103-686: The PNR North Main Line ( Filipino : Pangunahing Linyang Pahilaga ng PNR , simply known as PNR North or Northrail ) is one of the two trunk lines of the Philippine National Railways in the island of Luzon , the other being the PNR South Main Line . The line during its maximum extent led to various cities and municipalities in Central Luzon and the Ilocos Region . The project
206-542: A "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino , to replace
309-552: A Dagupan. He used the line to recruit potential La Liga Filipina members prior to his exile. On February 23, 1892, he took a train to San Fernando station in Pampanga. He then commuted to various other locations in Central Luzon, until he took his last train with a 120 km (75 mi) trip to Tarlac on June 26. He wrote that the trip took 5 hours, 40 minutes. This was 2 weeks prior to his exile to Dapitan . On November 24, 1892,
412-507: A common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through the Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese , Hokkien , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Arabic . The Malay language
515-577: A common national language, termed Filipino , to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to
618-687: A feasibility study for the reconstruction of the old Cabanatuan branch line in January 2019. Once approved, this will become the Northeast Commuter Line . It will start on NSCR tracks in Makati and will branch off the main line at Balagtas station in Bulacan. The line proper will continue for at least 92 km (57 mi) northeast towards Nueva Ecija , ending at the city of Cabanatuan . There are also plans for an extension to San Jose, Nueva Ecija , sealing
721-515: A loop with the NSCR northward extension there. The Environmental Protection Division (Enro) of Cabanatuan held a stakeholders' consultation meeting on July 29, 2020. This also announced that the line has 17 stations with the extension to San Jose. At Guiguinto , the line will take a new right-of-way compared to the old Cabanatuan line. At San Rafael, Bulacan , the Northeast Commuter will then follow
824-672: A resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of
927-806: A small hill station in the Cordillera Region . There were already plans for a rail line to the town, but was ultimately cancelled in 1917 due to lack of funding. The Dagupan Express opened on February 10, 1979. It was serviced by the MCBP class diesel multiple units , the intercity version of the MC-300 multiple units of 1968. Like the Amianan Express , the Dagupan Express also ended in 1984 after all North Main Line services terminated in Tarlac. The Ilocos Express
1030-683: A subsidiary of French conglomerate Bouygues . NSCR North 2 was then awarded starting in August 2020 to various consortiums of local and international companies. On April 12, 2021, clearing works began for the new Calumpit station in Barangay Iba Oeste (West), Calumpit , Bulacan . The three-floor building will be the first station to be constructed for the NSCR North Phase 2. Prior to May, construction work for Apalit station commenced. As of May 1, concrete pouring has been completed on some of
1133-429: A week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language). In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of
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#17330847993071236-786: A year. The dry season generally occurs from December to May and wet the rest of the year. The wettest months are from July to September. The Pampanga River Basin could handle between 100 and 130 millimetres (3.9 and 5.1 in) of 24-hour rainfall. Extensive flooding occurred at the Pampanga River Basin in July 1962, May 1966, May 1976, October 1993, August 2003, August 2004, late September–October 2009, and August 2012. The flooding in September 2011 associated with Pedring ( Typhoon Nesat ) nearly swallowed all of Pampanga and southern parts of Bulacan. Very catastrophic and exceptionally severe flooding in
1339-563: Is a language under the Austronesian language family . It is the national language ( Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika ) of the Philippines , lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of the two official languages ( Wikang opisyal / Opisyal na wika ) of the country, with English . It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog , spoken and written in Metro Manila ,
1442-784: Is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog . the General Assembly proclaims this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among
1545-462: Is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection . It is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech . The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from
1648-590: Is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages. It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered
1751-401: Is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and " Imperial Manila ", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues". This
1854-645: Is set to be connected to the South Main Line through the NSCR, the SCRP and the North Dry Port projects. A majority of the project's main lines have been proposed since 1875, long before intercity services were opened in 1892. The Cagayan Valley Extension, predecessor to the North Long Haul East, initially had some of its right of way built in the 1950s and 1960s. However, construction was cancelled after 1966 and
1957-479: Is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa);
2060-414: Is the indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of
