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27-583: (Redirected from PT-3 ) PT3 or variant may refer to: temporary designation of minor planet 2014 PN 70 Consolidated PT-3 , a 1930s USAAC primary trainer aircraft PT-3 , a World War II US Navy PT-boat. Prison Tycoon 3: Lockdown (2007 videogame) PT3 , a paratriathlon classification PT3 Pentaksiran Tingkatan Tiga (or Form Three Assessment) exam, successor of Malaysisan Penilaian Menengah Rendah See also [ edit ] Part three (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

54-493: A classical KBO if: An alternative classification, introduced by B. Gladman , B. Marsden and C. van Laerhoven in 2007, uses a 10-million-year orbit integration instead of the Tisserand's parameter. Classical objects are defined as not resonant and not being currently scattered by Neptune. Formally, this definition includes as classical all objects with their current orbits that Unlike other schemes, this definition includes

81-525: A diameter approximately 35–55 km (22–34 mi), based on an estimated albedo between 0.04 and 0.10 respectively. Astronomer Marc Buie gives a similar estimate of 30–55 km (19–34 mi), and the Johnston's archive calculated a diameter of 39 km. Based on generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, the object measures 44 km, for an absolute magnitude of 10.3 and an assumed albedo of 0.07. Hubble observations of 2014 PN 70 show that it

108-578: A potential target. On 28 August 2015, the New Horizons team announced the selection of 2014 MU 69 (later named 486958 Arrokoth ) as the next flyby target. 2014 PN 70 is one of the objects that New Horizons observed from greater distances, as part of its extended Kuiper belt mission. The spacecraft passed 2014 PN 70 in March 2019, at a distance of approximately 0.1 AU (15 million km; 9.3 million mi). This made 2014 PN 70

135-497: A preference for the middle of the main belt; arguably, smaller objects close to the limiting resonances have been either captured into resonance or have their orbits modified by Neptune. The 'hot' and 'cold' populations are strikingly different: more than 30% of all cubewanos are in low inclination, near-circular orbits. The parameters of the plutinos’ orbits are more evenly distributed, with a local maximum in moderate eccentricities in 0.15–0.2 range, and low inclinations 5–10°. See also

162-635: Is characterised by highly inclined, more eccentric orbits. The terms 'hot' and 'cold' has nothing to do with surface or internal temperatures, but rather refer to the orbits of the objects, by analogy to molecules in a gas, which increase their relative velocity as they heat up. The Deep Ecliptic Survey reports the distributions of the two populations; one with the inclination centered at 4.6° (named Core ) and another with inclinations extending beyond 30° ( Halo ). The vast majority of KBOs (more than two-thirds) have inclinations of less than 5° and eccentricities of less than 0.1 . Their semi-major axes show

189-463: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 2014 PN70 2014 PN 70 (internally designated g12000JZ , g1 and PT3 ) is a trans-Neptunian object from the cold classical Kuiper belt located in the outermost region of the Solar System . It measures approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. The object was first observed by

216-465: Is very red in color. Having completed its flyby of Pluto , the New Horizons space probe was to perform a flyby of at least one Kuiper belt object. Several potential targets were under consideration. 2014 PN 70 (PT3) was considered a second choice after 2014 MU 69 (PT1), because more fuel was required to carry out a flyby. 2014 OS 393 (PT2) was already no longer under consideration as

243-666: The Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) do not list cubewanos (classical objects) using the same criteria. Many TNOs classified as cubewanos by the MPC, such as dwarf planet Makemake , are classified as ScatNear (possibly scattered by Neptune) by the DES. (119951) 2002 KX 14 may be an inner cubewano near the plutinos . Furthermore, there is evidence that the Kuiper belt has an 'edge', in that an apparent lack of low-inclination objects beyond 47–49 AU

270-552: The Haumea family . It includes Haumea, its moons, 2002 TX 300 and seven smaller bodies. The objects not only follow similar orbits but also share similar physical characteristics. Unlike many other KBO their surface contains large amounts of water ice (H 2 O) and no or very little tholins . The surface composition is inferred from their neutral (as opposed to red) colour and deep absorption at 1.5 and 2. μm in infrared spectrum . Several other collisional families might reside in

297-734: The New Horizons Search Team using the Hubble Space Telescope on 6 August 2014, and was a proposed flyby target for the New Horizons probe until 2015, when the alternative target 486958 Arrokoth was selected. 2014 PN 70 was discovered by the New Horizons Search Team during an observation campaign intended to search for KBO flyby targets for the New Horizons probe. The observations started in June 2014, and more intensive ones continued in July and August. They were conducted with

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324-644: The ecliptic . This makes it a typical member of the "cold population" among the cubewanos in the Kuiper belt. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the New Horizons KBO Search team with the Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii, six week prior to its official first observation by Hubble. This minor planet has not been numbered by the Minor Planet Center and remains unnamed . 2014 PN 70 , has

351-435: The scattered disk remains blurred. As of 2023 , there are 870 objects with perihelion (q) > 40 AU and aphelion (Q) < 48 AU. Introduced by the report from the Deep Ecliptic Survey by J. L. Elliott et al. in 2005 uses formal criteria based on the mean orbital parameters. Put informally, the definition includes the objects that have never crossed the orbit of Neptune. According to this definition, an object qualifies as

