Floating point operations per second ( FLOPS , flops or flop/s ) is a measure of computer performance in computing , useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations.
68-548: For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than measuring instructions per second . Floating-point arithmetic is needed for very large or very small real numbers , or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating-point representation is similar to scientific notation, except everything is carried out in base two, rather than base ten. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the exponent (in base two for Cray and VAX , base two or ten for IEEE floating point formats, and base 16 for IBM Floating Point Architecture ) and
136-600: A quintillion 64-bit floating point arithmetic calculations per second. Frontier clocked in at approximately 1.1 exaflops , beating out the previous record-holder, Fugaku . Some major systems are not on the list. A prominent example is the NCSA's Blue Waters which publicly announced the decision not to participate in the list because they do not feel it accurately indicates the ability of any system to do useful work. Other organizations decide not to list systems for security and/or commercial competitiveness reasons. One such example
204-565: A cluster with over 100,000 H100s. xAI Memphis Supercluster (also known as "Colossus") allegedly features 100,000 of the same H100 GPUs, which could have put in on the first place, but it is reportedly not in full operation due to power shortages. IBM Roadrunner is no longer on the list (nor is any other using the Cell coprocessor, or PowerXCell ). Although Itanium -based systems reached second rank in 2004, none now remain. Similarly (non- SIMD -style) vector processors (NEC-based such as
272-541: A modern C / C++ compiler. For the most early 8-bit and 16-bit microprocessors , performance was measured in thousand instructions per second (1000 kIPS = 1 MIPS). zMIPS refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers ( zSeries , IBM System z9 , and IBM System z10 ). Weighted million operations per second (WMOPS) is a similar measurement, used for audio codecs. TOP500 The TOP500 project ranks and details
340-467: A performance benchmark is adequate when a computer is used in database queries, word processing, spreadsheets, or to run multiple virtual operating systems. In 1974 David Kuck coined the terms flops and megaflops for the description of supercomputer performance of the day by the number of floating-point calculations they performed per second. This was much better than using the prevalent MIPS to compare computers as this statistic usually had little bearing on
408-506: A petaflop on the HPCG benchmark , delivering 2.9 petaflops and 1.8 petaflops, respectively. The average HPCG result on the current list is 213.3 teraflops, a marginal increase from 211.2 six months ago. Microsoft is back on the TOP500 list with six Microsoft Azure instances (that use/are benchmarked with Ubuntu , so all the supercomputers are still Linux-based), with CPUs and GPUs from same vendors,
476-667: A portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for distributed-memory computers. The most recent edition of TOP500 was published in November 2024 as the 64th edition of TOP500, while the next edition of TOP500 will be published in June 2025 as the 65th edition of TOP500. Since November 2024, the United States' El Capitan is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1742 petaFlops (1.742 exaFlops) on
544-440: A teraFLOPS on a wide range of DGEMM operations. Intel emphasized during the demonstration that this was a sustained teraFLOPS (not "raw teraFLOPS" used by others to get higher but less meaningful numbers), and that it was the first general purpose processor to ever cross a teraFLOPS. On June 18, 2012, IBM's Sequoia supercomputer system , based at the U.S. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), reached 16 petaFLOPS, setting
612-887: Is a measure of a computer 's processor speed. For complex instruction set computers (CISCs), different instructions take different amounts of time, so the value measured depends on the instruction mix; even for comparing processors in the same family the IPS measurement can be problematic. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches and no cache contention , whereas realistic workloads typically lead to significantly lower IPS values. Memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in IPS calculations. Because of these problems, synthetic benchmarks such as Dhrystone are now generally used to estimate computer performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse. The term
680-530: Is anticipated to be operational in 2021 and, with a performance of greater than 1.5 exaflops, should then be the world's most powerful computer. Since June 2019, all TOP500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops. In May 2022, the Frontier supercomputer broke the exascale barrier , completing more than
