoline available. While gasoline is generally available, some sections of

2508-417: The other hand, HAPE may be due to general vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation (normally a response to regional ventilation-perfusion mismatches) which, with constant or increased cardiac output, also leads to increases in capillary pressures. For those with HACE, dexamethasone may provide temporary relief from symptoms in order to keep descending under their own power. HAPE can progress rapidly and

2565-429: The overall air pressure, though the relative percentage of oxygen in air, at about 21%, remains practically unchanged up to 21,000 metres (69,000 ft). The RMS velocities of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen are very similar and thus no change occurs in the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen until stratospheric heights. Dehydration due to the higher rate of water vapor lost from the lungs at higher altitudes may contribute to

2622-502: The oxygen concentration level by 5% via an oxygen concentrator and an existing ventilation system provides an effective altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft) (70 kPa or 0.69 atm), which is more tolerable for those unaccustomed to high altitudes. Oxygen from gas bottles or liquid containers can be applied directly via a nasal cannula or mask. Oxygen concentrators based upon pressure swing adsorption (PSA), VSA, or vacuum-pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) can be used to generate

2679-479: The oxygen if electricity is available. Stationary oxygen concentrators typically use PSA technology, which has performance degradations at the lower barometric pressures at high altitudes. One way to compensate for the performance degradation is to use a concentrator with more flow capacity. There are also portable oxygen concentrators that can be used on vehicular DC power or on internal batteries, and at least one system commercially available measures and compensates for

2736-469: The presence of high altitude pulmonary edema or other acute lung conditions. Severe altitude illness occurs most commonly in this range. Above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft), marked hypoxemia, hypocapnia , and alkalosis are characteristic of extreme altitudes. Progressive deterioration of physiologic function eventually outstrips acclimatization. As a result, no permanent human habitation occurs above 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). A period of acclimatization

2793-484: The racial makeup was 1,276 (88.7%) White , 0 (0.0%) African American , 4 (0.3%) Native American , 0 (0.0%) Asian , 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander , 1 (0.1%) from other races , and 33 (2.3%) from two or more races . 124 (8.6%) people were Hispanic or Latino. There were 715 (49.72%) males and 723 (50.28%) females, and the population distribution by age was 346 (24.1%) under the age of 18, 705 (49.0%) from 18 to 64, and 387 (26.9%) who were at least 65 years old. The median age

2850-641: The second week of August has approximately 20 guided rides and approximately 600 riders. There are multiple sources for maps of the Paiute Trail: While the valley floors can be as low as 4,000 feet, much of the trail system is at 10,000 feet or above. This has the potential to cause altitude sickness in persons not accustomed to the conditions. Motor vehicles lose power output at higher altitudes, and vehicles prone to vapor lock will be much more affected at higher altitudes. Piute County Piute County ( / ˈ p aɪ juː t / PY -yoot )

2907-564: The streets; the State of Utah now allows street-legal vehicles to run on the highway. The Paiute Trail also has trail heads at the Fremont Indian State Park and Museum . The Paiute ATV Trail Committee, a non-profit organization consisting of government, city, Sheriff, business owners and local citizens, aids in fund raising and management of the trail system. The Paiute Trail system was formed by connecting old roads and trails crossing

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2964-567: The symptoms of altitude sickness. The rate of ascent, altitude attained, amount of physical activity at high altitude, as well as individual susceptibility, are contributing factors to the onset and severity of high-altitude illness. Altitude sickness usually occurs following a rapid ascent and can usually be prevented by ascending slowly. In most of these cases, the symptoms are temporary and usually abate as altitude acclimatization occurs. However, in extreme cases, altitude sickness can be fatal. High altitude illness can be classified according to

3021-447: The tissues of the body). At very high altitude, humans can get either high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). The physiological cause of altitude-induced edema is not conclusively established. It is currently believed, however, that HACE is caused by local vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels in response to hypoxia , resulting in greater blood flow and, consequently, greater capillary pressures. On

3078-544: The traditional way. Additionally, because less time has to be spent on the mountain, less food and supplies have to be taken up. Several commercial systems exist that use altitude tents , so called because they mimic altitude by reducing the percentage of oxygen in the air while keeping air pressure constant to the surroundings. Examples of pre-acclimation measures include remote ischaemic preconditioning , using hypobaric air breathing in order to simulate altitude, and positive end-expiratory pressure . Altitude acclimatization

3135-758: The trail may exceed the fuel capacity of a vehicle, so spare fuel should be carried as a standard measure. As many portions of the trail climbing out of valley floors rapidly gain 6,000 feet or more of elevation, fuel consumption can be higher than expected. The Paiute ATV Trail is home to three ATV and SideXSide Jamborees. The Fillmore National ATV Jamboree, held each June with 14 choices of trail rides for 500 rider The National ATV Jamboree Rocky Mountain ATV Jamboree, held each September with over 70 guided trail rides and 650 riders. The Rocky Mountain ATV Jamboree The Paiute Trail UTV Jamboree held

3192-592: The trail over the Tushar Mountains , the Pavant Range and the Sevier Plateau until early July. This part of the trail remains closed until mid-to-late July. September and October provide some of the best riding weather on the Paiute Trail. At this time of year the days are brisk, the nights cool, the trees colorful, and the chance of precipitation is low. August is also a good time for the high country, although

3249-492: Was 44.7 years. There were 536 households in Piute County with an average size of 2.68 of which 397 (74.1%) were families and 139 (25.9%) were non-families. Among all families, 331 (61.8%) were married couples , 36 (6.7%) were male householders with no spouse, and 30 (5.6%) were female householders with no spouse. Among all non-families, 118 (22.0%) were a single person living alone and 21 (3.9%) were two or more people living together. 165 (30.8%) of all households had children under

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