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169-508: Always a minor movement within the French far-right , it was initially a dissident wing of Henry Coston 's Francistes . Temporarily re-absorbed by that party in 1934, it reemerged following Coston's personal row with Clémenti. Its activity was interrupted in 1936, though it returned to incite industrial workers against the Popular Front government. Clémenti was the subject of interrogations during

338-645: A negative duty to not harm the poor. Pogge speaks of "institutional cosmopolitanism" and assigns responsibility to institutional schemes for deficits of human rights. An example given is slavery and third parties. A third party should not recognize or enforce slavery . The institutional order should be held responsible only for deprivations of human rights that it establishes or authorizes. The current institutional design, he says, systematically harms developing economies by enabling corporate tax evasion, illicit financial flows, corruption, trafficking of people and weapons. Joshua Cohen disputes his claims based on

507-516: A reciprocal relationship to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions, some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use. Hence, social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas , in philosophical debates about differences among human beings, in efforts for gender, ethnic, and social equality , for advocating justice for migrants , prisoners,

676-609: A "Manifesto of the Intellectuals", helping to define the meaning of the term " intellectual ", while the left and right were at loggerheads, mainly over the questions of militarism , nationalism , justice and human rights . Until then, nationalism was a Republican, left-wing ideology, related to the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars . It was a liberal nationalism , formulated by Ernest Renan 's definition of

845-478: A Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility , Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that social justice has a central place in Judaism . One of Judaism's most distinctive and challenging ideas is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha ("gladness" or "joy"), tzedakah ("the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts"), chesed ("deeds of kindness"), and tikkun olam ("repairing

1014-603: A French Algeria activist, created in April 1966 a neo-Nazi group, the FANE ( Fédération d'action nationaliste et européenne , Nationalist and European Federation of Action). The FANE boasted at most a hundred activists, including members such as Luc Michel , now leader of the Parti communautaire national-européen (National European Communautary Party), Jacques Bastide , Michel Faci , Michel Caignet  [ fr ] and Henri-Robert Petit ,

1183-659: A Greater France was also frustrated by Germany and Vichy. Clémenti asked that the Germans allow rattachism to happen, suggesting that this grant would seal a lasting Franco–German alliance. He remains the only French collaborator to state a specific territorial claim on Belgium, and as such found himself "in direct conflict" with Degrelle's Rexist Party , which stood for Belgian nationalism under German tutelage. In October 1941, Vichy leader Philippe Pétain disavowed Walloon separatism, which had also been subject to attacks by Rexists such as Paul Colin . Colin's newspaper Cassandre depicted

1352-567: A Resistance veteran, being enlisted by the Rally of the French People . Clémenti's European nationalism was revised to include talk of an anti-communist alliance between SS veterans and the right-wing of French, German and Italian resistance movements . He also revised his anti-Soviet stance, claiming that Russia would learn to shed Marxism in exchange for a " national socialism " of the " Third Way ". In 1951, he became co-founder and publicist for

1521-658: A branch in Argentina in the 1960s. Apart from the Action française , several far-right leagues were created during the Dreyfus affair. Mostly anti-Semitic, they also represented a new right-wing tendency, sharing common traits such as anti-parliamentarism , militarism, nationalism, and often engaged in street brawls. Thus, the nationalist poet Paul Déroulède created in 1882 the anti-semitic Ligue des patriotes (League of Patriots), which at first focused on advocating 'revanche' (revenge) for

1690-692: A combative stance on the pluralist scene of French fascism and collaboration. Strongly opposed to the French Popular Party , it had a working relationship with the National Popular Rally . Its rattachist campaigns also made it an adversary of the Rexist Party in occupied Belgium . With several other French parties, the PFNC helped organize the Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism , which fought on

1859-462: A concise history: "[T]he notion of social justice is relatively new. None of history's great philosophers—not Plato or Aristotle, or Confucius or Averroes, or even Rousseau or Kant—saw the need to consider justice or the redress of injustices from a social perspective. The concept first surfaced in Western thought and political language in the wake of the industrial revolution and the parallel development of

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2028-620: A dissident journal, L'Action Européenne , which he edited together with François Duprat . Vial helped put out the newspaper Socialisme Européen , itself a precursor of the radical think-tank GRECE . History of far-right movements in France The far-right ( French : Extrême droite ) tradition in France finds its origins in the Third Republic with Boulangism and the Dreyfus affair . In

2197-458: A fair and universal chance" and so "the construction of government ought to be such as to bring forward... all that extent of capacity which never fails to appear in revolutions." Although there is no certainty about the first use of the term "social justice", early sources can be found in Europe in the 18th century. Some references to the use of the expression are in articles of journals aligned with

2366-629: A figure on the French far-right, also taking up Holocaust denialism . He managed to obtain absolute control over a far-right populist group called European Freedom Union (REL). His hosting of readings from the Mein Kampf and attempts to establish contacts with the National Democratic Party of Germany sparked an exodus among REL members. The PFNC tenets were again revived following the May 1968 riots by

2535-466: A form of ethnic nationalism , itself blended with anti-Semitism, xenophobia , anti-Protestantism and anti-Masonry . Charles Maurras (1868–1952), founder of " integralism " (or "integral nationalism"), created the term "Anti-France" to stigmatize "internal foreigners", or the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners" (his actual word for the latter being the far less polite métèques ). A few years later, Maurras would join

2704-669: A former member of the conservative Rally for the Republic , which he quit in 1984. Others members of the Club de l'horloge, such as Bruno Mégret , later joined the FN after a short time in the RPR. During the 1980s, the National Front managed to gather, under Jean-Marie Le Pen 's leadership, most rival far-right tendencies of France, following a succession of splits and alliances with other, minor parties, during

2873-587: A journal and later a political organization, was the matrix of a new type of counter-revolutionary right-wing, which continues to exist today. During the interwar period , the Action française and its youth militia, the Camelots du Roi , were very active. Far right leagues organized riots. After World War II , the Organisation armée secrète (OAS) was created in Madrid in 1961 by French military personnel opposed to

3042-606: A journalist and former Collaborationist who directed under the Vichy regime the newspaper Le Pilori . The FANE maintained international contacts with the British group the League of Saint George . The FANE rallied Jean-Marie Le Pen 's National Front in 1974, gathered around François Duprat and Alain Renault  [ fr ] 's Revolutionary Nationalist Groups (GNR), which represented

3211-477: A key test of legitimacy on the theories of social contract. To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate, he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it, but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding. Not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion

3380-614: A major role in the United Methodist Church and the Free Methodist Church . The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says, "We hold governments responsible for the protection of the rights of the people to free and fair elections and to the freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, communications media, and petition for redress of grievances without fear of reprisal; to the right to privacy ; and to

3549-464: A moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region. It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s. The term was coined by the Peruvian priest Gustavo Gutiérrez , who wrote one of the movement's most famous books, A Theology of Liberation (1971). According to Sarah Kleeb , "Marx would surely take issue", she writes, "with the appropriation of his works in a religious context...there

