42-574: The Ryan PT-22 Recruit , the main military version of the Ryan ST , is a military trainer aircraft that was used by the United States Army Air Corps during WWII for primary pilot training. The PT-22's fuselage is a simple monocoque structure, with .032 stressed 24ST alclad skin, and nine aluminum alloy bulkheads. The wings feature spruce spars , aluminum alloy ribs , steel compression members, with aircraft fabric covering aft to
84-515: A 95HP Menasco B4 engine before the follow-on ST-A (A for A erobatic ) was developed with a more powerful 125HP Menasco C4 engine. A single ST-B was produced, this being an ST-A with only one seat and an extra fuel tank where the front cockpit normally was; this aircraft was subsequently converted back to ST-A standard. The ST-A was further developed as the ST-A Special , with a super-charged 150HP Menasco C4-S engine of increased power. In 1937
126-479: A conventional side-by-side cockpit. The Grumman A-6 Intruder , General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark , Sukhoi Su-24 , and the Sukhoi Su-34 are examples of combat aircraft that use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has
168-691: A hand-cranked intertia engine starter. Variants, designated the PT-16s and PT-20s, also had their wheel pants, fairings and tail cones removed. Variants in the series included the STM-2P single-seat version armed with a machine gun delivered to Nationalist China ; and the STM-S2, which could be fitted with landing gear or with EDO Model 1965 floats . After the ST-M came the ST-3 , a substantial redesign in 1941 partly brought about by
210-415: A longer and more circular wider fuselage, this being suggested by the circular radial engine. Other changes included a revised rudder, balanced ailerons and elevators, and strengthened main landing gear with the legs spaced further apart. The streamlining spats covering the mainwheels, found on ST series aircraft to that point, were deleted as well. The ST-3 served as the basis for military versions ordered by
252-426: A pair of horses side-by-side). For example, a Brewer's van fully loaded with 25 barrels might weigh 8 tons, requiring 2 or 3 horses. In carting , when pulling heavy loads with tandem harness, the carter walks to the left of the shaft horse holding its left rein with his right hand, and holding the reins of the lead horse in his left hand. The harness for the leader (front horse) is slightly different than for
294-420: A trainer with tandem seating from a single-seater aircraft. An alternative configuration is side-by-side seating, which is common in civil aircraft of all sizes, trainers and large military aircraft, but less so in high performance jets and gliders where drag reduction is paramount. The Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing XB-52 bombers used fighter-style tandem seating, but the final B-52 bomber series used
336-448: Is an arrangement in which two or more animals, machines, or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. Tandem can also be used more generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together, not necessarily in line. The English word tandem derives from the Latin adverb tandem , meaning at length or finally . It is a word play , using
378-477: Is nothing other than the skill of the Whip (driver) to prevent a tandem leader from turning to face his driver. Three horses in a row is sometimes called a randem/random or trandem/trandom . Tandem bicycles are named for their tandem seating, a more common arrangement than side-by-side " sociable " seating. Tandem bikes are also used in road racing , track racing , and para-cycling . The Messerschmitt KR200
420-403: The trailing edge and aluminum alloy sheet covering from the leading edge to the spar. The wings have 4° 10' of sweep back, 3° of incidence and 4° 30' dihedral . The PT-22 fuel system consists of a single tank mounted forward of the front cockpit. Fuel is gravity fed to the carburetor. The oil system is a dry-sump type, with all oil stored in a tank located on the front side of the firewall in
462-410: The wing spars and six more alclad frames; and alclad skin. It had wings in three sections of hybrid construction; the center section integral with the fuselage had tubular steel spars, the front spar a simple tube with an external brace to the upper fuselage, and the rear spar in the form of a parallel chord truss . The two outer wing panels had wooden spars and alclad ribs, with diagonal rods bracing
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#1733086256075504-735: The Japanese were shipped to Australia, where 34 entered service in the Royal Australian Air Force as trainers. Many of those that survived until the end of World War II were then placed on the civil register in Australia and elsewhere, and some are still flying more than 70 years after they were built. PT-16 Numbers used from World Air Forces There are a number of surviving Ryan ST series aircraft remaining. The survivors range from project aircraft in various stages of completion to restored flying examples. There are remaining examples of
546-486: The Latin phrase (referring to time, not position) for English "at length, lengthwise". When driving horses , tandem refers to one horse harnessed in front of another to pull a load or vehicle . A tandem arrangement provides more pulling power than a single horse, such as for pulling a heavy load up a steep hill, out of heavy mud or snow, or pulling heavy loads on narrow tracks or through narrow gates and doorways (too wide for
588-542: The PT-21 and PT-22 was the metal landing gear fairings which covered the main gear structure, leaving the wheels exposed. Otherwise the airframe and its parts and components were interchangeable with the PT-22. One other difference from the later 22 model is in the aileron balance ring. On the 21 it is mounted below the aileron and on the 22 it's on top." The final variant was the ST-4 , which
630-544: The Ryan NYP, more famously known as the Spirit of St. Louis ). He began the development of the ST (for "Sport Trainer", and also known as S-T), the first design of the company, in 1933. The ST featured two open cockpits in tandem in a semi-monocoque metal fuselage of two main frames – one steel, the other half of steel and half of aluminium alloy ( alclad ) – to take the loads from