378-540: The 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune (populated by plutinos ) and the 1:2 resonance. 50000 Quaoar , for example, has a near-circular orbit close to the ecliptic . Plutinos, on the other hand, have more eccentric orbits bringing some of them closer to the Sun than Neptune . The majority of classical objects, the so-called cold population , have low inclinations (< 5 ° ) and near-circular orbits, lying between 42 and 47 AU. A smaller population (the hot population )

405-516: The classical Kuiper belt. As of January 2019, only one classical Kuiper belt object has been observed up close by spacecraft. Both Voyager spacecraft have passed through the region before the discovery of the Kuiper belt. New Horizons was the first mission to visit a classical KBO. After its successful exploration of the Pluto system in 2015, the NASA spacecraft has visited the small KBO 486958 Arrokoth at

432-511: The cold and hot populations and confirm the distinction between the homogenous red cold population and the bluish hot population. Another difference between the low-inclination (cold) and high-inclination (hot) classical objects is the observed number of binary objects . Binaries are quite common on low-inclination orbits and are typically similar-brightness systems. Binaries are less common on high-inclination orbits and their components typically differ in brightness. This correlation, together with

459-466: The comparison with scattered disk objects . When the orbital eccentricities of cubewanos and plutinos are compared, it can be seen that the cubewanos form a clear 'belt' outside Neptune's orbit, whereas the plutinos approach, or even cross Neptune's orbit. When orbital inclinations are compared, 'hot' cubewanos can be easily distinguished by their higher inclinations, as the plutinos typically keep orbits below 20°. (No clear explanation currently exists for

486-403: The data collected during the close flyby of Arrokoth. Classical Kuiper belt object The name "cubewano" derives from the first trans-Neptunian object (TNO) found after Pluto and Charon : 15760 Albion , which until January 2018 had only the provisional designation (15760) 1992 QB 1 . Similar objects found later were often called "QB1-o's", or "cubewanos", after this object, though

513-523: The differences in colour, support further the suggestion that the currently observed classical objects belong to at least two different overlapping populations, with different physical properties and orbital history. There is no official definition of 'cubewano' or 'classical KBO'. However, the terms are normally used to refer to objects free from significant perturbation from Neptune, thereby excluding KBOs in orbital resonance with Neptune ( resonant trans-Neptunian objects ). The Minor Planet Center (MPC) and

540-583: The help of the Hubble Space Telescope; the object's apparent magnitude of 26.4 is too faint to be observed by ground-based telescopes. 2014 PN 70 was first discovered in observations on August 6, 2014, and it was designated g12000JZ at the time, nicknamed g1 for short. Its existence as a potential target of the New Horizons probe was revealed by NASA in October 2014 and it was designated PT3; its official provisional designation , 2014 PN 70 ,

567-425: The inclinations of 'hot' cubewanos. ) In addition to the distinct orbital characteristics, the two populations display different physical characteristics. The difference in colour between the red cold population, such as 486958 Arrokoth , and more heterogeneous hot population was observed as early as in 2002. Recent studies, based on a larger data set, indicate the cut-off inclination of 12° (instead of 5°) between

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594-407: The objects with major semi-axis less than 39.4 AU (2:3 resonance)—termed inner classical belt , or more than 48.7 (1:2 resonance) – termed outer classical belt , and reserves the term main classical belt for the orbits between these two resonances. The first known collisional family in the classical Kuiper belt—a group of objects thought to be remnants from the breakup of a single body—is

621-447: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PT3&oldid=902030785 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

648-477: The term "classical" is much more frequently used in the scientific literature. Objects identified as cubewanos include: 136108 Haumea was provisionally listed as a cubewano by the Minor Planet Center in 2006, but was later found to be in a resonant orbit. There are two basic dynamical classes of classical Kuiper-belt bodies: those with relatively unperturbed ('cold') orbits, and those with markedly perturbed ('hot') orbits. Most cubewanos are found between

675-520: The third closest KBO observed by New Horizons , after Arrokoth and 2014 OS 393 . New Horizons made its first observations of 2014 PN 70 on 5 January 2019, from a distance of 92.7 million km. New Horizons did not come close enough to resolve either 2014 PN 70 or 2014 OS 393 , but the observations should be sufficient to determine the rotation periods and surface properties of these objects and to search for possible satellites. The distant KBO observations provide an important context for

702-481: Was not assigned by the Minor Planet Center until March 2015 after better orbit information was available. 2014 PN 70 is a trans-Neptunian object . More specifically, it is a non-resonant classical Kuiper belt object , also known as "cubewano". It orbits the Sun at a distance of 42.1–46.6  AU once every 295 years and 4 months (107,886 days; semi-major axis of 44.4 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 4 ° with respect to

729-420: Was suspected as early as 1998 and shown with more data in 2001. Consequently, the traditional usage of the terms is based on the orbit's semi-major axis, and includes objects situated between the 2:3 and 1:2 resonances, that is between 39.4 and 47.8 AU (with exclusion of these resonances and the minor ones in-between). These definitions lack precision: in particular the boundary between the classical objects and

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