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3718-452: A more favorable political climate, the party remained an exceedingly minor force in French wartime politics and society. Horváth suggests that Clémenti could only gather at most 2,000 affiliates, even though, in chronological terms, his was "the first incarnation of French fascism". Neulen gives the PFNC membership as 800, well below the PPF's 22,000. As Leclercq notes, most members were recruited from

3887-460: A new generation of national communists and pan-European nationalists, including Clémenti's godson Pierre Vial, formerly affiliated with Jeune Nation . Clémenti became a co-founder of Ordre Nouveau , a "revolutionary nationalist force" made up of former associates of Pierre Poujade with erstwhile conspirators in La Cagoule and Organisation Armée Secrète . Expelled from NOE in 1971, he created

4056-460: A private capacity". In mid 1941, he was a founding member and leading activist of the Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism (LVF), which became the main focus of his activity as a collaborator. His party was one of the five movements represented on the LVF steering committee, submitting to control by Marcel Déat 's National Popular Rally (RNP). In its communique of July 8, 1941, the PFNC welcomed

4225-483: A role reserved for trade unions, but all within a totalitarian state ; the PFNC advocated dirigisme and economic nationalism , promising to clamp down on capital flight . In his notes on the subject, Clémenti suggested that a "state protective of man's labor" was his social and economic ideal, arguing that the Great Depression could be tackled once "the worker and the owner [are united] against their common enemy:

4394-404: A shared belief in the " red peril ". Contrarily, researcher Jacques Leclercq sees the PFNC as distinguished by its racial antisemitism , which took "one of the most violent" forms. The final point in the PFNC platform was a promise to expel French Jews and other "foreigners". Clémenti's French nationalism also manifested itself as rattachism : the partition of Belgium along ethnic borders and

4563-438: A strong parliament and a weak presidency ; in place of this, nationalists favored a political system led by a strong ruler, originally a presidential republic , although some eventually came to support the idea of a restored monarchy . Across French society, there was also a common feeling of pride in the army and resentment about its defeat by the Germans. This defeat was blamed on the politicians who later became leaders of

4732-620: Is Vichy, the Collaboration proud of itself, the Milice , the OAS". Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the Front National (FN) party in 1972, along with former Occident member Jacques Bompard , former Collaborationist Roland Gaucher , François Duprat , who introduced the negationist thesis to France, and others nostalgics of Vichy France , Catholic fundamentalists , etc. Le Pen presented himself for

4901-513: Is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world, e.g., the Global Justice Movement . In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality, and can be defined as "the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society" . Several movements are working to achieve social justice in society. These movements are working toward

5070-536: Is involved, so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable. Rawls constructed an argument for a two-stage process to determine a citizen's hypothetical agreement: This applies to one person who represents a small group (e.g., the organiser of a social event setting a dress code) just as it does to national governments, which are ultimate trustees, holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries. Governments that fail to provide for welfare of their citizens according to

5239-569: Is made right by a greater good shared by others." A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms. His views are definitively restated in Political Liberalism where society is seen "as a fair system of co-operation over time, from one generation to the next". All societies have a basic structure of social, economic, and political institutions, both formal and informal. In testing how well these elements fit and work together, Rawls based

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5408-605: Is no way to reconcile Marx's views of religion with those of Gutierrez, they are simply incompatible. Despite this, in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world, and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path, the two have much in common; and, particularly in the first edition of [A Theology of Liberation], the use of Marxian theory is quite evident." Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil, Carlos Mugica of Argentina, Jon Sobrino of El Salvador, and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay. Social justice has more recently made its way into

5577-400: Is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold — to some extent, the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome. According to Rawls,

5746-476: Is why the community of the cross should concern itself with social justice as well as with loving philanthropy." From its founding, Methodism was a Christian social justice movement. Under John Wesley 's direction, Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day, including the prison reform and abolition movements. Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights, attracting significant opposition. Today, social justice plays

5915-792: The Action française (AF) and its youth militia, the Camelots du Roi , were very active in Paris. Apart from the AF, various far-right leagues were formed and opposed both Cartel des gauches (Coalition of the left) governments. Pierre Taittinger thus formed the Jeunesses Patriotes in 1924, which imitated the style of the Fascists , although it remained a more traditional authoritarian movement. The following year, Georges Valois created Le Faisceau , heavily inspired by Benito Mussolini 's Fascism . In 1933,

6084-555: The Paquebot , in Saint-Cloud . Le Pen then announced, in 2008, that he would not compete again in presidential elections, leaving the way for contest for the leadership of the FN between his daughter, Marine Le Pen , whom he favoured, and Bruno Gollnisch . The latter had been condemned in January 2007 for Holocaust denial , while Marine Le Pen attempted to follow a slicker strategy to give

6253-464: The 1984 European elections , the FN obtaining 10% of the votes. Two years later, the FN gained 35 deputies (nearly 10% of the votes) at the 1986 legislative elections , running under the label of " Rassemblement national ". Those elected included the monarchist Georges-Paul Wagner . Internal disputes continued however to divide the far-right. Following the 1986 elections, which brought Jacques Chirac to power as Prime Minister , some hardliners inside

6422-453: The 2015 regional elections with a historic result of just under 28% of the vote. By 2015, the FN had established itself as one of the largest political forces in France, unusually being both most popular and most controversial political party. For the 2012 presidential election , Le Pen came third in the first round, scoring 17.9% – the partys then best showing ever for the FN. For the 2017 presidential election , Le Pen came second in

6591-580: The Christian Front . Social Justice was the slogan of Charles Coughlin , and the name of his newspaper . Because of the documented influence of Divini Redemptoris in its drafters, the Constitution of Ireland was the first one to establish the term as a principle of the economy in the State, and then other countries around the world did the same throughout the 20th century, even in socialist regimes such as

6760-618: The Council President . He faced trial for this and was ordered to pay over 4,000 French francs in damages. During the Phony War of September 1939, he was imprisoned for another three months, but ultimately managed to persuade government that he was still loyal, and fought with distinction in the Battle of France . Shortly after the surrender of June 1940 , Clémenti became one of the first voluntary Nazi collaborators in occupied France . His party

6929-502: The Cuban Constitution in 1976. In the late 20th century, several liberal and conservative thinkers, notably Friedrich Hayek rejected the concept by stating that it did not mean anything, or meant too many things. However the concept remained highly influential, particularly with its promotion by philosophers such as John Rawls . Even though the meaning of social justice varies, at least three common elements can be identified in

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7098-499: The Dreyfus affair , a major political scandal that proved to be a turning point in the history of France. The modern "far right", or radical right, formed as a distinct political current during the Dreyfus affair. However, it had some antecedents in earlier years of the Third Republic. Many French nationalists came to oppose the Third Republic soon after its founding, believing that it had adopted an "English" constitution by creating

7267-619: The Eastern Front against the Soviet Union . This activity consumed Clémenti, leaving his party in disarray. The PFNC absorbed Robert Hersant 's Jeune Front , but thereafter was exposed to power struggles between Hersant and other party militants, involving the German authorities as arbiters. Centered on Lyon after 1941, the PFNC was only formally active during the Liberation of Paris , when it

7436-736: The Fourth Republic was using his skills as a propagandist for the Special Air Service , which was fighting the war in Indochina . Seven years later, a scandal ensued after Dursort's wartime activities were exposed to public scrutiny while he was serving on the Parisian Council . His party, the Union for the New Republic , had forced him to resign by 1961. Later in the 1960s, Clémenti reemerged as