2163-569: Is the second largest river on the island of Luzon in the Philippines (next to Cagayan River ) and the country's fifth longest river. It is in the Central Luzon region and traverses the provinces of Pampanga , Bulacan , and Nueva Ecija . Its headwaters are at the Sierra Madre and runs a south and southwesterly course for about 261 kilometres (162 mi) until it drains into Manila Bay . The river's basin covers an area of 10,434 square kilometres (4,029 sq mi), including
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#17330847993072266-627: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino
2369-474: The American colonial period , English became an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased. The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as
2472-666: The Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language ) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language. In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group . The changing of
2575-608: The Maharlika Highway . The 1980s started the closure of the line due to decreasing ridership. A bridge collapse in 1984 ordered the closure of the services to the Ilocos Region. The line was then reduced to Caloocan in 1988, leaving the South Main Line the only operational intercity line at that point. There was a brief return of a commuter rail service to Malolos as part of the Metrotren program between 1990 and 1997. Since then,
2678-530: The Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano , Cebuano , Hiligaynon , or any of the other Philippine languages . He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by
2781-607: The North–South Commuter Railway , also known as NSCR North and PNR Clark , is a 91 km (57 mi) section that shall rebuild the historic commuter services to Malolos in Bulacan , as well as San Fernando and Angeles City in Pampanga before terminating at Clark International Airport . The line shall also be extended to New Clark City , with a targeted opening date between 2023 and 2025. Development started after
2884-577: The Paniqui Express in the 1930s, but that was eclipsed by the Ilocos Express . There were two accidents involving the service, one in 1939 and another in 1959. It was also known as the Ilocos Special on Spanish language promotional material. Such services were intended to connect Tutuban and Manila within 6 hours using newly-refurbished locomotives that burn fuel oil instead of coal. Due to
2987-633: The Ramos administration took advantage of the recently closed North Main Line to revitalize plans to electrify the commuter rail service in Metro Manila . The project was originally proposed by the Japan International Cooperation Agency in 1978. This was named as the Manila–Clark rapid railway project with the assistance of Spain . Construction continued as the Northrail project during
3090-620: The Spanish East Indies government in 1880, but construction did not commence until 1887 due to the lack of a concession operator. Unlike the South Main Line which was built to its planned terminus in Legazpi , Albay , the North Main Line network never reached its intended termini in Laoag for the northwestern line and Tuguegarao for the northeastern line. The Manila Railway Company, Limited
3193-685: The Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil . On August 22, 2007, it
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3296-404: The presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , but stopped during the presidency of Benigno Aquino III due to disagreements with its Chinese backers. The project was never completed and ended like the failed Hopewell Project of Bangkok , Thailand . It was not until the 2010s when the present form was realized as the North–South Commuter Railway . Another railway project was also proposed during
3399-400: The provincial capitol . It also briefly reached Sudipen near the provincial border with Ilocos Sur during World War II but was later dismantled in 1945. Services peaked in the 1960s and the early 1970s until several factors such as fierce competition with the national highway system , increasing maintenance costs, natural disasters and the 1997 Asian financial crisis eventually led to
3502-685: The 1960s and onwards. By 1964, the Manila Railroad was reorganized and renamed into the present Philippine National Railways . The renaming took inspiration from the Japanese National Railways . The early days of the PNR was also claimed to be the agency's golden years. While operations were smaller in scale to its southern counterpart, the North Main Line was still a popular means of travel leading out of Metro Manila . The line sought an estimated daily ridership of 3,000 passengers. The 1970s were
3605-459: The 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of
3708-526: The Aringay–Tuba section of the Baguio line was closed and the 300 class rack tank locomotives used for this service were scrapped in 1945. However, the tracks remained by as late as the 1960s and were built over by paddy fields . Only over a third of the Manila Railroad system was usable after the war, amounting to 452 km (281 mi). Around eighty percent of its rolling stock were also destroyed. The system
3811-610: The Cagayan Valley extension project's cancellation in the 1970s. Only two commuter rail services run on the North Main Line, both of which only operate within Metro Manila . This is unlike its counterpart to the south that would have some trains lead to neighboring Laguna province during rush hour. There are only two services that run on the North Main Line as of 2019: The North Main Line hosted both intercity and commuter trains like its southern counterpart. While its intercity services have been discontinued since 1988 and much of
3914-512: The Filipino language. Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. And also states in the article: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain
