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50-783: The PHW Group is made up of two parent companies: the Erste Paul-Heinz Wesjohann GmbH & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft with €2,232.5 million in sales, and the Zweite Paul-Heinz Wesjohann GmbH & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft with €585.8 million in sales in the 2020/2021 financial year, both based in Rechterfeld . Part of the PHW group are several subgroups, among them the Lohmann & Co. AG based in Vaduz , Liechtenstein , which

100-888: A chicken breeding farm. In another ARD reportage in 2011 and in a Stern TV reportage in 2013, further cases of animal abuse were documented. The PHW Group is accused of overexploitation of groundwater resources in the vicinity of its production sites. In Lohne , groundwater levels near a plant of the PHW Group were documented to have dropped by several meters since 1951. In 2014, the German Federal Cartel Office imposed fines totaling approximately €338.5 million on 21 sausage producers and 33 responsible individuals. The so-called Wurstkartell ( German for sausage cartel ) also involved PHW Group subsidiary Wiesenhof Geflügelwurst GmbH & Co. KG based in Rietberg . In 2019,

150-409: A lower income than large landholders, are unable to benefit from the technology that allows greater water access. This creates a cycle of inequity as small landholders that are dependent on agriculture have less water to irrigate their land, producing a lower output of crops. Additionally, overdrafting has socio-economic impacts due to prior appropriation laws . Prior appropriation rights declare that

200-831: A national level until 1984. The incumbent mayor is Florian Meier , elected in the 2024 Vaduz mayoral by-election . Vaduz features an oceanic climate with warm summers and chilly winters. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb). The city experiences a noticeable increase in precipitation during the summer, but in general all twelve months see some precipitation. Vaduz receives, on average, approximately 900 mm (35 in) of precipitation per year. Vaduz's warmest month, July, sees average high temperatures reach 25 °C (77 °F) while average low temperatures are about 14 °C (57 °F). The city's coldest month, January, sees average highs of 3 °C (37 °F) and average lows of −3 °C (27 °F). Vaduz Castle

250-437: A sinkhole. Overdrafting in coastal regions can lead to the reduction of water pressure in an aquifer, allowing saltwater intrusion. If saltwater contaminates a freshwater aquifer, that aquifer can no longer be used as a reliable source of freshwater for settlements and cities. Artificial recharge may return fresh water pressure to halt saltwater intrusion. However, this method can be economically inefficient and unavailable due to

300-459: A source of drinking water. Overdrafting can also affect organisms living within groundwater aquifers known as s tygobionts Loss of habitat for these creatures through overdrafting has reduced biodiversity in certain areas. Environmental impacts of overdrafting include: Overdrafting has socio-economic impacts due to cost inequities that increase as the water table drops. As the water table drops, deeper wells are required to reach water in

350-599: Is a museum of modern and contemporary art, and also shows displays from the private princely Liechtenstein Collection , the main public display of which is in Vienna . The building is an architectural landmark built by the Swiss architects Morger, Degelo and Kerez. It was completed in November 2000 and forms a "black box" of tinted concrete and black basalt stone. The museum collection is also

400-558: Is about 32% of the cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century. In the United States, the biggest users of water from aquifers include agricultural irrigation , and oil and coal extraction . According to Konikow, "Cumulative total groundwater depletion in the United States accelerated in the late 1940s and continued at an almost steady linear rate through the end of the century. In addition to widely recognized environmental consequences, groundwater depletion also adversely impacts

450-400: Is efficient, changing diets to crops that require less water, and investing in infrastructure that uses water sustainably. The state of California has implemented some water conservation techniques due to droughts in the state. Some of their techniques include prohibitions on: 1) outdoor watering that runs onto sidewalks or other on hard surfaces that don’t absorb water, 2) washing vehicles with

500-409: Is extracted from rocks that support more weight when saturated. This can lead to a capacity reduction in the aquifer. Changes in freshwater availability stem from natural and human activities (in conjunction with climate change ) that interfere with groundwater recharge patterns. One of the leading anthropogenic activities causing groundwater depletion is irrigation . Roughly 40% of global irrigation

550-400: Is no aquitard, and groundwater can be freely extracted from the surface. Extracting groundwater from unconfined aquifers is like borrowing the water: it has to be recharged at a proper rate. Recharge can happen through artificial recharge and natural recharge. When groundwater is extracted from an aquifer, a cone of depression is created around the well . As the drafting of water continues,

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600-555: Is of Romance origin. The name can be traced back to Old Rhaeto-Romance root auadutg ' aqueduct ' , which in turn evolved from the Latin aquaeductus . Vaduz is mentioned in historic 12th-century manuscripts as Faduzes . In 1322 a mention of the castle is made, which was sacked by the Swiss in 1499 during the Swabian War . The entire city was also destroyed. In the 17th century