7605-783: The French Forces of the Interior . Following the full reconquest of France in 1944, Clémenti withdrew with other collaborators to safety in Germany; he was then able to obtain asylum in Switzerland, where he continued to publish essays explaining his beliefs. Also hunted by the Resistance, Labat escaped to Spain. In December 1944, France's Provisional Government defined all members of the PFNC active after January 1, 1941 as guilty of indignité nationale . Dursort escaped scrutiny and passed himself off as

7774-596: The French Resistance had tried but failed to assassinate Déat. Clémenti was still present in the occupied zone and, in March 1942, was briefly detained in Fresnes Prison . This was a literal enforcement of his 1939 fine, unusual since, at the time, Daladier had been captured by Vichy and was facing charges for treason in the " Riom Trial ". From August or September, Clémenti was entirely absent from France, fighting alongside

7943-484: The National Republican Movement (MNR). However, with an eye to the 2007 legislative elections , he supported Le Pen's candidacy for the presidential election . During these presidential elections, Jean-Marie Le Pen only took 10.4% of the vote, compared to his 16.9% first round result in 2002 , qualifying him for the second round, where he achieved 17.79% against 82.21% for Jacques Chirac ( Rally for

8112-581: The New European Order (NOE), which also included Gaston-Armand Amaudruz , René Binet , Pino Rauti , Fritz Rössler , and Paul van Tienen . Researchers Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg conclude that Clémenti fitted well with the Europeanist trend of neo-fascism : "Immediately after the collapse of the Axis powers, Fascist militants saw a united Europe as the justification for their previous positions and as

8281-655: The Parti Populaire Francais or PPF, the largest pre-war right wing party. Other important figures of the 1930s include Xavier Vallat , who would become General Commissioner for Jewish Affairs under Vichy , members of the Cagoule terrorist group ( Eugène Deloncle , Eugène Schueller (the founder of L'Oréal cosmetic firm), Jacques Corrèze , Joseph Darnand , who later founded the Service d'ordre légionnaire militia during Vichy, etc.). To obtain arms from fascist Italy ,

8450-546: The Pioneer Fund , headed by J. Philippe Rushton , the author of Race, Evolution and Behavior (1995), which argues in favour of a biological conception of " race ". GRECE and the Pioneer Fund are actively involved in the race and intelligence debate , postulating that there is an identifiable link between levels of intelligence and distinct ethnic groups . The Club de l'horloge itself had been founded by Henry de Lesquen ,

8619-489: The Police Prefecture still had no detailed file on the PFNC leader in 1939. In June of that year, the party headquarters on Boulevard de Sébastopol , 87 were ultimately raided by police. This followed the passage of laws against racial hatred and foreign propaganda. A simultaneous raid descended upon the antisemitic magazine Le Porc-épic , which was located in the same building as Le Pays Libre! . In August, Clémenti

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8788-488: The Union for a French Democracy (UDF). At the 1986 legislative elections , the FN managed to obtain 35 seats, with 10% of the votes. Meanwhile, other far-right tendencies gathered in Alain de Benoist 's Nouvelle Droite think-tank, heading a pro-European and neopagan line. Some radical members of the "national revolutionary" tendency quit the FN to form other minor parties ( Party of New Forces , PFN, and French and European Nationalist Party , PNFE). Mark Frederiksen ,

8957-439: The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of human rights education . The different concepts of justice , as discussed in ancient Western philosophy , were typically centered upon the community. After the Renaissance and Reformation , the modern concept of social justice, as developing human potential, began to emerge through the work of a series of authors. Baruch Spinoza in On

9126-432: The eight-hour day or the right to join a trade union . After the First World War, the founding document of the International Labour Organization took up the same terminology in its preamble, stating that "peace can be established only if it is based on social justice". From this point, the discussion of social justice entered into mainstream legal and academic discourse. In 1931, the Pope Pius XI explicitly referred to

9295-436: The environment , and the physically and developmentally disabled . While concepts of social justice can be found in classical and Christian philosophical sources, from early Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle to Catholic saints Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, the term social justice finds its earliest uses in the late eighteenth century, albeit with unclear theoretical or practical meanings.  The use of

9464-434: The independence of Algeria . Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the Front National (FN) party in 1972. At the 1986 legislative elections , the FN managed to obtain 35 seats, with 10% of the votes. Mark Frederiksen , a French Algeria activist, created in April 1966 a neo-Nazi group, the FANE ( Fédération d'action nationaliste et européenne , Nationalist and European Federation of Action). However, in 1978, neo-Nazi members of

9633-409: The independence of Algeria . Many of its members would later join various anti-communist struggles around the world. Some, for example, joined the Cité catholique fundamentalist group and went to Argentina, where they were in contact with the Argentine Armed Forces . Jean Pierre Cherid , former OAS member, took part in the 1976 Montejurra massacre against left-wing Carlists. He was then part of

9802-570: The nationalist revolutionary tendency of the FN. But in 1978, neo-Nazi members of the GNR-FANE broke again with the FN, taking with them sections of the FN youth movement, the Front National de la Jeunesse . On the other hand, GNR activists closer to the Third Position (Jacques Bastide and Patrick Gorre) joined Jean-Gilles Malliarakis to found, on February 11, 1979, the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement  [ fr ] ( Mouvement nationaliste révolutionnaire ), which became in 1985 Third Way ( Troisième Voie ). After this brief passage at

9971-414: The political crisis of February 6, 1934 : its first reported gathering was on February 7 at Place de la Concorde , although some sources see its foundation date as April 7, 1934. Its creator was the young Corsican Clémenti, at the time still a sports columnist for the Radical-Party press. His involvement with militant French nationalism had already been attested by that moment: in 1932, Clémenti sat on

10140-422: The utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill , the social contract ideas of John Locke , and the categorical imperative ideas of Kant . His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of Justice where he proposed that, "Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some

10309-502: The "Estates General of Youth" clubs alongside the Jeunesses Patriotes , the Ligue d'Action Universitaire Républicaine et Socialiste , and the Libre République des Jeunes . The PFNC organization eventually formed a youth paramilitary force known as "French Guards" ( Gardes Françaises ). Scholar Dietrich Orlow notes that the PFNC was viewed as a potential ally by some agents of Nazi Germany , though even these observers "saw little future for [its] influence". Dunan recounts that Clémenti

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10478-403: The "blue line of the Vosges " (referring to Alsace-Lorraine), socialist Jean Jaurès and nationalist Maurice Barrès , against Moderate Republican Jules Ferry , republican Léon Gambetta and Eugène Etienne , the president of the parliamentary colonial group. However, in the midst of the Dreyfus affair, a new right emerged, and nationalism was appropriated by the far right who turned it into

10647-456: The "inverted arrow-cross" was nominally covered by a ban on political insignia, but PFNC members struggled to prove that they qualified as an exception. This interval witnessed the first tensions between party cadres and the occupation authorities: in August, the French Guards attacked youth hostels and Jewish-owned businesses along the Champs-Élysées, forcing the Germans to intervene as peacekeepers. By January 1941, German authorities had recognized