4017-422: The Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar , author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura . In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with
4120-493: The Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra , who sat as
4223-415: The Manila Railroad underwent another fleet modernization. Its entire steam locomotive fleet will be replaced by diesel locomotives starting in 1954. In August 1956, the modernization has been completed and all steam locomotives were relegated to maintenance work or retired altogether. Yards along the North Main Line in Pampanga became the storage location of these locomotives until they were all scrapped in
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4326-730: The Manila Railway to carry freight and Army soldiers. Trains were also used as mobile hospitals, carrying soldiers who were either injured or killed during the fighting. A river bridge in Bamban , Tarlac was destroyed along with one of the Dagupan class locomotives used by the US Army. This is to prevent the American advance to Central Luzon. However, the efforts to sabotage the network were futile as Filipino forces were eventually defeated and President Aguinaldo
4429-699: The NR class. These coaches were later reassigned to the South Main Line. Despite these initial plans not continuing as planned, the line was eventually reactivated. A Shuttle Service was opened from 10th Avenue station in Caloocan to Dela Rosa station in Makati on August 1, 2018. Since then, a regular Metro North Commuter service has been opened and the Shuttle Service was expanded to Bicutan station in Parañaque . Since 2020,
4532-401: The NSCR are collectively referred as the PNR North Long Haul . Currently, this last project is still being proposed. The railroad network in Luzon, predecessor to today's Philippine National Railways, was first proposed on August 6, 1875. To the north of Manila are two main lines, one leading to Laoag , Ilocos Norte and the other leading to Tuguegarao , Cagayan . The system was approved by
4635-413: The National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by the other languages of the Philippines . Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order, but can also use subject-verb-object order. Filipino follows the trigger system of morphosyntactic alignment that
4738-539: The North Long Haul via the Subic–Clark Railway, and to the South Long Haul via the overhaul of the existing tracks of the PNR Metro Commuter Line . The diesel-electric locomotive to be used for the service is yet to be determined. It is expected that there will be four- and six-axle designs capable of at least 80 km/h (50 mph) operational speed. Meanwhile, the freight cars are classified into two categories: containerized and non-containerized. The average train lengths are between 250–350 meters (820–1,150 ft) for
4841-401: The North Main Line during much of the 2000s, although the line was still used for trains heading to PNR's maintenance facility in Caloocan. Trial service on the North Main Line were planned later on. Between 2009 and 2010, PNR stations were renovated including a number of stations on the North Main Line. Some second-hand 12 series coaches were also acquired from the East Japan Railway Company as
4944-487: The North Main Line only running a few kilometers north to Malabon , the line runs relatively few trains. The line currently uses PNR Hyundai Rotem DMUs , 203 series and PNR 8000 class trainsets. Ex-JNR rolling stock such as KiHa 35 and KiHa 52 have been out of service for the line. The Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Program provided an overview of the planned system in northern and central Luzon. All new lines are standard-gauge railways . The North section of
5047-430: The North–South Railway Project (NSRP) in 2014. In August 2015, the track gauge for the NSRP was changed from standard gauge to 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge so there will be no need of an overhaul of the existing network. This was later reverted to standard gauge after the North–South Commuter Railway in its present form was announced on June 1, 2018. Pre-construction work such as clearing of
5150-401: The Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila , situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after the capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula . After its fall to
5253-404: The Philippines provided that: The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages. On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating
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#17330847993075356-450: The Philippines' first named express train service, was inaugurated in 1911. Originally only stopping at Damortis in Rosario, La Union with a luxury car service heading for the hill station of Baguio , this train started the scramble for a direct rail service. Construction for the Aringay–Baguio line started in 1914 but was never finished and the tunnel leading to the city was never completed, citing British involvement in World War I as
5459-477: The Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and the Dutch. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila , Laguna . A latter book of
5562-405: The allied basin of Guagua River. The basin is drained through the Pampanga River and via the Labangan Channel into Manila Bay . Its main tributaries are Peñaranda and the Coronel-Santor rivers on the eastern side of the basin and the Chico River from the northwest side. The Angat River joins the Pampanga River at Calumpit, Bulacan via the Bagbag River. Mount Arayat stands in the middle of