748-555: Is because of better performance per watt ratios and higher absolute performance. AMD GPUs have taken the top 1 and displaced Nvidia in top 10 part of the list. The recent exceptions include the aforementioned Fugaku , Sunway TaihuLight , and K computer . Tianhe-2A is also an interesting exception, as US sanctions prevented use of Xeon Phi; instead, it was upgraded to use the Chinese-designed Matrix-2000 accelerators. Two computers which first appeared on
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#1732869512373816-404: Is commonly used in association with a metric prefix (k, M, G, T, P, or E) to form kilo instructions per second ( kIPS ), mega instructions per second ( MIPS ), giga instructions per second ( GIPS ) and so on. Formerly TIPS was used occasionally for "thousand IPS". IPS can be calculated using this equation: However, the instructions/cycle measurement depends on the instruction sequence,
884-598: Is compiled by Jack Dongarra of the University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Erich Strohmaier and Horst Simon of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and, until his death in 2014, Hans Meuer of the University of Mannheim , Germany . The TOP500 project also includes lists such as Green500 (measuring energy efficiency) and HPCG (measuring I/O bandwidth). In
952-508: Is over 1,432,513 times faster than the Connection Machine CM-5/1024 (1,024 cores), which was the fastest system in November 1993 (twenty-five years prior) with an Rpeak of 131.0 G FLOPS . As of June 2022 , all supercomputers on TOP500 are 64-bit supercomputers, mostly based on CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set architecture , 384 of which are Intel EMT64 -based and 101 of which are AMD AMD64 -based, with
1020-457: Is rarely used today, as most current microprocessors can execute at least a million instructions per second. Gibson divided computer instructions into 12 classes, based on the IBM 704 architecture, adding a 13th class to account for indexing time. Weights were primarily based on analysis of seven scientific programs run on the 704, with a small contribution from some IBM 650 programs. The overall score
1088-627: Is the National Supercomputing Center at Qingdao's OceanLight supercomputer, completed in March 2021, which was submitted for, and won, the Gordon Bell Prize . The computer is an exaflop computer, but was not submitted to the TOP500 list; the first exaflop machine submitted to the TOP500 list was Frontier. Analysts suspected that the reason the NSCQ did not submit what would otherwise have been
1156-515: The ARMv8 architecture. The Flagship2020 program, by Fujitsu for RIKEN plans to break the exaflops barrier by 2020 through the Fugaku supercomputer , (and "it looks like China and France have a chance to do so and that the United States is content – for the moment at least – to wait until 2023 to break through the exaflops barrier." ) These processors will also implement extensions to
1224-417: The ARMv8.2 based Fugaku increased its performance on the new mixed precision HPC-AI benchmark to 2.0 exaflops, besting its 1.4 exaflops mark recorded six months ago. These represent the first benchmark measurements above one exaflop for any precision on any type of hardware. Summit, a previously fastest supercomputer, is currently highest-ranked IBM-made supercomputer; with IBM POWER9 CPUs. Sequoia became
1292-519: The Linux kernel . Since November 2015, no computer on the list runs Windows (while Microsoft reappeared on the list in 2021 with Ubuntu based on Linux). In November 2014, Windows Azure cloud computer was no longer on the list of fastest supercomputers (its best rank was 165th in 2012), leaving the Shanghai Supercomputer Center 's Magic Cube as the only Windows-based supercomputer on
1360-559: The Tianhe-1 , a supercomputer that operates at a peak computing rate of 2.5 petaFLOPS. As of 2010 the fastest PC processor reached 109 gigaFLOPS ( Intel Core i7 980 XE ) in double precision calculations. GPUs are considerably more powerful. For example, Nvidia Tesla C2050 GPU computing processors perform around 515 gigaFLOPS in double precision calculations, and the AMD FireStream 9270 peaks at 240 gigaFLOPS. In November 2011, it
1428-473: The United States Department of Energy and Intel announced the first exaFLOP supercomputer would be operational at Argonne National Laboratory by the end of 2021. The computer, named Aurora , was delivered to Argonne by Intel and Cray . On 7 May 2019, The U.S. Department of Energy announced a contract with Cray to build the "Frontier" supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Frontier
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#17328695123731496-445: The University of Texas at Austin opened full scale research runs on an AMD , Sun supercomputer named Ranger , the most powerful supercomputing system in the world for open science research, which operates at sustained speed of 0.5 petaFLOPS. On May 25, 2008, an American supercomputer built by IBM , named ' Roadrunner ', reached the computing milestone of one petaFLOPS. It headed the June 2008 and November 2008 TOP500 list of