10816-416: The 1880s, General Georges Boulanger , called "General Revenge" ( Général Revanche ), championed demands for military revenge against Imperial Germany as retribution for the defeat and fall of the Second French Empire during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). This stance, known as revanchism , began to exert a strong influence on French nationalism . Soon thereafter, the Dreyfus affair provided one of

10985-418: The 1970s. One of those parties, the Party of New Forces (PFN, Parti des forces nouvelles ), was an offshoot of the National Front, formed from a 1973 split headed by Alain Robert and François Brigneau who first organised the Comité faire front which subsequently merged into the PFN. The PFN was formed mainly by former members of New Order ( Ordre nouveau , 1969–1973), who had refused to merge into

11154-422: The 1980s, Alain de Benoist became chief theorist of the Nouvelle Droite movement, creating the think-tank GRECE in 1968, some of whose members were involved with the formation of the Club de l'Horloge in 1974. They advocated an ethno-nationalist stance focused on European culture, which advocated a return of paganism . Members of the GRECE quit the think tank in the 1980s, such as Pierre Vial who joined

11323-416: The 500 signatures from mayors necessary to stand as candidates. François Mitterrand ( Socialist Party ) won those elections, competing against Jacques Chirac ( Rally for the Republic , RPR). These succeeding electoral defeats prompted the far-right to unify itself. In 1983, the FN managed to make its first electoral breakthrough, taking control of the town of Dreux : Jean-Pierre Stirbois obtained 17% of

11492-439: The Boulanger affair and later during the Dreyfus affair. The political coalitions originally built to support the army during these affairs, provided the foundations for the 20th century radical right. The "Boulanger Affair", which culminated in 1889, championed the vague demands of the former Minister of War, General Georges Boulanger . Boulanger had earlier attracted popular support by ordering lenient treatment of strikers when

11661-428: The FN a more "respectable" image. Since her election as the leader of the party in 2011, the popularity of the FN continued to grow apace as the party won several municipalities at the 2014 municipal elections ; it topped the poll in France at the 2014 European elections with 25% of the vote; and again won more votes than any other party in the 2015 departmental elections . The party once again came in first place in

11830-399: The FN at its 1972 creation. New Order, dissolved by Interior Minister Raymond Marcellin in 1973, was itself a successor to Occident (1964–1968) and of the Union Defense Group (GUD, Groupe union défense ). Close to the Third Position and supporting a "national-revolutionary" thesis, this tendency maintained links with the FN, despite some tensions. The GUD, in particular, had published

11999-517: The FN broke away to create the French and European Nationalist Party (PNFE, Parti Nationaliste Français et Européen), along with members of Mark Frederiksen 's Third Position FANE . Three former members of the PNFE were charged of having desecrated, in 1990, a Jewish cemetery in Carpentras . The PNFE was also implicated in the 1988 Cannes and Nice attacks . The most important split was headed by Bruno Mégret in 1999. Taking many FN elected representatives and party officials with him, he then created

12168-574: The FN, or Guillaume Faye who quit the organisation along with others members in 1986. Faye participated in 2006 in a conference in the US organised by American Renaissance , a white separatist magazine published by the New Century Foundation . Alain de Benoist occasionally contributed to the Mankind Quarterly review, which supports hereditarianism and is associated with the US think tank

12337-736: The French defeat during the Franco-Prussian War . Along with Jules Guérin , the journalist Edouard Drumont created the Antisemitic League of France in 1889. Also anti-Masonic, the League became at the start of the 20th century the Grand Occident de France  [ fr ] , a name chosen in reaction against the Masonic lodge of the Grand Orient de France . During the interwar period ,

12506-579: The French race, the fight against Jewry and Freemasonry." The National-Collectivists also opened new affiliate bodies. A "Special Guard", with its own uniforms and rallying cries, was created from the party elite. In late August 1940, the French Guards, styled "group of anti-Jewish action of the French National-Collectivist Party", announced that they were also creating female youth chapters. The Guards were led by Charles Lefebvre; by then,

12675-510: The French working class. Clémenti boasted that the reborn PFNC had 32,000 members—though, as noted by historian David Littlejohn, "this was almost certainly a gross overestimate." Despite arguing that Germany and France were now equal allies within "Socialist Europe" and the Axis powers , Clémenti paid his homages to the subordinate government of Vichy; he himself declared war on the United Kingdom "in

12844-538: The GNR-FANE broke again with the FN. During the 1980s, the National Front managed to gather, under Jean-Marie Le Pen 's leadership, most rival far-right tendencies of France, following a succession of splits and alliances with other, minor parties, during the 1970s. The French Third Republic (1871–1940) was established after France's defeat in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent Paris Commune of 1871. From 1894 to 1906, French society became deeply divided by

13013-677: The Improvement of the Understanding (1677) contended that the one true aim of life should be to acquire "a human character much more stable than [one's] own", and to achieve this "pitch of perfection... The chief good is that he should arrive, together with other individuals if possible, at the possession of the aforesaid character." During the enlightenment and responding to the French and American Revolutions , Thomas Paine similarly wrote in The Rights of Man (1792) society should give "genius

13182-534: The Italian government, thus setting France on a collision course with a "friendly nation"; or an attack on "generic ideas", which Clémenti identified as shared by both Italian fascists and the French Communist Party . In September 1937, following bombing attacks by members of La Cagoule , he was interrogated by police. Clémenti stated his sympathy for the group, while criticizing its methods; he also argued that

13351-582: The June 2022 Assemblée Nationale election, the RN gained 89 seats in the national assembly, winning the party enough seats to form a parliamentary group for the first time since 1986. The result of the European election was a long-awaited result for Le Pen. Arriving ahead of all other parties, Jordan Bardella's party " La France revient! " ( lit. "France is coming back") cumulated 31,37% of votes. Turnout rate reached 51.49% and

13520-601: The LVF on the Eastern Front. A commentator for the Feuille d'Avis de Neuchatel et du Vignoble Neuchâtelois noted the similarity between Clémenti and his enemy Doriot, in that they both had "the originality of leaving chiefdom in their own movement and sign up for the Legion". Academic J. G. Shields also draws this parallel, suggesting that most other collaborators "contented themselves with 'defending Western civilisation' by being part of

13689-604: The LVF's organisational apparatus in Paris". By 1943, both the PFNC and the RNP were supplying cadres for the Milice , which was created by Vichy to fight the "internal war" against anti-fascists. The party was nevertheless riddled with "internecine quarrels [which] drove most of its supporters away." Hersant was actively pursuing a takeover of the PFNC; this attempt created tensions and violence, and caused Clémenti to view German occupation with less enthusiasm than before. The party's advocacy for

13858-719: The National Front, Mark Fredriksen created the Faisceaux nationalistes européens ( FANE ) in July 1980. These would eventually merge with the Mouvement national et social ethniste in 1987, and then with the PNFE (French and European Nationalist Party) in January 1994, which also gathered former National Front members. Dissolved first in September 1980 by Raymond Barre 's government, Fredriksen's group