5665-462: The basin. Southeast of Mount Arayat and the Pampanga River is the Candaba Swamp , covering an area of some 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) absorbing most of the flood flows from the western slopes of a portion of the Sierra Madre and the overflowing of the Pampanga River via the Cabiao Floodway. This area is submerged during the rainy season but is relatively dry during summer. The basin experiences, on an average, at least one flooding in
5768-409: The beginning of the decline of operations on the North Main Line. The Cagayan Valley extension was never fully realized and PNR trains only terminated at San Jose, Nueva Ecija . The tunnel boring machines were then sold-off as debt payment for the project, and track work has been reverted into roads . A later investigation found that the Marcos government transferred the funds to the construction of
5871-476: The birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration". In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos . It
5974-445: The chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans , the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing the Ilokano-speaking regions ), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans ), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos ), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans ), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos ), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs ). The Institute of National Language adopted
6077-407: The closure of the line in the late 1990s. The line only served as a connection for trains returning to the Caloocan depot. After 21 years of inactivity, services on the North Main Line resumed on August 1, 2018, with the reopening of Solis station in Tondo, Manila . More stations opened for the next few months with the latest being Governor Pascual on December 3 that year. Like its counterpart to
6180-408: The country and the Annual Report was still prepared with British conventions. New lines were defined by Insular Government Act No. 1905 as the Northern Lines . This include the Manila–Dagupan main line, the Antipolo branch of the Southern Lines , the Cabanatuan branch, the Fort Stotsenburg branch, and shortline railroads serving the Port of Manila and within Dagupan. The Baguio Special ,
6283-461: The delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution , in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of
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#17330847993076386-662: The equipment used was later sold. Contemporary efforts to reviving the North Main Line were first announced in 2017 during a DOTr's presentation to the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs . It is expected that the system will be electrified with 1.5 kV DC electrification, being future extensions of the NSCR North and the SCRP. The upgrades shall happen once enough traffic has been reached to justify their implementation. The system consists of two lines: Filipino language Filipino ( English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / , FIH-lih-PEE-noh ; Wikang Filipino , [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞] )
6489-437: The higher sections of the basin, dams — especially the Pantabangan Dam in Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija — provide irrigation for farms in the province of Nueva Ecija . At the lower sections of the basin, where the Pampanga delta lies, the Pampanga River system divides into small branches, crisscrossed with fishponds to form a network of sluggish, tidal flats and canals, which eventually find their way to Manila Bay. With
6592-432: The initial phase while 650 meters (2,130 ft) will be the trains' maximum allowable length per the design of the line. In 2016, promotional images use the China Railways HXN5 as a sample rolling stock for the line. The North Long Haul project shall revive the intercity section of the North Main Line north of New Clark City station in Capas. It shall also expand into regions that were not served by railways. The line
6695-441: The island's mountainous terrain. One of the main obstacles in the construction stage is crossing the Rio Grande de Pampanga , after which a box truss bridge was built. At the same time, several tank locomotives were ordered by the Manila Railway. This began with an order for 2 Manila Railway Manila class locomotives in 1886 from English manufacturer Hunslet Engine Company . These were later named Manila and Dagupan after
6798-450: The late 1990s as part of the Philippines 2000 program under President Ramos. In 1995, the Manila–Rizal–Laguna–Quezon Growth Corridor (MARILAQUE) was proposed and the MARILAQUE Commission was established for the development of the area. They were tasked by the national government to implement the Silangan Railway Express 2000 project. The 95 km (59 mi) line would have connected the northern half of Metro Manila to Rizal similar to
6901-498: The latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila. Spanish served in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During
7004-401: The latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish , or Mandarin and Chinese . Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at
7107-408: The lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino
7210-423: The line to Dagupan was inaugurated. Manila Railway trains were used by both the Philippine Revolutionary Army and the United States Army forces during the Philippine–American War . President Emilio Aguinaldo and his cabinet ministers used First Class car Z4 as their primary method of travel on the railroad, especially during their retreat to northern Luzon. On the other hand, the advancing American forces used
7313-413: The line was closed in 1997. The Amianan Express was a night train service that opened in 1974. It left Manila by 11 PM and arrived in San Fernando by 4:30 AM the next day. It was serviced by then-new PNR 900 class diesel-electric locomotives and five coaches capable of seating 912 people. After ending in San Fernando station, commuters would take the bus to Ilocos Norte and Sur, and Benguet. Later, it