1564-445: The significand (number after the radix point ). While several similar formats are in use, the most common is ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985 . This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called single precision , as well as 64-bit numbers called double precision and longer numbers called extended precision (used for intermediate results). Floating-point representations can support a much wider range of values than fixed-point, with
1632-665: The 500 most powerful non- distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice a year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL benchmarks ,
1700-702: The ARMv8 architecture equivalent to HPC-ACE2 that Fujitsu is developing with Arm . In June 2016, Sunway TaihuLight became the No. 1 system with 93 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s) on the Linpack benchmark. In November 2016, Piz Daint was upgraded, moving it from 8th to 3rd, leaving the US with no systems under the TOP3 for the 2nd time. Inspur , based out of Jinan , China, is one of the largest HPC system manufacturers. As of May 2017 , Inspur has become
1768-567: The ATI Radeon HD 4870X2 graphics card with two Radeon R770 GPUs totaling 2.4 teraFLOPS. In November 2008, an upgrade to the Cray Jaguar supercomputer at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) raised the system's computing power to a peak 1.64 petaFLOPS, making Jaguar the world's first petaFLOPS system dedicated to open research . In early 2009 the supercomputer
1836-507: The Blue Gene/L. When configured to do so, it can reach speeds in excess of three petaFLOPS. On October 25, 2007, NEC Corporation of Japan issued a press release announcing its SX series model SX-9 , claiming it to be the world's fastest vector supercomputer. The SX-9 features the first CPU capable of a peak vector performance of 102.4 gigaFLOPS per single core. On February 4, 2008, the NSF and
1904-456: The Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), captured the number one spot with a performance of 148.6 petaFLOPS on High Performance Linpack (HPL), the benchmark used to rank the TOP500 list. Summit has 4,356 nodes, each one equipped with two 22-core Power9 CPUs, and six NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPUs. In June 2022, the United States' Frontier is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1102 petaFlops (1.102 exaFlops) on
1972-511: The Internet, including the following sources: The information from those sources was used for the first two lists. Since June 1993, the TOP500 is produced bi-annually based on site and vendor submissions only. Since 1993, performance of the No. 1 ranked position has grown steadily in accordance with Moore's law , doubling roughly every 14 months. In June 2018, Summit was fastest with an Rpeak of 187.6593 P FLOPS . For comparison, this
2040-465: The LINPACK benchmarks. Distributed computing uses the Internet to link personal computers to achieve more FLOPS: 3× NVIDIA RTX 3080 @ 29,770 GFLOPS each & $ 699.99 Total system GFLOPS = 89,794 / TFLOPS = 89.794 Total system cost incl. realistic but low cost parts; matched with other example = $ 2839 US$ /GFLOP = $ 0.0314 Instructions per second Instructions per second ( IPS )
2108-466: The LINPACK benchmarks. As of 2018, the United States has by far the highest share of total computing power on the list (nearly 50%). As of 2023, the United States has the highest number of systems with 161 supercomputers, and China is in second place with 104. The 59th edition of TOP500, published in June 2022, was the first edition of TOP500 to feature only 64-bit supercomputers; as of June 2022, 32-bit supercomputers are no longer listed. The TOP500 list
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2176-697: The TOP500 list up until November 2017. Inspur and Supermicro released a few platforms aimed at HPC using GPU such as SR-AI and AGX-2 in May 2017. In June 2018, Summit, an IBM-built system at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, US, took the No. 1 spot with a performance of 122.3 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s), and Sierra, a very similar system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, US took #3. These systems also took
2244-559: The TOP500 measures a specific benchmark algorithm using a specific numeric precision. In March 2024, Meta AI disclosed the operation of two datacenters with 24,576 H100 GPUs, which is almost 2x as on the Microsoft Azure Eagle (#3 as of September 2024), which could have made them occupy 3rd and 4th places in TOP500, but neither have been benchmarked. During company's Q3 2024 earnings call in October, M. Zuckerberg disclosed usage of
2312-562: The TOP500 systems are Linux -family based, but Linux above is generic Linux. Sunway TaihuLight is the system with the most CPU cores (10,649,600). Tianhe-2 has the most GPU/accelerator cores (4,554,752). Aurora is the system with the greatest power consumption with 38,698 kilowatts. In November 2014, it was announced that the United States was developing two new supercomputers to exceed China's Tianhe-2 in its place as world's fastest supercomputer. The two computers, Sierra and Summit , will each exceed Tianhe-2's 55 peak petaflops. Summit,
