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37-548: Pacchioni is a surname of Italian origin. People with that name include: Antonio Pacchioni (1665-1726), Italian scientist and anatomist Antonio Maria Pacchioni (1654-1738), Italian composer Giorgio Pacchioni (born 1947), Italian performer, professor, and composer Italo Pacchioni (1872-1940), Italian inventor, photographer and filmmaker See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Pacchioni [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

74-687: A natural talent for anatomical dissection. He worked under the guidance of Antonio Vallisneri (1661-1730), Professor of Medicine at the University of Padova and member of the Royal Society of London (Vallisneri is also credited with the first description of the anatomical features of Stein Leventhal syndrome). After moving to Rome, he first attended the Ospedaledi S. Spirito in Sassia and then successfully applied for

111-605: A position as assistant physician at the Ospedale della Consolazione (May 26, 1690), well known at that time for emergency medicine. As stated by Pacchioni himself, this early experience involved the frequent management of head injuries, which aroused his particular interest in brain coverings. Thanks to Malpighi's support, in July, 1693, Pacchioni became the town doctor in Tivoli , quickly gaining popular esteem and approval. Here he spent 6 years under

148-734: Is a town and comune in Lazio , central Italy , 30 kilometres (19 miles) north-east of Rome , at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine Hills . The city offers a wide view over the Roman Campagna . Gaius Julius Solinus cites Cato the Elder 's lost Origines for the story that the city of Tibur was founded by Catillus the Arcadian, a son of Amphiaraus , who came there having escaped

185-457: Is best known as an anatomist and a skilled dissector. He made significant contributions to the elucidation of the structure and function of dura mater, investigating its fine structure. Following Malpighi's teachings, he made use of the microscope , an advanced technology of his time , and systematically treated the anatomical specimens by original techniques of maceration into "... strong, sour, salted, sweet, and oily fluids .... ". For example, in

222-520: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Antonio Pacchioni Pacchioni's granulations (or Pacchionian bodies), where the arachnoid layer protrudes through the dura, are named after him (although they are now generally known as arachnoid granulations ). Pacchioni was born in Reggio Emilia , where he later attended university. He received his degree in medicine in 1688, and left for Rome in 1689. Pacchioni studied medicine at

259-474: Is written in Latin and illustrated with two figures and remarkable for its scientific rigor, careful report of materials and methods, and frequent quotation of up-to-date international literature. While exploring the internal structure of the superior sagittal sinus, Pacchioni was struck by those minute globular bodies (which he named "glandulae conglo-batae"), each wrapped by its own capsule, clustering on either side of

296-616: The Gauls in 361 BC. Vestiges remain of its defensive walls of this period, in opus quadratum . In 338 BC, however, Tibur was defeated and absorbed by the Romans. The city acquired Roman citizenship in 90 BC and became a resort area famed for its beauty and its good water, and was enriched by many Roman villas . The most famous one, of which the ruins remain, is the Villa Adriana ( Hadrian's Villa ). Maecenas and Augustus also had villas at Tibur, and

333-748: The Tivoli Gardens amusement park in Copenhagen (Denmark). The Wörlitz Synagogue in the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm (Germany) is a replica of the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli. Tivoli has a Mediterranean climate with warm and dry summers and cool and wet winters. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Tivoli ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. [REDACTED] Tivoli .,

370-494: The surname Pacchioni . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacchioni&oldid=1195624746 " Categories : Surnames Surnames of Italian origin Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

407-604: The " Forlì painting school ") or Federico Zuccari . In 1527 Tivoli was sacked by bands of the supporters of the emperor and the Colonna , important archives being destroyed during the attack. In 1547 it was again occupied, by the Duke of Alba in a war against Paul IV , and in 1744 by the Austrians . In 1835 Pope Gregory XVI added the Villa Gregoriana , a villa complex pivoting around

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444-583: The Accademia delle Scienze of Bologna, Accademia dei Fisiocritici of Siena, and the Accademia Cesareo-Leopoldina de' Curiosi della Natura of Leipzig; he also attended meetings of the Roman Accademia dell' Arcadia under the pseudonym of "Euforo Craneo" ("attentive observer of the skull"). He was sometimes asked for consultation as a police doctor. Precarious health forced Pacchioni to accept

481-641: The Aniene's falls. The "Great Waterfall" was created through a tunnel in the Monte Catillo, to give an outlet to the waters of the Aniene sufficient to preserve the city from inundations like the devastating flood of 1826. In 1944, Tivoli suffered heavy damage under an Allied bombing, which destroyed the Jesuit Church of Jesus. Tivoli's quarries produce travertine , a particular white calcium-carbonate rock used in building most Roman monuments. The water power of

518-504: The Byzantine general Belisarius , but was later destroyed by Totila 's army. After the end of the war it became a Byzantine duchy, later absorbed into the Patrimony of St. Peter . After Italy was conquered by Charlemagne , Tivoli was under the authority of a count, representing the emperor. From the tenth century onwards, Tivoli, as an independent commune governed by its elected consuls, was