7416-422: The line's two planned termini. Between 1888 and 1890, thirty Manila Railway Dagupan class locomotives were ordered from Neilson and Company and Dübs and Company . Various passenger railcars and boxcars were also ordered from unknown British manufacturers. Prior to the opening of the full length of the line to Pangasinan , José Rizal was one of the most popular commuters of the early Ferrocarril de Manila
7519-431: The name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted the 1937 selection. The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and
7622-459: The new Baguio Night Special service. After his death in 1923, he was then succeeded by Jose Paez, the first Filipino general manager of the company. Paez continued the fleet modernization started by McCoy as well as expanded the network to its established termini at San Fernando, La Union on March 16, 1929, and a seamless network to the Bicol Region was opened on May 8, 1938. Although the line
7725-502: The newly purchased PNR 8000 class diesel multiple units were then assigned to the line and replaced second-hand KiHa 350s and KiHa 52s DMUs. The North Main Line currently only has stations within northern Metro Manila , though it previously had stations in Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac , Pangasinan and La Union . Branch lines also led to Nueva Ecija , while tracks and track bed were already placed in Isabela and Cagayan prior to
7828-401: The official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based". The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin,
7931-473: The old Northrail project was cancelled when the Department of Transportation and Communications attempted to reactivate the construction of a new electrified commuter rail line. Canadian firm CPCS Transcom Limited was commissioned to conduct a feasibility study for a Malolos–Los Baños commuter line as part of a larger effort to reform Metro Manila 's public transport system. This was eventually approved as
8034-652: The old route to Cabanatuan. Another new route will be built towards San Jose. This will join with the Tarlac–San Jose extension of the NSCR (NSCR North 4) towards North Long Haul East, which will then terminate at Tuguegarao . PNR general manager Junn Magno stated on an interview with local TV show Motoring Today on February 7, 2021, that the agency is still developing proposals for the line. Once completed, it will shorten travel times between job centers in Metro Manila and commuter towns in eastern Bulacan within 55 to 60 minutes. Both rail lines shall be interconnected to
8137-549: The other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led
8240-832: The peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG NA ITÓ NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ, sa layúning ang báwat táo at báwat galamáy ng lipúnan, na láging nása ísip ang Pahayág na itó, ay magsíkap sa pamamagítan ng pagtutúrò at edukasyón na maitagúyod ang paggálang sa mgá karapatán at kalayáang itó at sa pamamagítan ng mgá hakbáng na pagsúlong na pambansâ at pandaigdíg, ay makamtán ang pangkalahatán at mabísang pagkilála at pagtalíma sa mgá itó, magíng ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá Kasáping Estádo at ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá teritóryo na nása ilálim ng kaniláng nasasakúpan. Pampanga River The Pampanga River
8343-601: The piers while geotechnical engineering work are still ongoing. The NSCR will be the PNR's first electrified mainline. With this move to electrification, the DOTr has allotted a total of 360 electric multiple units for this service. The first batch of 104 Sustina Commuter EMUs commuter trains were already ordered from the Japan Transport Engineering Company . Another batch of 200 commuter EMUs and 56 airport express trains are also being procured. PNR requested
8446-458: The pre-war Antipolo and Marikina lines. It would then be extended eastward towards eastern Rizal province and northern Quezon, both more rural than the areas once plied by the two aforementioned lines. While plans continued under the term of President Joseph Estrada with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) by as late as 1999, it never materialized and was not considered to be built by future administrations. There were no services on
8549-463: The primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic. While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of
8652-546: The reason. This later made the Manila Railway's remaining Philippine unit to be absorbed into the Manila Railroad on January 8, 1917, with general manager Horace L. Higgins replaced by Colonel Henry Bayard McCoy. Under McCoy's leadership, the Manila Railroad modernized its locomotive fleet with the purchase of several American-built tender locomotives over the next few years. Meanwhile, the American Car and Foundry provided both regular passenger and sleeping cars , starting with
8755-587: The right of way has been converted to roads, its commuter service was reconstructed and reopened in 2018. However, not all of its historic commuter operations are in active service and these are set to be replaced within the 2020s either by rapid transit or the NSCR. There were several commuter rail services leading in and out of Manila on the North Main Line during its history. Some of the lines were eventually closed, and their reconstruction were later deemed unnecessary to restore because of existing rapid transit infrastructure from other systems. The North Main Line