2380-430: The TOP500 that are in each of the listed countries or territories. As of 2024, United States has the most supercomputers on the list, with 172 machines. The United States has the highest aggregate computational power at 6,324 Petaflops Rmax with Japan second (919 Pflop/s) and Germany third (396 Pflop/s). (As of November 2023 ) By number of systems as of November 2024 : Note: All operating systems of
2448-537: The ability to represent very small numbers and very large numbers. The exponentiation inherent in floating-point computation assures a much larger dynamic range – the largest and smallest numbers that can be represented – which is especially important when processing data sets where some of the data may have extremely large range of numerical values or where the range may be unpredictable. As such, floating-point processors are ideally suited for computationally intensive applications. FLOPS and MIPS are units of measure for
2516-659: The arithmetic capability of the machine on scientific tasks. FLOPS on an HPC-system can be calculated using this equation: This can be simplified to the most common case: a computer that has exactly 1 CPU: FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, for example, the TOP500 supercomputer list ranks computers by 64 bit ( double-precision floating-point format ) operations per second, abbreviated to FP64 . Similar measures are available for 32-bit ( FP32 ) and 16-bit ( FP16 ) operations. FORTRAN compiler (ANSI 77 with vector extensions) In June 1997, Intel 's ASCI Red
2584-472: The ascendancy of 32-bit x86 and later 64-bit x86-64 in the early 2000s, a variety of RISC processor families made up most TOP500 supercomputers, including SPARC , MIPS , PA-RISC , and Alpha . All the fastest supercomputers since the Earth Simulator supercomputer have used operating systems based on Linux . Since November 2017 , all the listed supercomputers use an operating system based on
2652-616: The data and external factors. Before standard benchmarks were available, average speed rating of computers was based on calculations for a mix of instructions with the results given in kilo instructions per second (kIPS). The most famous was the Gibson Mix , produced by Jack Clark Gibson of IBM for scientific applications in 1959. Other ratings, such as the ADP mix which does not include floating point operations, were produced for commercial applications. The thousand instructions per second (kIPS) unit
2720-449: The early 1990s, a new definition of supercomputer was needed to produce meaningful statistics. After experimenting with metrics based on processor count in 1992, the idea arose at the University of Mannheim to use a detailed listing of installed systems as the basis. In early 1993, Jack Dongarra was persuaded to join the project with his LINPACK benchmarks . A first test version was produced in May 1993, partly based on data available on
2788-422: The fastest one currently 11th, and another older/slower previously made 10th. And Amazon with one AWS instance currently ranked 64th (it was previously ranked 40th). The number of Arm-based supercomputers is 6; currently all Arm-based supercomputers use the same Fujitsu CPU as in the number 2 system, with the next one previously ranked 13th, now 25th. Legend: Numbers below represent the number of computers in
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2856-532: The first two spots on the HPCG benchmark. Due to Summit and Sierra, the US took back the lead as consumer of HPC performance with 38.2% of the overall installed performance while China was second with 29.1% of the overall installed performance. For the first time ever, the leading HPC manufacturer was not a US company. Lenovo took the lead with 23.8% of systems installed. It is followed by HPE with 15.8%, Inspur with 13.6%, Cray with 11.2%, and Sugon with 11%. On 18 March 2019,
2924-494: The last IBM Blue Gene/Q model to drop completely off the list; it had been ranked 10th on the 52nd list (and 1st on the June 2012, 41st list, after an upgrade). For the first time, all 500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops." However, for a different benchmark "Summit and Sierra remain the only two systems to exceed
2992-454: The latter including the top eight supercomputers. 15 other supercomputers are all based on RISC architectures, including six based on ARM64 and seven based on the Power ISA used by IBM Power microprocessors . In recent years, heterogeneous computing has dominated the TOP500, mostly using Nvidia 's graphics processing units (GPUs) or Intel's x86-based Xeon Phi as coprocessors . This
3060-489: The leader on Green500 is JEDI, a Bull Sequana XH3000 system using the Nvidia Grace Hopper GH200 Superchip. In June 2022, the top 4 systems of Graph500 used both AMD CPUs and AMD accelerators. After an upgrade, for the 56th TOP500 in November 2020, Fugaku grew its HPL performance to 442 petaflops, a modest increase from the 416 petaflops the system achieved when it debuted in June 2020. More significantly,
3128-412: The list in 2018 were based on architectures new to the TOP500. One was a new x86-64 microarchitecture from Chinese manufacturer Sugon, using Hygon Dhyana CPUs (these resulted from a collaboration with AMD, and are a minor variant of Zen -based AMD EPYC ) and was ranked 38th, now 117th, and the other was the first ARM -based computer on the list – using Cavium ThunderX2 CPUs. Before