555-484: The Dissertatio Epistotaris..., Pacchioni pointed out how arachnoid villi swell "... to the size of a millet seed... " after dura is "...soaked for a month first into plain water and then into vinegar..." (recommending frequent renewal of the bath in order to avoid smell!) The interpretation of Pacchioni's morphological findings was adversely influenced by his adherence to the "iatromechanical doctrine," whereby

592-765: The Greek writers. In the nearby woods, Faunus had a sacred grove. During the Roman age Tibur maintained a certain importance, being on the way (the Via Tiburtina , extended as the Via Valeria ) that Romans had to follow to cross the mountain regions of the Apennines towards the Abruzzo , the region where lived some of its fiercest enemies such as Volsci , Sabines , and Samnites . At first an independent ally of Rome , Tibur allied itself with

629-514: The Latin praenomen Tiberius . From Etruscan times Tibur, a Sabine city, was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl . There are two small temples above the falls, the rotunda traditionally associated with Vesta and the rectangular one with the Sibyl of Tibur, whom Varro calls Albunea , the water nymph who was worshipped on the banks of the Aniene as a tenth Sibyl added to the nine mentioned by

666-704: The University of his native city, obtaining his degree on April 25, 1688. The next year he moved to Rome to devote himself to anatomy in particular; he spent his most productive years in Rome. He was a friend and student of Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), who lived in Rome from 1691 to 1694. First attending the Santo Spirito in Sassia Hospital, he was an assistant physician at the Ospedale della Conzolazione from May 26, 1690 to June 3, 1693, and then remained for six years in Tivoli as

703-1377: The already widely accepted mechanisms. It is remarkable to note that, if this single observation is confirmed, we may have to look at arachnoid villi not simply as hydrostatic pressure-gated valves, but as actual secreting structures: that is, as glands or "glandulae," as Antonio Pacchioni suggested three centuries ago. (Books are kept at exclusive libraries such as the Harvard Medical Library) Enrico Benassi: Carteggi inediti fra il Lancisi, il Pacchioni ed il Morgagni. Rivista di storia delle scienze mediche e naturali, 1932, 23: 145-169. Maria Bertolani del Rio: Antonio Pacchioni 1665-1726. In, Luigi Barchi, editor: Medici e naturalisti Reggiani (Reggio nell' Emilia), 1935: 659-667. Pietri Capparoni: Lo stato di servizio di Antonio Pacchioni all'Ospedale della conzolazione in Roma ed un suo medaglione onorario. Rivista di storia delle scienze mediche e naturali. 1914, 2: 241-245. Jacopo Chiappelli: Notizie intorno alla vita di Antonio Pacchioni da Reggio. Raccolta d'opuscoli scientifici e filologici, Biblioteca Modenese, Modene 1783, III: 415-419. Tivoli, Lazio Tivoli ( / ˈ t ɪ v əl i / TIV -ə-lee ; Italian: [ˈtiːvoli] ; Latin : Tibur )

740-460: The anatomy and function of the dura mater. His first dissertation on this dates from 1701 on, the most important being Dissertatio epistolaris de glandulis ... (1705) in which he described the arachnoidal granulations that are named after him. Pacchioni was a "short man, with oblong face, vivid eye and a rather melancholic temperament" Following the customs of his time, he initially studied philosophy and only later turned to medicine, demonstrating

777-676: The collaboration of Pacchioni in the preparation of his famous De Motu Cordis et Aneurismatibus (1728) and in the first edition of the Tabulae Anatomicae (1714) collected by Bartolomeo Eustachio (1500-1574). In 1700, Pacchioni was on the verge of becoming Lancisi's successor for the Chair of Anatomy at the University La Sapienza, upon the recommendation of Lancisi himself. Sadly, he decided to withdraw—formally in deference to his competitor Giorgio Baglivi (1668-1707), but more likely because

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814-547: The description of the tentorial notch (the so-called "Pacchioni's oval foramen"), the observation that dural adherence to the inner table is variable in different areas, and especially the discovery of arachnoid granulations. In 1705, Pacchioni dedicated to Professor Luca Schrok (a German colleague from Augsburg) the Dissertatio Epistolaris de Glandulis Conglobatis Durae Meningis Hurnanae, indeque Ortis Lymphaticis and Piam Meningem produclis. One of his popular papers

851-453: The discussion of their doctoral thesis). Moreover, Pacchioni exhibited a remarkable attention to scientific progress beyond Italy's borders as shown by the frequent quotation of foreign authors in his works (Willis and Vieussens among others). Further evidence of his merits is the deferential friendship he shared with great men such as Giambattista Morgagni (1682-1771), Malpighi (1627- 1694), and especially with Lancisi (1654-1720), who requested

888-507: The falls supplies some of the electricity that lights Rome. The slopes of the neighbouring hills are covered with olives, vineyards and gardens; the most important local industry is the manufacture of paper. Tivoli's reputation as a stylish resort and the fame of the gardens of the Villa d'Este have inspired the naming of other sites after Tivoli: for example, the Jardin de Tivoli, Paris (France) and