672-536: The ST, STA, STA-Special, STM, STM-2 and PT20. Many of these restored examples have had their Menasco C4 engines replaced with Menasco D4-87 engines. This change was often because of the shortage of parts available for the C4 engine. Data from Profile Number 158: The Ryan PT/ST Series General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Tandem Tandem , or in tandem ,
714-609: The ST-A Special was developed into a military version, the STM (also ST-M) series. The first STMs were virtually identical to the STA-Special. The STM-2 was derived from the STM with changes including wider cockpits to enable military pilots to enter and exit while wearing parachutes , external stringers, and provision for a machine gun on some examples. The military also required a turnover brace and
756-659: The ST-A was procured by the USAAC in 1939 for evaluation as the XPT-16 . This was followed by 15 YPT-16s, the first time the USAAC had ordered a monoplane trainer. These were the first of more than 1,000 Ryan STs to serve the USAAC, its successor, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and the USN. A large number of STMs were exported in the 1930s and early 1940s (prior to the entry of
798-574: The U.S. Orders also were placed by the Netherlands, but were never realized as the nation capitulated to Axis forces. The small order of 25 ST-3s was redirected to the United States and redesignated as the PT-22A. Another order also came from the U.S. Navy for 100 examples. The PT series was in heavy use throughout the war years with both military and civil schools, but with the end of the war, was retired from
840-522: The USAAC and the United States Navy (USN). The ST-3 gave rise to another model developed in 1941 and early 1942, this was the ST-3KR (for K inner R adial). The ST-3KR had a more powerful Kinner R-5 engine fitted and became the definitive model; more than 1,000 military versions were built during World War II as PT-22 Recruits . According to Cassagneres, "The only noticeable difference between
882-499: The USAAF. The Ryan PT-22 remains a popular World War II collector aircraft. Several PT-22 remain in flyable condition worldwide, as the aircraft continues to be a popular sport plane and warbird. Data from Pilots Flight Operating Instructions and The New Ryan General characteristics Performance Armament Avionics Ryan ST The Ryan ST s are a series of two seat, low-wing monoplane aircraft built in
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#1733086256075924-548: The United States by the Ryan Aeronautical Company . They were used as sport aircraft, as well as trainers by flying schools and the militaries of several countries. T. Claude Ryan was the founder of the Ryan Aeronautical Company, the second incarnation of a company with this name, and the fourth company with which he had been involved to bear his name (the first, Ryan Airlines, was the manufacturer of
966-523: The United States into World War II) to various air forces, with the biggest customer being the military of the Netherlands East Indies , now Indonesia . The Netherlands East Indies Army and Navy took delivery of 84 STM-2s and 24 STM-S2s in 1940 and early 1941. Another 50 STM-2Es and STM-2Ps were exported to Nationalist China , while a number of STMs were exported to Bolivia , Ecuador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico and Nicaragua . The STM
1008-678: The advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. In some cases, such as the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler , a two-place aircraft can be lengthened into a four-place aircraft. Also, a single seat cockpit can be redesigned into a side-by-side arrangement in the case of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider , TF-102 trainer or the Hawker Hunter training versions. During mating among odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ),
1050-578: The distance between the axles (up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 + 3 ⁄ 8 in) in the European Union, 40–96 inches (1.02–2.44 m) in the United States), mechanically there are many configurations. Either or both axles may be powered, and often interact with each other. In the United States, both axles are typically powered and equalized; in the European Union, one axle is typically unpowered, and can often be adjusted to load, and even raised off
1092-466: The ground, turning a tandem into a single- axle . The two seating configurations for trainer, night and all-weather interceptor or attack aircraft are pilot and instructor side by side or in tandem. Usually, the pilot is in front and the instructor behind. In attack helicopters, sometimes the pilot sits in back with the weapons operator in front for better view to aim weapons, as the Bell AH-1 Cobra
1134-464: The rudder pedals in each cockpit. According to Cassagneres, "The main landing gear, in fact, was the most noticeable external change from the STA in that the wheels were mounted outboard of the shock struts rather than the fork type of the earlier STs and STMs. Therefore the distance between the wheel centers was increased by a full 12 inches. The new gear was known as the 'knuckle-type' mounting." The tailwheel
1176-411: The shoulder of the leader. A tandem cart is constructed in the style of a dogcart and used mainly for show, and should be tall enough for the driver to look over the head of the lead horse. A drayel is hardware at the tip of the shafts to attach the traces (pulling straps) from the front horse. Alternative to using a drayel, the leader's traces are hooked or buckled into the forward end of
1218-552: The unreliability of the Menasco engines fitted to STs to that point. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) had purchased several dozen ST-M variants under various designations and had Ryan Aeronautical re-engine most with Kinner R-440 radial engines. The USAAC found the modification to be beneficial and asked Ryan Aeronautical to design a variant with this engine as standard, and with airframe modifications considered desirable from in-service experience. The ST-3 that resulted featured