8858-554: The right of way was started on January 6, 2018. The groundbreaking and construction from Tutuban to Malolos started on February 15, 2019. The contract for the construction of NSCR North 1 was awarded to the Filipino-Japanese consortium of DMCI Holdings and Taisei Corporation on May 21, 2019. The contract for the construction of the railway viaduct from Tutuban to Bocaue was awarded in December 2020 to Swiss firm VSL International ,
8961-473: The river basin that engulfed the Central Luzon provinces of Pangasinan , Pampanga, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac occurred in July and August 1972. The 1972 flooding was so extensive that it flooded out 14 provinces in throughout Northern and Central Luzon, plus Metro Manila and Southern Tagalog . The Pampanga River Basin and the Agno River Basin converged over Tarlac, submerging that province. At
9064-550: The same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with
9167-398: The same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language. In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista
9270-610: The same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors: On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year,
9373-692: The south, the line is also slated to be rebuilt. The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR) is being constructed in the area of Bulacan . Once completed, it will connect Tutuban station with Clark International Airport in Pampanga , and New Clark City in Tarlac . To its west of the line is the Subic–Clark railway which will initially be built for freight trains between the Subic Special Economic and Freeport Zone and Clark Airport with an extension to New Clark City. Other railroad lines that are separate from
9476-513: The use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. and: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages . Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created
9579-657: Was captured in 1901. After the war, the network was repaired and expanded. The British owners were still allowed to operate for the following years, having reorganized into the Manila Railway Company (1906) Limited. Meanwhile, an American operator named the Manila Railroad Company (MRR) Corporation was established in New Jersey that same year. By 1909, the Manila Railroad took control of the system, although Horace L. Higgins still leads as its general manager in
9682-498: Was created on June 1, 1887, and construction began. Initial site inspection was presided by Lieutenant Colonel José Gago y Palomo (1849–1908), who was renowned for building fortifications and trails in Mindanao for Spanish Army General Valeriano Weyler . According to Gary Satre on an investigative article in 1999, the use of 3 feet, 6 inches gauge was made both as a cost-cutting measure and to allow tighter curves in order to suit
9785-707: Was damaged after the First Philippines campaign during World War II , the Japanese briefly extended it to Sudipen near the La Union – Ilocos Sur border, some 41.6 kilometers (25.8 miles) north of San Fernando. After the Second Philippines campaign , the line has been closed. The line was eventually dismantled so that track materials would give way for the reconstruction of the Main Line South's network. Additionally,
9888-539: Was eventually rebuilt, but not all branch lines were restored. In 1951, Ramon Magsaysay was appointed as general manager of the Manila Railroad. Under Magsaysay's term as general manager despite being only three months, made the company extend its network to Bacnotan . He would also preside the beginning of the Cagayan Valley extension. Magsaysay later became the President of the Philippines in 1953 and under his term,
9991-523: Was expanded into two services, the Amianan Day Express and the Amianan Night Express . The Amianan Night Express ran faster than its day counterpart, the Amianan Day Express , making the 260 km (160 mi) run to San Fernando, La Union in five hours. The difficulty of terrain to build new train lines prevented both MRR and PNR to have direct train services to Baguio City, then
10094-493: Was first opened when the Manila–Dagupan Railway was opened in 1892. At its height between the 1950s and 1960s, the line went from Tutuban to Dagupan and also served until San Fernando, La Union . The line also boasted several rail yards . It also had branch lines to various areas in Central Luzon. However, its services severely deteriorated in the 1980s. All regular operations outside Metro Manila first ended in 1988, and
10197-548: Was generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with the Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages. Spanish intrusion into
10300-615: Was inaugurated on March 15, 1930. The services includes a dining car with catering provided by the Manila Hotel . Another variant of the service was the Baguio-Ilocos Express . Following the modernization program of the Manila Railway Company in 1955, the Ilocos Express featured a 7A class "De Luxe" coach until 1979, when the lack of operable air-conditioned coaches caused a switch to a "Tourist"-class coach. The company also operated
10403-521: Was originally proposed in 1875 during the Spanish era , and was constructed in stages between the 1880s and the 1890s as the Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan ( lit. ' Manila–Dagupan Railroad ' ). The line was opened to Dagupan , Pangasinan on November 24, 1892. Further extensions to the line reached as far as Bacnotan , La Union with passenger trains terminating at San Fernando U station in
10506-409: Was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it
10609-416: Was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila , all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking. Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only
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