650-514: Is supported by groundwater, and irrigation is the primary activity causing groundwater storage loss across the U.S. This ranking is based on the amount of groundwater each country uses for agriculture. This issue is becoming significant in the United States (most notably in California), but it has been an ongoing problem in other parts of the world, such as was documented in Punjab , India, in 1987. In

700-424: Is the amount of water extraction that can be sustained indefinitely without negative hydrological impacts, taking into account both recharge rate and surface water impacts. There are two types of aquifers: confined and unconfined. In confined aquifers, there is an overbearing layer called an aquitard , which contains impermeable materials through which groundwater cannot be extracted. In unconfined aquifers, there

750-522: Is the capital of Liechtenstein and also the seat of the national parliament . The city, which is located along the Rhine , has 5,696 residents. The most prominent landmark of Vaduz is Vaduz Castle , perched atop a steep hill overlooking the city. It is home to the reigning prince of Liechtenstein and the Liechtenstein princely family . The city's distinctive architecture is also displayed in landmarks such as

800-454: Is the home of the reigning prince of Liechtenstein and the Liechtenstein princely family . The castle is visible from almost any location in Vaduz, being perched atop a steep hill in the middle of the city. The Cathedral of St. Florin , Government House and City Hall display the various styles and periods of architecture in the city. As of 2019, 5,696 people lived in Vaduz. Foreigners resident in

850-480: Is the natural replenishment of water, artificial recharge is the man-made replenishment of groundwater, though there is only a limited amount of suitable water available for replenishing. Water Conservation Techniques: Other solutions include implementing water conservation techniques to decrease overdrafting. These include improving governance to ensure proper water management, incentivizing water conservation, improving agriculture techniques to ensure water use

900-421: Is the process of extracting groundwater beyond the equilibrium yield of an aquifer . Groundwater is one of the largest sources of fresh water and is found underground. The primary cause of groundwater depletion is the excessive pumping of groundwater up from underground aquifers. Insufficient recharge can lead to depletion, reducing the usefulness of the aquifer for humans. Depletion can also have impacts on

950-628: The Cathedral of St. Florin , Government House, City Hall, the National Art Gallery, as well as the National Museum. Although Vaduz is the best-known town in the principality internationally, it is not the largest; neighbouring Schaan has a larger population. The name Vaduz had been first recorded as de Faduzes . The name of the settlement, like most other towns in the Rhine Valley region,

1000-654: The EW Group . While the EW Group became one of the world's largest poultry-breeding companies, the PHW Group evolved into one of the largest poultry slaughter company in Europe. The PHW Group subsequently expanded and took over competitors as well as companies in other countries. The acquisitions included the Polish poultry processor Drobimexin 2001, the Dutch slaughterhouse Esbro in 2014 and

1050-566: The Feldkirch–Buchs railway . It was opened on 24 October 1872 by agreement with Austria-Hungary and Switzerland. There have been attempts to expand the rail network to connect with Vaduz, though these have been unsuccessful. Vaduz has two primary schools: Äule Primary School, near the Vaduzer-Saal; and Ebenholz Primary School, near the University of Liechtenstein , which is also located in

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1100-596: The Holy Roman Emperor himself, without any intermediate feudal patronage. After some time, the family was able to arrange the purchase of the minuscule Herrschaft ("Lordship") of Schellenberg and the countship of Vaduz (in 1699 and 1712, respectively) from the Hohenems. Tiny Schellenberg and Vaduz possessed exactly the political status required: no feudal lord other than the Emperor. Thereby, on 23 January 1719, after

1150-527: The Liechtenstein family was seeking a seat in the Imperial diet, the Reichstag . However, since they did not hold any territory that was directly under the Imperial throne, they were unable to meet the primary requirement to qualify. The family yearned for the added power a seat in the Imperial government would bring, and therefore sought to acquire lands that would be reichsunmittelbar , or held directly from

1200-584: The German duck processor Wichmann in 2016. In 2018, the PHW Group took over the distribution for Beyond Meat in Germany. Until the end of 2007, the PHW Group sponsored the professional cycling team Wiesenhof–Felt . Since 2012, the PHW Group is the main sponsor of the professional football club SV Werder Bremen . The founder Paul-Heinz Wesjohann handed over the CEO position to his son Peter Wesjohann in 2009. The PHW Group

1250-574: The PHW Group relocated the registered office of Lohmann & Co. AG to Vaduz in Liechtenstein. The financial services provider Ganten Trustees Ltd. serves as the representative office, which previously appeared in the Panama Papers . The party Alliance 90/The Greens accused the PHW Group of tax evasion . Environmental and animal rights activists blocked sites of the PHW Group multiple times in protest. In 2013, activists cemented themselves on