14027-456: The PFNC also had a consuming rivalry with Jacques Doriot 's far-right organization, called French Popular Party (PPF). Clémenti described Doriot as an agent of the Jews and a covert, unrepentant Marxist. The PFNC was again registered in June 1937, when Clémenti went on record with the claim that it was neither fascist nor anti-fascist. He argued that anti-fascism meant either an ill-advised attack on

14196-453: The PFNC and the similarly endowed Le Feu had become "phantom parties". The name of French Guards was casually taken over by its PPF rivals, and applied to Doriot's own street fighters' units. According to Littlejohn, this appropriation took place in September 1942, and suggested that the PFNC had wholly disintegrated by that moment in time. Eventually, Labat also left to fight on the Eastern Front. Various sources indicate that local cells of

14365-632: The PFNC as a subsidiary of the Action Française , and alleged that Clémenti took his pay from Henry du Moulin de Labarthète . Also in October 1941, the German authorities in Belgium clamped down on the rattachist Walloons after observing their contacts with the PFNC. Le Pays Libre! survived Clémenti's departure, but also moved to Lyon before or during the German takeover of Vichy France . Its editor, Eric Labat,

14534-645: The PNFC as one of five officially collaborationist parties, with a right to organize in occupied territory and with duties in persuading the regime of Vichy France to also embrace full collaboration. Le Pays Libre! reopened in February 1941, and remained in print to August 1944. It and the PFNC were joined by a new cadre, Jacques Dursort, who in April 1941 began publishing articles targeting French Jews, and openly discussing their coming extermination ; one of these asked: "Jews, would it take pogroms for you to understand?" Despite

14703-591: The Republic , RPR). With only 1.85% in the second round of the 2002 legislative elections , the FN failed to gain any seats in the National Assembly . In the 2007 presidential election , Le Pen finished fourth, behind Nicolas Sarkozy , Ségolène Royal and François Bayrou . Philippe de Villiers , the Catholic traditionalist candidate of the Movement for France (especially strong in the conservative Vendée region),

14872-575: The Republic in rooting out the clerics' influence: they would be completed by the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State . Action française , first founded as a review, was the matrix of a new type of counter-revolutionary right-wing, and continues to exist today. Action française was quite influential in the 1930s, in particular through its youth organization, the Camelots du Roi , founded in 1908, and which engaged in many street brawls. The Camelots du Roi included such figures as Catholic writer Georges Bernanos and Jean de Barrau , member of

15041-506: The Spanish GAL death squad, and participated in the 1978 assassination of Argala , one of the ETA members who had killed Franco 's Prime minister, Luis Carrero Blanco , in 1973. Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour was the far-right candidate at the 1965 presidential election . His campaign was organised by Jean-Marie Le Pen . Charles de Gaulle said of Tixier-Vignancourt: "Tixier-Vignancour, that

15210-432: The Third Republic, and there were increasing anti-Semitic tendencies that accused Jewish politicians and officers of disloyalty to the nation. For the nationalists, the army was "the people armed", the truest representative of the nation, and any criticism of the army was seen as an attack on France itself. Thus, they rallied to "defend the army" when they felt it was under threat from internal enemies, such as first during

15379-437: The activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they cannot be both habitual and enduring, because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible. Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a 'living host' embracing an understanding of ecology that includes humanity's relationship to others, that pollution affects not just

15548-457: The army was called upon to suppress strikes. He also rattled his saber against Germany, which pleased French patriots intent on taking revenge. But this alarmed the other ministers, who dropped Boulanger from the government. When his champions mounted an electoral campaign to have him elected to the Chamber of Deputies, the government reacted by forcing him out of the army. Violent agitation in Paris on

15717-629: The attacks were in fact staged by a Trotskyist cell of Simca employees. During the far-right rally of February 1938, the PFNC deposed a wreath commemorating its "precursors, the martyrs of February 6, 1934". Following the Munich Agreement and its revelations about Nazi ambitions, Clémenti was placed under surveillance. He thus entered a police file on "defeatist" campaigners, also featuring Nazi apologists ( Louis Darquier de Pellepoix , Léon Daudet ) and far-left pacifists ( Marceau Pivert ). However, Dunan claims that, despite customs and warning signs,

15886-409: The basic liberties that every good society should guarantee are: Thomas Pogge 's arguments pertain to a standard of social justice that creates human rights deficits . He assigns responsibility to those who actively cooperate in designing or imposing the social institution, that the order is foreseeable as harming the global poor and is reasonably avoidable. Pogge argues that social institutions have

16055-568: The best showing ever for the RN. Eric Zemmour got 7.07%. Total Far Right vote was 32%, the highest vote ever in a French election. Marine Le Pen may have lost in the second round, but nonetheless her defeat had a taste of victory: the score of 41.46% was the best showing ever for the RN or for a Far Right candidate. The main reason of the success of the Rassemblement National lies with the political strategies of normalisation and dediabolisation led by Marine Le Pen and her fellow members of

16224-474: The capitalist." He viewed this project as capable of uprooting both Marxism and economic liberalism . He announced that his mission was to "regenerate the better elements of the working class." Dunan made mention of the "totalitarian methods" proposed by Clémenti, viewing them as a derivative of Nazism . Regards highlighted anti-communism as the leading component of all "French fascist" ideology, viewing all federated groups as united by an invisible thread and

16393-481: The caste system remains strong in practice. The Chinese concept of Tian Ming has occasionally been perceived as an expression of social justice. Through it, the deposition of unfair rulers is justified in that civil dissatisfaction and economical disasters is perceived as Heaven withdrawing its favor from the Emperor. A successful rebellion is considered definite proof that the Emperor is unfit to rule. Social justice

16562-409: The clampdown on La Cagoule , and briefly jailed in early 1939 for spreading racial hatred. Again imprisoned during the Phony War , he fought against Germany in the Battle of France , but immediately after offered to collaborate with the occupiers . The PFNC was allowed to recruit and organize, but had to drop all references to national communism, including in its name. Although minor, the PFNC had

16731-593: The comprehensive global perspective shaped by the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , neglect of the pursuit of social justice in all its dimensions translates into de facto acceptance of a future marred by violence, repression and chaos." The report concludes, "Social justice is not possible without strong and coherent redistributive policies conceived and implemented by public agencies." The same UN document offers

16900-455: The contemporary theories about it: a duty of the State to distribute certain vital means (such as economic, social, and cultural rights ), the protection of human dignity , and affirmative actions to promote substantive equality and social equity for everybody. Hunter Lewis ' work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice. His manifesto on sustainability ties

17069-424: The continued thriving of human life to real conditions, the environment supporting that life, and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions. Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness, Hunter also cites ornithologist, naturalist, and philosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations: The common feature which unites

17238-554: The creation of la plus grande France ("Greater France"). Beginning in 1934, he had direct contacts in the right-wing of the Walloon Movement , including Jules Mahieu and Juste Wasterlain . The Sûreté suspected that his friends in Wallonia also included arms traffickers, as the PFNC had reportedly tried to arm itself with automatic rifles purchased in Liège in 1934. The PFNC organ

17407-601: The creation of the LVF and offered to party squads, "eventually including the French Women", to fight for Vichy in places such as French West Africa and Mandatory Syria . In late 1941 the PFNC established itself in Vichy-governed territory, at Lyon , where it endured a steady decline. National-Collectivist paramilitaries continued to be active in Paris. RNP and PFNC squads were patrolling the streets in August 1941, shortly after