3196-457: The list, until it also dropped off the list. It was ranked 436th in its last appearance on the list released in June 2015, while its best rank was 11th in 2008. There are no longer any Mac OS computers on the list. It had at most five such systems at a time, one more than the Windows systems that came later, while the total performance share for Windows was higher. Their relative performance share of
3264-537: The mid-1980s. For this reason, MIPS has become not a measure of instruction execution speed, but task performance speed compared to a reference. In the late 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using VAX MIPS , where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX-11/780 that was marketed as a 1 MIPS machine. (The measure was also known as the VAX Unit of Performance or VUP .) This
3332-596: The more powerful of the two, will deliver 150–300 peak petaflops. On 10 April 2015, US government agencies banned selling chips, from Nvidia to supercomputing centers in China as "acting contrary to the national security ... interests of the United States"; and Intel Corporation from providing Xeon chips to China due to their use, according to the US, in researching nuclear weapons – research to which US export control law bans US companies from contributing – "The Department of Commerce refused, saying it
3400-456: The most powerful supercomputers (excluding grid computers ). The computer is located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. The computer's name refers to the New Mexico state bird , the greater roadrunner ( Geococcyx californianus ). In June 2008, AMD released ATI Radeon HD 4800 series, which are reported to be the first GPUs to achieve one teraFLOPS. On August 12, 2008, AMD released
3468-474: The numerical computing performance of a computer. Floating-point operations are typically used in fields such as scientific computational research, as well as in machine learning . However, before the late 1980s floating-point hardware (it's possible to implement FP arithmetic in software over any integer hardware) was typically an optional feature, and computers that had it were said to be "scientific computers", or to have " scientific computation " capability. Thus
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#17328695123733536-470: The processor may be capable of executing multiple independent instructions simultaneously. MIPS can be useful when comparing performance between processors made with similar architecture (e.g. Microchip branded microcontrollers), but they are difficult to compare between differing CPU architectures . This led to the term "Meaningless Indicator of Processor Speed," or less commonly, "Meaningless Indices of Performance," being popular amongst technical people by
3604-491: The programming language used. The Whetstone Report has a table showing MWIPS speeds of PCs via early interpreters and compilers up to modern languages. The first PC compiler was for BASIC (1982) when a 4.8 MHz 8088/87 CPU obtained 0.01 MWIPS. Results on a 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (1 CPU 2007) vary from 9.7 MWIPS using BASIC Interpreter, 59 MWIPS via BASIC Compiler, 347 MWIPS using 1987 Fortran, 1,534 MWIPS through HTML/Java to 2,403 MWIPS using
3672-473: The supercomputer much more energy efficient than the other top 10 (i.e. it was 5th on Green500 and other such ZettaScaler-2.2 -based systems take first three spots). At 19.86 million cores, it was by far the largest system by core-count, with almost double that of the then-best manycore system, the Chinese Sunway TaihuLight . As of November 2024 , the number one supercomputer is El Capitan ,
3740-521: The thermal dissipation at this frequency exceeds 190 watts. In June 2007, Top500.org reported the fastest computer in the world to be the IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer, measuring a peak of 596 teraFLOPS. The Cray XT4 hit second place with 101.7 teraFLOPS. On June 26, 2007, IBM announced the second generation of its top supercomputer, dubbed Blue Gene/P and designed to continuously operate at speeds exceeding one petaFLOPS, faster than
3808-466: The third manufacturer to have manufactured a 64-way system – a record that has previously been held by IBM and HP . The company has registered over $ 10B in revenue and has provided a number of systems to countries such as Sudan, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Inspur was also a major technology partner behind both the Tianhe-2 and Taihu supercomputers, occupying the top 2 positions of
3876-413: The unit MIPS was useful to measure integer performance of any computer, including those without such a capability, and to account for architecture differences, similar MOPS (million operations per second) was used as early as 1970 as well. Note that besides integer (or fixed-point) arithmetics, examples of integer operation include data movement (A to B) or value testing (If A = B, then C). That's why MIPS as