925-503: The fiercest rival of Rome in the struggle for the control over the impoverished central Lazio. Emperor Otto III conquered it in 1001, and Tivoli fell under the papal control. Tivoli however managed to keep a level of independence until the 15th century: symbols of the city's strength were the Palace of Arengo, the Torre del Comune and the church of St. Michael, all built in this period, as well as

962-551: The fourteenth century, Tivoli sided with the Guelphs and strongly supported Urban VI against Antipope Clement VII . King Ladislaus of Naples was twice repulsed from the city, as was the condottiero Braccio da Montone . In the city there was also a Jewish community . During the Renaissance , popes and cardinals did not limit their embellishment program to Rome; they also erected buildings in Tivoli. In 1461 Pope Pius II built

999-541: The function of an organ was merely based on its mechanical activity. Therefore, he believed that dura mater was a special kind of membranous muscle ("musculus suigeneris membranaceus"), comparable to cardiac muscle, made up of several layers of fibers and arranged in three bellies and four tendons; its contractions served to squeeze the glands which, in Malpighi's opinion, constituted the cerebral cortex, pushing their secretion along nerve roots? Among Pacchioni's findings, we recall

1036-503: The latter was known to be a protegé of Pope Innocenzo XII. The year 1705 was a special time in Pacchioni's life: he was appointed head physician at the ancient Ospedaledi S. Giovanni in Laterano, and published the original description of arachnoid granulations in his Dissertatio Epistolaris de Glandulis Conglobatis Durae Meningis Humanae. He was fellow of several prestigious academies such as

1073-490: The less demanding charge of head physician at his favorite Ospedale della Consolazione, where he worked until retirement. He was struck by an undetermined disease of the central nervous system (perhaps a tumor or intracranial hematoma) that caused seizures, a right hemiparesis, and progressive mental deterioration. He was attended to by his most trusted colleagues and his old master Vallisneri. Pacchioni died in Rome at 62 years of age. Despite his extreme versatility, Pacchioni

1110-448: The light of present knowledge, new observations seem "to do justice" to Antonio Pacchioni. In a recent study, Go, et al., ~ using enzyme ultracnytochemistry, detected Na+/K + adenosine triphosphatase activity on cap cells of arachnoid villi; they proposed that this biochemical mechanism could contribute to CSF absorption. This assumption implies a "'secretory" component in CSF absorption along with

1147-526: The massive Rocca Pia to control the always restive population, and as a symbol of the permanence of papal temporal power here. From the sixteenth century the city saw further construction of villas. The most famous of these is the Villa d'Este , a World Heritage Site , whose construction was started in 1550 by Pirro Ligorio for Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este and which was richly decorated with an ambitious program of frescoes by painters of late Roman Mannerism, such Girolamo Muziano, Livio Agresti (a member of

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1184-459: The new line of walls (authorized in 1155), needed to house the increasing population. Reminders of the internal turbulence of communal life are the tower houses that may be seen in Vicolo dei Ferri, Via di Postera, Via del Seminario and Via del Colle. In the 13th century Rome imposed a tribute on the city, and gave itself the right to appoint a count to govern it in conjunction with the local consuls. In

1221-513: The patronage of the Duke of Modena at the Villa d'Este . Upon his return to Rome, he published in 1701 his first observations on the structure and function of dura mater: De Dura Meninge Fabrica et Usu Disquisitio Analomica . Pacchioni had a great passion for research and a constant devotion to constructive scientific debate, mutual confrontation with colleagues, exchange of experiences, and education of younger colleagues (he often presented candidates in

1258-562: The poet Horace had a modest villa: he and Catullus and Statius all mention Tibur in their poems. In 273, Zenobia , the captive queen of Palmyra , was assigned a residence here by the Emperor Aurelian . The second-century temple of Hercules Victor is being excavated. The present Piazza del Duomo occupies the Roman forum. In 547, in the course of the Gothic War , the city was fortified by

1295-421: The sinus. Numerous thin filaments, which he thought were lymphatic vessels, seemed to bloom from the "glandulae," running toward the pia on one side and penetrating dural layers on the other. Therefore, he concluded that his "glandulae" (glands) had the function of secreting lymph to lubricate the sliding movements between brain and meninges during contractions. Although these speculations appear grossly incorrect in

1332-456: The slaughter at Thebes, Greece . Catillus and his three sons Tiburtus, Coras, and Catillus drove out the Siculi from the Aniene plateau and founded a city they named Tibur in honor of Tiburtus. According to another account, Tibur was a colony of Alba Longa . Historical traces of settlement in the area date back to the thirteenth century BC. Tibur may share a common root with the river Tiber and

1369-527: The town doctor. In 1699 Pacchioni returned to Rome and established a successful medical practice. He later became head physician at the Hospital of San Giovanni in Laterano and then at the Ospedale della Consolazione. In Rome, he made the acquaintance of the clinician and botanist Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720), with whom he collaborated in the publication of the anatomical plates of Eustachius in 1714. Pacchioni's most important works particularly concerned

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