17576-610: The current movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for social mobility , the creation of safety nets , and economic justice . Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include taxation , social insurance , public health , public school , public services , labor law and regulation of markets , to ensure distribution of wealth , and equal opportunity . Modernist interpretations that relate justice to

17745-706: The directing committee of the National Federation, and particular secretary of the duc d'Orléans (1869–1926), the son of the Orléanist count of Paris (1838–1894) and hence Orléanist heir to the throne of France. Many members of the OAS terrorist group during the Algerian War (1954–62) were part of the monarchist movement. Jean Ousset , Maurras' personal secretary, created the Catholic fundamentalist organization Cité catholique , which would include OAS members and founded

17914-470: The duty one has to one's other self in the interdependent abstract unity of the human person in society. After the Revolutions of 1848 , the term was popularized generically through the writings of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati . In the late industrial revolution, Progressive Era American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly Louis Brandeis and Roscoe Pound . From the early 20th century it

18083-429: The election night in 1889 convinced the government to prosecute Boulanger in order to remove him from the political scene. Instead of facing trumped up charges, Boulanger fled to Belgium. His supporters, called "Boulangists", afterward nursed an intense grievance against the Republic and reunited during the Dreyfus affair to oppose the Republic and "back the army" once again. In 1894, a Jewish officer, Alfred Dreyfus ,

18252-464: The expression, along with the concept of subsidiarity , for the first time in Catholic social teaching in the encyclical Quadragesimo anno . Then again in Divini Redemptoris , the church pointed out that the realization of social justice relied on the promotion of the dignity of human person . During the 1930s, the term was widely associated with pro- Nazi and antisemitic groups, such as

18421-522: The fact that some poor countries have done well with the current institutional design. Elizabeth Kahn argues that some of these responsibilities should apply globally. The United Nations calls social justice "an underlying principle for peaceful and prosperous coexistence within and among nations. The United Nations' 2006 document Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations , states that "Social justice may be broadly understood as

18590-591: The fair and compassionate distribution of the fruits of economic growth   ..." The term "social justice" was seen by the U.N. "as a substitute for the protection of human rights [and] first appeared in United Nations texts during the second half of the 1960s. At the initiative of the Soviet Union, and with the support of developing countries, the term was used in the Declaration on Social Progress and Development, adopted in 1969." The same document reports, "From

18759-588: The field of bioethics . Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care, especially for low-income households and families. The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low-income families, and whether the global marketplace is the best way to distribute healthcare. Ruth Faden of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Madison Powers of Georgetown University focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter

18928-532: The first ever PFNC cells in Nord and Pas-de-Calais opened as late as September 1943. The PFNC also had a section in Côte-d'Or . Its presence there was largely symbolic, and finally curbed by the Germans after a brawl between the party's Guards and a number of students at Dijon University . Shortly after the Liberation of Paris , the PFNC and LVF were formally charged as "anti-national groups", and had their offices raided by

19097-412: The first round, scoring 21.3% – the best showing ever for the FN. in the second round she came second with 33.9% a best for NF. In 2018, the National Front was renamed National Rally . Far right parties have never enjoyed such a big popularity as they have done since the results of the 2017 and 2022 elections. For the 2022 presidential election , Le Pen came second in the first round, scoring 23.15% –

19266-446: The first time in the 1974 presidential election , obtaining 0.74%. The electoral rise of the FN did not start until Jean-Pierre Stirbois 's victory, in 1983, in Dreux . The FN became stronger throughout the 1980s, managing to unite most far-right tendencies, passing electoral alliances with the right-wing Rally for the Republic (RPR), while some FN members quit the party to join the RPR or

19435-468: The general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level, gender, education or any other stratifying factors. Integrating social justice with health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model. The sources of health inequalities are rooted in injustices associated with racism, sex discrimination, and social class. Richard Hofrichter and his colleagues examine

19604-676: The group assassinated two Italian antifascists, the Rosselli brothers , on June 9, 1937, and sabotaged aeroplanes clandestinely supplied by the French government to the Second Spanish Republic . They also attempted a coup against the Popular Front government, elected in 1936, leading to arrests in 1937, ordered by Interior Minister Marx Dormoy , during which the police seized explosives and military weapons, including anti-tank guns. Far right leagues organised major riots on 6 February 1934 . The groups did not coordinate their efforts and

19773-410: The guarantee of the rights to adequate food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care." The United Methodist Church also teaches population control as part of its doctrine. Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the respect of the individual human life. A distinctive feature of Catholic social doctrine is its concern for

19942-529: The horizon of expectation that could legitimize their continued political struggle. In particular, [their] pro-Russian leanings [...] allowed them to claim that their plans for Europe could be a solution to the Cold War ." Clémenti was tried in absentia and sentenced to death , but was pardoned and allowed to return in the 1950s. Noting that he was on probation by 1953, the Communist paper La Défense alleged that

20111-462: The influential British philosopher and economist, John Stuart Mill stated in Utilitarianism his view that "Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it, that is, who have deserved equally well absolutely. This is the highest abstract standard of social and distributive justice; towards which all institutions, and the efforts of all virtuous citizens, should be made in

20280-568: The larger environmental movement . The third principle of the Earth Charter is social and economic justice, which is described as seeking to eradicate poverty as an ethical, social, and environmental imperative, ensure that economic activities and institutions at all levels promote human development in an equitable and sustainable manner, affirm gender equality and equity as prerequisites to sustainable development and ensure universal access to education, health care, and economic opportunity, and uphold

20449-668: The leadership board of the National League of French Youth, established by Jean Conart. In August 1933, he assisted Henry Coston in creating the Francistes party (itself a dissidence of the Mouvement Franciste ). Coston and his followers advocated racial supremacism for those of "French blood" and maintained ample contacts with the Nazi Party , which were facilitated by Georges de Pottere . As seen by journalist René Dunan, Coston

20618-746: The mid-twentieth century, the concept of social justice had become central to the ideologies and programs of virtually all the leftist and centrist political parties around the world   ..." Another key area of human rights and social justice is the United Nations's defense of children's rights worldwide. In 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted and available for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25. According to OHCHR , this convention entered into force on 2 September 1990. This convention upholds that all states have

20787-414: The monarchist Action française , created by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois in 1898. Maurras, who was an agnostic, spearheaded a monarchist and Catholic revival. He pragmatically conceived of religion as an ideology useful to unify the nation. Most French Catholics were conservatives, a trait that continues today. On the other hand, most Protestants, Jews and atheists belonged to the left. Henceforth,

20956-474: The most ardent collaborationists during World War II. Another major player in France's right-wing world between the wars was Jacques Doriot . Doriot had been expelled by the French Communist Party after proposing a Popular Front with other leftist parties, which at that time was seen as heresy by his party's hierarchy. Personally hurt and embittered by his expulsion, Doriot would slowly change sides, eventually openly denouncing communism and going on to found

21125-536: The most. They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings. Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people. These social injustices take the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment, and infectious diseases are more prevalent in impoverished nations. These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as primary healthcare which ensures