1260-415: The upper section of the fuselage. The wing flaps are mechanically operated from a lever located on the left side of each cockpit. Adjustable elevator trim is provided via an elevator trim tab controllable from a handwheel mounted on the left side of each cockpit. In its original configuration, the aircraft was not equipped with an electrical system. Hydraulic brakes are provided for each wheel, controllable via
1302-417: The wheeler (rear horse). For instance, the leader doesn't have shafts, so shaft holders are not needed, but often there are straps to support the traces (pulling straps) from sagging too low. Any straps running across the back of the leader should be sewn or use special buckles which don't leave a loose tab that might catch a rein in it. In carriage driving , the driver should carry a whip long enough to reach
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1344-419: The wheeler's traces. Driving a tandem is challenging and led to the creation of tandem driving clubs and matches in the 19th century. The art of tandem driving requires an alert brain and sensitive fingers. It has been compared with playing a harp. It is, in many ways, more difficult than driving a team [of four horses]. Whereas the leaders of a team balance one another and keep each other straight, there
1386-433: The wings internally. Alclad sheet was used to form the leading edges, and fabric covered the whole structure. When attached, the outer wings were braced with flying wires to the fixed conventional landing gear and landing wires to the upper fuselage. The fuselage only required eight bulkheads , and no longerons or stringers were required. According to Cassagneres, "The stressed skin, of heavy 18 and 20 gauge 24ST Alclad,
1428-536: Was a tandem cockpit redesign which produced a much slimmer profile than the Bell UH-1 Iroquois on which it was based. Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a second crew member to operate avionics such as radar, or as a second pilot. Bombers such as the Convair B-58 Hustler seated three crew members in tandem. A common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create
1470-568: Was a version of the ST-3 with a wooden fuselage, developed in case a shortage of " strategic materials " (i.e. of metal) developed. Such a shortage did not eventuate and the ST-4 was not put into mass-production. Some U.S. Navy versions of the ST-3, the NR-1, were converted to specialized ground trainers to teach cadets how to taxi aircraft when on the ground or after landing, and especially in crosswinds. The main wing
1512-492: Was an example of a very small automobile that used tandem seating; one passenger behind the driver. Tandem parking means parking one car in front of the other. The word tandem is also used to indicate a semi-trailer truck pulling more than one trailer. Tandem axles means one axle mounted closely in front of another. For trailers, the purpose is to bear heavier loads than a single axle provides. In heavy trucks, tandem refers to two closely spaced axles. Legally defined by
1554-613: Was chosen by the South American Air-forces because of the superior performance of the super-charged Menasco engine at the high altitude airports encountered. After the Japanese invasion of the Netherlands East Indies many Ryans in that country were pressed into combat, especially in reconnaissance roles, and large numbers were shot down or destroyed on the ground. Surviving STM-2s and STM-S2s that were not captured by
1596-635: Was clipped back to the landing gear; a small nose wheel added to prevent ground loops; a roll cage between cockpits to protect the pilot and cadet; and the throttle modified so the engine could not go over a certain RPM. The first Ryan ST flew for the first time on 8 June 1934 and production began the following year, when nine aircraft were delivered. Except for 1937 (when 46 aircraft were built), production rates remained low for several years, at about one aircraft every two weeks. This changed in 1940 when deliveries to military forces began in earnest; production that year
1638-605: Was developed in 1941 from the civilian Ryan ST series. The earlier PT-20 and PT-21 were the military production versions of the Ryan ST-3 with a total of 100 built. The PT-22 was the United States Army Air Corps' first purpose built monoplane trainer. The rapid expansion of wartime aircrew training required new trainers, and the Ryan PT-22 was ordered in large numbers. Named the "Recruit", it entered operational service with
1680-519: Was just under three aircraft per week. Total production of civil and military aircraft prior to the entry of the United States into World War II amounted to 315. Another 1,253 military versions were produced in 1942 and 1943, for a total of 1,568 aircraft of all models. Most civil aircraft in the ST series were delivered in the United States, although a few were exported to South Africa, Australia and various countries in Latin America. An example of
1722-678: Was riveted to the drop-hammer formed dural bulkhead rings." The main fuselage bulkhead, "was of built-up welded sheet steel and carried the important spar fittings as well as attachment points for the diagonal wing bracing strut, the upper landing wires, and lower flying wires." Cassagneres goes on to state, "The wings were constructed of solid spruce spars, stamped aluminum alloy ribs, and steel compression members, and were fabric covered. Ailerons and flaps were steel and aluminum structure with fabric covering. All tail surfaces were constructed entirely of tubular aluminum alloy with stamped ribs, and fabric covered." Five STs were built, each powered with
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1764-429: Was steerable up to 45 degrees when it became full swivel. All main and tail landing gear used oleo struts. Each cockpit included an airspeed indicator, altimeter, oil temperature and pressure gauges, tachometer and compass. Rate of climb indicator, turn and bank indicator, and clock were optional. In order to simplify maintenance, the wheel spats and landing gear fairings were deleted in the production examples The PT-22
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