1300-405: The PHW Group uses for public appearances. The core business area of the PHW Group is poultry production under the brand Wiesenhof . The PHW Group features a strong vertical integration and combines large parts of the poultry production chain. These include hatcheries , fattening, the production of feed and veterinary medicine , logistics, the slaughtering and cutting of poultry , and

1350-583: The U.S., an estimated 800 km of groundwater was depleted during the 20th century. The development of cities and other areas of highly concentrated water usage has created a strain on groundwater resources. In post-development scenarios, interactions between surface water and groundwater are reduced; there is less intermixing between the surface and subsurface ( interflow ), leading to depleted water tables. Groundwater recharge rates are also affected by rising temperatures which increase surface evaporation and transpiration, resulting in decreased water content of

1400-640: The Werdenberger-Binnenkanal bridge for motor vehicles, which was opened in 1975. Buses can be taken from Buchs, St. Gallen , Sevelen and Feldkirch into Vaduz. These buses typically run every 20 to 40 minutes and are operated by Liechtenstein Bus . Schaan-Vaduz railway station , located in Schaan, is the closest railway station to Vaduz. It is operated by the Austrian Federal Railways as part as

1450-674: The access road to the slaughterhouse in Bogen , Bavaria . In 2017, animal rights activists and members of citizens' initiatives blocked the slaughterhouse in Königs Wusterhausen , Brandenburg . In 2021, the alliance Gemeinsam gegen die Tierindustrie blocked the company headquarters in Rechterfeld with more than hundred activists. Vaduz Vaduz ( German pronunciation: [faˈdʊt͡s] or [faˈduːt͡s] , High Alemannic pronunciation: [ faˈdot͡s ])

1500-403: The aquifer. This not only requires deepening of already existing wells, but also digging new wells. Both processes are expensive. Research from Punjab found that the high cost of technology to continue water access hurts small landholders more than it does large landholders because large landholders have more resources “to invest in technology.” Therefore, small landholders, who traditionally have

1550-491: The aquifers for artificial recharge. Since every groundwater basin recharges at a different rate depending on precipitation , vegetative cover , and soil conservation practices, the quantity of groundwater that can be safely pumped varies greatly among regions of the world and even within provinces. Some aquifers require a very long time to recharge, and thus overdrafting can effectively dry up certain sub-surface water supplies . Subsidence occurs when excessive groundwater

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1600-462: The city make up 42% of the population. With 67% the population is predominantly Roman Catholic , while the percentage of Catholics is significantly higher among residents with Liechtenstein nationality (81%) than among foreigner residents (47%). The largest minority religions in the city are Protestantism (10%) and Islam (8%). The National Art Gallery as well as the National Museum are located in Vaduz. The art gallery ( Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein )

1650-880: The city. Both schools have the same secretariat and administration. The school assignments of children are largely determined by their street addresses. There are four kindergarten sites, of the Kindergarten Bartlegrosch, in Vaduz. Realschule Vaduz and Oberschule Vaduz are in the Schulzentrum Mühleholz II in Vaduz. Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium is also located in Vaduz. Realschule Schaan and Sportschule Liechtenstein are in nearby Schaan. [REDACTED] Media related to Vaduz at Wikimedia Commons Iceland : Reykjavík [REDACTED] Liechtenstein : Vaduz [REDACTED] Norway : Oslo [REDACTED] Switzerland : Bern [REDACTED] Overdrafting Overdrafting

1700-411: The cone increases in radius. Extracting too much water (overdrafting) can lead to negative impacts such as a drop of the water table , land subsidence , and loss of surface water reaching the streams. In extreme cases, the supply of water that naturally recharges the aquifer is pulled directly from streams and rivers, lowering their water levels. This affects wildlife, as well as humans who might be using

1750-434: The environment around the aquifer, such as soil compression and land subsidence , local climatic change, soil chemistry changes, and other deterioration of the local environment. There are two sets of yields: safe yield and sustainable yield . Safe yield is the amount of groundwater that can be withdrawn over a period of time without exceeding the long-term recharge rate or affecting the aquifer integrity. Sustainable yield

1800-653: The first person to use water from a water source will maintain the right to water. These rights result in socio-economic inequities as businesses and/or larger landholders who have a higher income can maintain their water rights. Meanwhile, new businesses or smaller landholders have less access to water, resulting in less ability to profit. Due to this inequity, small farmers in Punjab with less water rights tend to grow maize or less productive rice; meanwhile, larger landholders in Punjab can use more land for rice because they have access to water. Artificial Recharge: Since recharge

1850-547: The following years. In 1987, the Wesjohann family took over the majority of the share capital of Lohmann's company Lohmann & Co. AG , yielding the Lohmann-Wesjohann-Gruppe . In 1997, the Wesjohann family took over the remaining shares, subsequently owning the consortium completely. In 1998, Paul-Heinz and Erich Wesjohann split up the consortium. Paul-Heinz Wesjohann founded the PHW Group and Erich Wesjohann founded