21294-441: The nation as a "daily plebiscite" and as formed by the subjective "will to live together". Related to "revanchism", the belligerent will to take revenge against Germany and retake control of Alsace-Lorraine , nationalism could then be sometimes opposed to imperialism . In the 1880s, a debate thus opposed those who opposed the " colonial lobby ", such as radical Georges Clemenceau , who declared that colonialism diverted France from

21463-441: The natural world but interpersonal relations as well. Cosmic harmony, justice and peace are closely interrelated: If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation. In The Quest for Cosmic Justice , Thomas Sowell writes that seeking utopia, while admirable, may have disastrous effects if done without strong consideration of the economic underpinnings that support contemporary society. Political philosopher John Rawls draws on

21632-597: The negative reaction many French conservatives had to Hitler's repression of dissident German conservatives and Catholics in 1933 and 1934. Apart from the leagues, a group of Neosocialists ( Marcel Déat , Pierre Renaudel , etc.) were excluded in November 1933 from the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO, the socialist party) because of their revisionist stances and admiration for fascism. Déat would become one of

21801-432: The new group was modeled on Falangism and Italian fascism . According to scholar Miklós Horváth, the PFNC "was a near-perfect 'anti-party', in that it was almost entirely defined by its opposition to other persons or ideologies"; it was antisemitic, anti-Masonic, anti-capitalist, and anti-communist. The PFNC platform included what Clémenti called a "heroic concept of social life", with references to social justice and with

21970-425: The obligation to "protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse." Time magazine noted that younger Evangelicals also increasingly engage in social justice. John Stott traced the call for social justice back to the cross, "The cross is a revelation of God's justice as well as of his love. That

22139-571: The party had also annexed Robert Hersant 's youth party, the Jeune Front , which maintained a separate existence within the "anti-Jewish and anti-Masonic movement". According to one account in Magyar Nemzet , Jeune Front was in fact the name adopted by an alliance between the PFNC and "several movements with similar tendencies". By 1941, the PFNC as a whole had a female section, called "French Women" ( Femmes Françaises ). The usage of armbands with

22308-742: The party were still active to 1944. By December 1942, "Pierre T." of the PFNC and formerly of the Communist Youth had been installed as head of the Compulsory Labor Service in Calvados , where he ran a deceptive recruitment drive. Also then, the PFNC Calvados branch announced its affiliation to the Groupe Collaboration —although, for technical reasons, it was noticeably late in doing so. Historian Etienne Dejonghe additionally informs that

22477-533: The party, to rally votes of right wing centrists, and to sweep away the extremism her father had cast upon the party. However, the most radical fraction of the Rassemblement National accused Marine Le Pen of not being radical enough. In parallel, Éric Zemmour , a far-right pundit with no previous party affiliation or political experience, created his own party, Reconquête . His views, as a former journalist, in topics such as immigration are much more outspoken and radical than Le Pens. He even overtook Le Pen in one of

22646-505: The political division lines of France. French nationalism, which had been largely associated with left-wing and Republican ideologies before the Dreyfus affair, turned after that into a main trait of the right-wing and, moreover, of the far right. A new right emerged, and nationalism was reappropriated by the far-right who turned it into a form of ethnic nationalism , blended with anti-Semitism , xenophobia , anti-Protestantism and anti-Masonry . The Action française (AF), first founded as

22815-509: The political implications of various perspectives used to explain health inequities and explore alternative strategies for eliminating them. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that "Human rights education should include peace, democracy, development and social justice, as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments , to achieve common understanding and awareness to strengthen universal commitment to human rights." Social justice principles are embedded in

22984-544: The polls in the early days of the creation of his party. Le Pen's niece, Marion Maréchal Le Pen , former member of RN became a member of Reconquête in 2021 while arguing herself and her aunt had "ideological differences". She was excluded of the party on the 18th June, accused of high treason by the head-of-party Eric Zemmour after she showed support for the Central- Far Right coalition between Eric Ciotti's Party The Republicans (France) and Rassemblement National. In

23153-594: The poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor", and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism . Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within the Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s–1960s. It arose principally as

23322-550: The poorest and most vulnerable members of society. Two of the seven key areas of "Catholic social teaching" are pertinent to social justice: Modern Catholic social teaching is often thought to have begun with the encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (§§ 1928–1948) contains more detail of the church's view of social justice. In Muslim history, Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice. Establishment of social justice

23491-407: The principles of justice are not legitimate. To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law-making powers of governments, Rawls asserted that, "There is ... a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason. But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty." This

23660-507: The realization of a world where all members of a society, regardless of background or procedural justice, have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society. Liberation theology is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as "an interpretation of Christian faith through

23829-401: The reestablished party could only field the minimum number required for registration, leading the group to dissolve itself in 1936. Le Pays Libre! was also closed down a year later. Some evidence suggest that during late 1936 and early 1937 the PFNC remained active in opposition to the Popular Front government, which it identified as a "Jewish" cartel. Peak agitation in support of rattachism

23998-448: The republicans' conception was, to the contrary, that only state secularism could peacefully bind together diverse religious and philosophical tendencies, and avoid any return to the Wars of Religion . Furthermore, Catholic priests were seen as a major reactionary force by the republicans, among whom anti-clericalism became common. The Ferry laws on public education had been a first step for

24167-414: The right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work. However, the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need. It held that zakat (alms-giving) was not voluntary charity, but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate. Most Islamic governments therefore enforce the zakat through taxes. In To Heal

24336-425: The riots were suppressed by the police and military. Elements on the left were convinced that unity was essential to suppress fascism, and in 1936 they formed the Popular Front and dissolved the leagues. However the right-wing leagues promptly reorganized as political parties and continued vocal attacks on the left. The Organisation armée secrète (OAS) was created in Madrid by French military officers opposed to

24505-417: The satiric monthly Alternative with the Youth Front ( Front de la jeunesse ), the youth organisation of the FN. They also had attempted alliances with other far-right parties in Europe, with New Order organising the alliance "A Fatherland for Tomorrow" ( Une patrie pour demain ) with the Spanish Falange , the Italian Social Movement (MSI) and the German National Democratic Party . This European strategy

24674-458: The socialist doctrine. It emerged as an expression of protest against what was perceived as the capitalist exploitation of labor and as a focal point for the development of measures to improve the human condition. It was born as a revolutionary slogan embodying the ideals of progress and fraternity. Following the revolutions that shook Europe in the mid-1800s, social justice became a rallying cry for progressive thinkers and political activists.... By

24843-482: The spirit of the Enlightenment , in which social justice is described as an obligation of the monarch; also the term is present in books written by Catholic Italian theologians, notably members of the Society of Jesus . Thus, according to this sources and the context, social justice was another term for "the justice of society", the justice that rules the relations among individuals in society, without any mention to socio-economic equity or human dignity. The usage of

25012-443: The term started to become more frequent by Catholic thinkers from the 1840s, beginning with the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in Civiltà Cattolica , and based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas . Taparelli argued that rival capitalist and socialist theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics as neither were sufficiently concerned with ethics. Writing in 1861,