3944-660: The whole list was however similar, and never high for either. In 2004, the System X supercomputer based on Mac OS X ( Xserve , with 2,200 PowerPC 970 processors) once ranked 7th place. It has been well over a decade since MIPS systems dropped entirely off the list though the Gyoukou supercomputer that jumped to 4th place in November 2017 had a MIPS-based design as a small part of the coprocessors. Use of 2,048-core coprocessors (plus 8× 6-core MIPS, for each, that "no longer require to rely on an external Intel Xeon E5 host processor" ) made
4012-496: The world record and claiming first place in the latest TOP500 list. On November 12, 2012, the TOP500 list certified Titan as the world's fastest supercomputer per the LINPACK benchmark, at 17.59 petaFLOPS. It was developed by Cray Inc. at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and combines AMD Opteron processors with "Kepler" NVIDIA Tesla graphics processing unit (GPU) technologies. On June 10, 2013, China's Tianhe-2
4080-621: The world's first exascale supercomputer was to avoid inflaming political sentiments and fears within the United States, in the context of the United States – China trade war. Additional purpose-built machines that are not capable or do not run the benchmark were not included, such as RIKEN MDGRAPE-3 and MDGRAPE-4 . A Google Tensor Processing Unit v4 pod is capable of 1.1 exaflops of peak performance, while TPU v5p claims over 4 exaflops in Bfloat16 floating-point format , however these units are highly specialized to run machine learning workloads and
4148-658: Was announced by Japanese research institute RIKEN , the MDGRAPE-3 . The computer's performance tops out at one petaFLOPS, almost two times faster than the Blue Gene/L, but MDGRAPE-3 is not a general purpose computer, which is why it does not appear in the Top500.org list. It has special-purpose pipelines for simulating molecular dynamics. By 2007, Intel Corporation unveiled the experimental multi-core POLARIS chip, which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz. The 80-core chip can raise this result to 2 teraFLOPS at 6.26 GHz, although
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#17328695123734216-488: Was announced that Japan had achieved 10.51 petaFLOPS with its K computer . It has 88,128 SPARC64 VIIIfx processors in 864 racks, with theoretical performance of 11.28 petaFLOPS. It is named after the Japanese word " kei ", which stands for 10 quadrillion , corresponding to the target speed of 10 petaFLOPS. On November 15, 2011, Intel demonstrated a single x86-based processor, code-named "Knights Corner", sustaining more than
4284-510: Was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158–3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS. Many minicomputer performance claims were based on the Fortran version of the Whetstone benchmark , giving Millions of Whetstone Instructions Per Second (MWIPS). The VAX 11/780 with FPA (1977) runs at 1.02 MWIPS. Effective MIPS speeds are highly dependent on
4352-515: Was concerned about nuclear research being done with the machine." On 29 July 2015, President Obama signed an executive order creating a National Strategic Computing Initiative calling for the accelerated development of an exascale (1000 petaflop) system and funding research into post-semiconductor computing. In June 2016, Japanese firm Fujitsu announced at the International Supercomputing Conference that its future exascale supercomputer will feature processors of its own design that implement
4420-518: Was named after a mythical creature, Kraken . Kraken was declared the world's fastest university-managed supercomputer and sixth fastest overall in the 2009 TOP500 list. In 2010 Kraken was upgraded and can operate faster and is more powerful. In 2009, the Cray Jaguar performed at 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the IBM Roadrunner for the number one spot on the TOP500 list. In October 2010, China unveiled
4488-509: Was ranked the world's fastest with 33.86 petaFLOPS. On June 20, 2016, China's Sunway TaihuLight was ranked the world's fastest with 93 petaFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark (out of 125 peak petaFLOPS). The system was installed at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, and represented more performance than the next five most powerful systems on the TOP500 list did at the time combined. In June 2019, Summit , an IBM-built supercomputer now running at
4556-400: Was the world's first computer to achieve one teraFLOPS and beyond. Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and "was supercomputing's high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance". NEC 's SX-9 supercomputer was the world's first vector processor to exceed 100 gigaFLOPS per single core. In June 2006, a new computer
4624-526: Was then the weighted sum of the average execution speed for instructions in each class. The speed of a given CPU depends on many factors, such as the type of instructions being executed, the execution order and the presence of branch instructions (problematic in CPU pipelines). CPU instruction rates are different from clock frequencies, usually reported in Hz , as each instruction may require several clock cycles to complete or
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