1900-409: The high cost of the process. When aquifers or groundwater wells experience overdraft, chemical concentrations in the water may change. Chemicals such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate can be found in groundwater sources. Changes to water quality as a result of overdrafting may make it unsafe for human consumption; rendering the groundwater sources unusable as

1950-579: The long-term sustainability of groundwater supplies to help meet the Nation’s water needs." As reported by another USGS study of withdrawals from 66 major US aquifers, the three greatest uses of water extracted from aquifers were irrigation (68%), public water supply (19%), and "self-supplied industrial" (4%). The remaining 8% of groundwater withdrawals were for "self-supplied domestic, aquaculture , livestock , mining , and thermoelectric power uses." Groundwater extraction for use in water supplies lowers

2000-401: The municipal law was revised which extended term of the mayor and council to four years and increased the seats of Vaduz's municipal council to twelve. The system to elect the municipal council was changed to use a open list proportional representation system. In 1976, Vaduz replaced universal male suffrage with universal suffrage . Universal suffrage was not introduced to Liechtenstein on

2050-466: The national art collection of Liechtenstein. The Liechtenstein National Museum is showing a permanent exhibition on the cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein as well as special exhibitions. There are also the Postage Stamp Museum and a Ski Museum. Vaduz has a kind of folksong that has been greatly influenced by Switzerland, known as Köpugeäng . Vaduz is one of the few capital cities in

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2100-424: The overall water table, the level that groundwater sits at in an area. The lowering water table can diminish streamflow and reduce water level in other water bodies such as wetlands and lakes. In Karst systems, large-scale groundwater withdrawal can lead to sinkholes or groundwater-related subsidence. The overdrafting leads to the pressure in limestone containments to become unstable and sediments to collapse, creating

2150-520: The processing and marketing of poultry meat. Chickens are the main products processed, along with turkeys and ducks . The PHW Group also owns just under 50 percent of the shares of the WIMEX Group , one of the world's largest suppliers of day old chicks of the Cobb breed. Additionally, the company has a business sector alternative proteins , which in the fiscal year 2020/2021 made up €16.8 million (0,6% of

2200-476: The purchase had been duly made, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor , decreed Vaduz and Schellenberg were united, and raised to the dignity of Fürstentum ( principality ) with the name "Liechtenstein" in honour of "[his] true servant, Anton Florian of Liechtenstein ". It is on this date that Liechtenstein became a sovereign member state of the Holy Roman Empire . As testimony to the pure political expediency of

2250-609: The purchases, the Princes of Liechtenstein did not set foot in their new principality for over 120 years. Vaduz is located in the Oberland electoral district, and has three seats in the Landtag of Liechtenstein . Since the introduction of Liechtenstein municipal law of 1864, Vaduz has been locally administered by a mayor and municipal council. Until 1941, this consisted of the mayor, the municipal treasurer, and seven other councillors. In 1975,

2300-547: The soil. Anthropogenic changes to groundwater storage, such as over-pumping and the depletion of water tables combined with climate change, effectively reshape the hydrosphere and impact the ecosystems that depend on the groundwater. According to a 2013 report by research hydrologist Leonard F. Konikow at the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer between 2001–2008

2350-547: The total revenue). In 1932, Paul Wesjohann founded an agricultural trade business with a hatchery in Rechterfeld. The same year but independently, Heinz Lohmann founded a fishmeal factory in Cuxhaven . Both expanded their businesses greatly in the following decades. In 1965, they jointly established a chicken hatchery in Rechterfeld. The sons of Paul Wesjohann, Paul-Heinz and Erich Wesjohann, both entered executive position there. The brothers took over more and more responsibility in

2400-570: The water for other purposes. The natural process of aquifer recharge takes place through the percolation of surface water. An aquifer may be artificially recharged, such as by pumping reclaimed water from wastewater management projects directly into the aquifer. An example of is the Orange County Water District in California . This organization takes wastewater, treats it to a proper level, and then systematically pumps it back into

2450-831: The world to not have an airport. The closest major airport is Zurich Airport , and the closest minor airport being the St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport . Friedrichshafen Airport also provides access to Vaduz. By car, Vaduz is directly accessible via the A13 motorway in Switzerland, or via the A14 motorway in Austria. Vaduz is connected to Switzerland over the Rhine river by the Vaduz–Sevelen footbridge  [ de ] , or

2500-597: Was repeatedly criticized for bad working conditions. Im 2007, the ZDF broadcast the TV format Frontal21 documenting very bad working conditions and wages of Polish migrant workers . In 2011, similar conditions were documented by a ARD TV-reportage. Mistreatment of animals in the farms and the slaughterhouses was repeatedly criticized sharply. In 2010, the ARD broadcast a Report Mainz reportage uncovering serious animal welfare violations at

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