25181-444: The term was early on subject to accusations of redundancy and of rhetorical flourish, perhaps but not necessarily related to amplifying one view of distributive justice. In the coining and definition of the term in the natural law social scientific treatise of Luigi Taparelli , in the early 1840s, Taparelli established the natural law principle that corresponded to the evangelical principle of brotherly love—i.e. social justice reflects

25350-453: The utmost degree to converge." In the later 19th and early 20th century, social justice became an important theme in American political and legal philosophy, particularly in the work of John Dewey , Roscoe Pound and Louis Brandeis . One of the prime concerns was the Lochner era decisions of the US Supreme Court to strike down legislation passed by state governments and the Federal government for social and economic improvement, such as

25519-411: The votes in the first round, for the FN municipal list. In the second round, he merged his list with Chirac's RPR list (headed by Jean Hieaux ), enabling the right to claim a victory against the left . Chirac supported the alliance with the far-right, claiming that the Socialist Party, allied with the Communist Party in government, had no lessons to give. This first electoral success was confirmed at

25688-501: The wake of sentencing, the PFNC submitted an open letter to the press, correcting the record by noting that Clémenti had been cleared of charges relating to Nazi propaganda. This text argued that the party's antisemitism was not the same as Nazi racial politics , but a set of original "methods [...] for the defense of the nation, the family, and the race." Shortly after the Nazi invasion of Poland , as France began preparing for war, Clémenti issued public threats against Édouard Daladier ,

25857-457: The world"). The present-day Jāti hierarchy is undergoing changes for a variety of reasons including 'social justice', which is a politically popular stance in democratic India. Institutionalized affirmative action has promoted this. The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour of the jātis – exclusive, endogamous communities centred on traditional occupations – has led to various reform movements in Hinduism . While legally outlawed,

26026-444: The year Adolf Hitler gained power in Germany, perfumer François Coty founded Solidarité française and Marcel Bucard formed the Francisme , which was subsidised by Mussolini. Another important league was François de la Rocque 's Croix de Feu , which formed the base for the Parti Social Français (PSF), the first mass party of the French right-wing. Mussolini was much more popular in right-wing circles than Hitler due to

26195-414: Was Le Pays Libre! ("The Free Country!"), with its editorial offices in Paris, at Champs-Élysées , 28. It "distinguished itself with violent attacks on both the Muscovite [communist] ideal and the grand capitalist oligarchies." The party logo showed four converging arrowheads over a diamond and a circle, with the French national colors . Originally, it viewed itself as a youth organization, participating in

26364-498: Was 1.37 points higher than in 2019. Social justice This is an accepted version of this page Social justice is justice in relation to the distribution of wealth , opportunities , and privileges within a society where individuals' rights are recognized and protected. In Western and Asian cultures , the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive their due from society. In

26533-403: Was a frequent guest as Nazi Party rallies, and had befriended its chief propagandist, Julius Streicher . In July–August 1934, the PFNC was effectively absorbed by Coston's movement; Clémenti took over as the Francistes president. The entire movement fell apart once Clémenti seduced Coston's estranged wife, meaning that the National Communists were again an independent group. In this early period,

26702-401: Was also embedded in international law and institutions; the preamble to establish the International Labour Organization recalled that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the social contract , primarily by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice (1971). In 1993,

26871-478: Was arrested on accusations of treason and sharing intelligence with the German Empire. The Dreyfus affair provided one of the political fault lines of France. Before the Dreyfus affair, Nationalism had been a left-wing and Republican ideology; after, it became a main trait of the right-wing and, moreover, of the far-right. Émile Zola entered the political scene with his open letter " J'Accuse…! ", followed by other writers, artists and scholars supporting him with

27040-517: Was continued by the PFN, who launched the Euroright alliance, with the MSI, the Spanish New Force and the Belgian PFN , for the 1979 European elections . Headed by Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour , the PFN won 1.3% of the vote. This electoral failure prompted Roland Gaucher and François Brigneau to quit the party and join Le Pen's National Front. The French far-right was divided in the 1981 presidential election , with both Pascal Gauchon (PFN) and Le Pen (FN) attempting, without success, to secure

27209-460: Was found guilty of distributing anti-Jewish tracts, which he claimed were in fact authored by the staff writers of Le Porc-épic . Reporting on the sentencing, the leftist newspaper Le Populaire described the PFNC as "outrageously fascist". The presiding judge invoked the memory of Jews "who died for France" in World War I, noting that Clémenti had sullied it. The punishment meted, however, was minimal, as Clémenti had "promised not to start over". In

27378-477: Was noted for his earlier support of the Spanish Nationalists . He became the PFNC spokesman, reporting that the party had no intention of fusing with other collaborationist bodies so as to form a one-party state. As Labat explained, the PFNC had "suffered to maintain its doctrine", and expected to eventually emerge as France's legitimate single-party. Such ambitions were contrasted by outside verdicts: already in November 1941, frustrated German authorities reported that

27547-422: Was officially proscribed. Facing a death penalty , Clémenti evaded capture for several years, and was eventually pardoned. He attempted to infuse his ideas into the European Freedom Union , which he briefly led in the late 1960s. The ideological legacy was also embraced by the newspaper Socialisme Européen , put out by Clémenti's godson Pierre Vial. The National Communist Party was one of the groups emerging from

27716-439: Was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads. The Shi'a believe that the return of the Mahdi will herald in "the messianic age of justice" and the Mahdi along with the Isa (Jesus) will end plunder, torture, oppression and discrimination. For the Muslim Brotherhood the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism . The Brotherhood strongly affirmed

27885-480: Was reached by the party in October 1936, with Clémenti openly calling for a military attack on Belgium. His article, published in support of the Walloon fascist Léon Degrelle (deemed a persona non grata on French territory), was described by French authorities as a tense moment in Belgium–France relations . The party was especially critical of the pro-government trade union federation, or General Confederation of Labor , inciting workers to rebel against it. However,

28054-413: Was recreated, and dissolved again in 1985 by Laurent Fabius ' government. Finally, it was dissolved a third time in 1987 by Jacques Chirac 's government, on charges of "violent demonstrations organised by this movement, which has as one of its expressed objective the establishment of a new Nazi regime", the " paramilitary organisation of this association and its inciting of racial discrimination ". In

28223-435: Was restored later in the summer of 1940, with the same acronym—which now stood for "French National-Collectivist Party". The name-change was done at the behest of Clémenti's German overseers, but only made legal on September 10, 1940, when the PFNC inaugurated its new headquarters at Rue de l'Arcade, 20, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris . Clémenti informed the international press that his group stood for "the purification of

28392-400: Was sixth, obtaining 2.23% of the vote. This electoral slump for the FN was confirmed at the 2007 legislative elections , the FN obtaining only 0.08% of the votes in the second round, and therefore no seats. These electoral defeats, which contrasted with the high score obtained at the 2002 presidential elections, caused financial problems for the FN, which was forced to sell its headquarters,

28561-411: Was the PFNC's true founder. A contemporary piece in Regards had it that the PFNC was one of the vehicles for "French fascism", alongside Solidarité Française and Croix-de-Feu , and, like these, only existed because of the February crisis. "Numerically insignificant", Clémenti's organization was seen by Regards as copying the Nazis. Historian Hans Werner Neulen argues that, "despite its name",

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