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48-541: During the 1980s, the Philippine Air Force (PAF) wanted to reduce dependence on foreign aircraft by starting indigenous programs. This resulted in the "Hummingbird". The project was not allowed to proceed by the government until July 1997, when then-President Fidel Ramos authorized spending. After then-President Joseph Estrada was elected, an assessment was conducted on the Hummingbird. The review concluded that

96-562: A Senate was established. The legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution , aside from instituting the Commonwealth which gave the Filipinos more role in government, established a unicameral National Assembly . But in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution , a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate

144-459: A civil service entrance examination to assess qualifications and work integrity for employment in the sector. The Commission on Elections enforces and administers all laws and regulations related to conducting elections, plebiscites , initiatives , referendums, and recalls . It decides on all decisions surrounding election protests and contests and has the right to deputize and take control of law enforcement and state security forces to ensure

192-575: A constitutional commission that drafted a new constitution. The Constitution was approved in a plebiscite the next year; it restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. The restored Congress first convened in 1987. The two houses of Congress meet at different places in Metro Manila , the seat of government: the Senate meets at the GSIS Building ,

240-624: A constitutional convention to revise the 1935 Constitution; in 1973, the Constitution was approved. It abolished the bicameral Congress and created a unicameral National Assembly, which would ultimately be known as the Batasang Pambansa in a semi-presidential system of government. The Batasang Pambansa first convened in 1978, and elected a prime minister . Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 People Power Revolution ; President Corazon Aquino then ruled by decree. Later that year she appointed

288-511: A new building that they would own in Fort Bonifacio , Taguig . The powers of the Congress of the Philippines may be classified as: In the diagrams below, Congress is divided into blocs, with the colors referring to the political party of the person leading that bloc. The blocs are determined by the votes of the members in speakership or Senate presidential elections. The Senate is composed of

336-742: Is bicameral , consisting of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives . The two chambers have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the President's signature. The Senate is located in Pasay , while the House of Representatives is located in Quezon City , both of which are in Metro Manila . The Senate of

384-516: Is composed of 24 senators half of which are elected every three years. Each senator, therefore, serves a total of six years. The senators are elected at-large and do not represent any geographical district. In the current 19th Congress , there are 316 seats in the House of Representatives. The Constitution states that the House "shall be composed of not more than 250 members, unless otherwise fixed by law", and that at least 20% of it shall be sectoral representatives. There are two types of congressmen:

432-488: Is determined by the size of the bloc; only members of the majority and minority blocs are given committee memberships. In the Philippines, political parties are liquid, and it is not uncommon for party-mates to find themselves in different blocs. Each chamber is headed by a presiding officer, both elected from their respective membership; in the Senate, it is the Senate President , while in the House of Representatives, it

480-526: Is led by the President of the Senate . The current senate president is Francis Escudero . The House of Representatives of the Philippines is the lower house of the Congress. The House consists of district and sectoral representatives elected for a term of three years and may be re-elected for three consecutive terms. Each bill has to be approved by the House, after which it is sent to the Senate. Furthermore, all franchise and money bills must originate from

528-456: Is needed. A new session of Congress starts after every House of Representatives election. Under the 1935 Constitution as amended in 1940, mid-term elections for the Senate caused its membership to be changed mid-session. From 1945 to 1972, there were two Commonwealth congresses and seven congresses of the Republic, with the 2nd Commonwealth Congress becoming the 1st Congress of the Republic . Under

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576-496: Is the Speaker . The Senate also has a Senate president pro tempore , and the House of Representatives has deputy speakers . Each chamber has its own floor leaders. The vote requirements in the Congress of the Philippines are as follows: In most cases, such as the approval of bills, only a majority of members present is needed; on some cases such as the election of presiding officers, a majority of all members, including vacant seats,

624-448: Is the legislature of the national government of the Philippines . It is bicameral , composed of an upper body, the Senate , and a lower body, the House of Representatives , although colloquially, the term "Congress" commonly refers to just the latter . The Senate meets at the GSIS Building in Pasay , while the House of Representatives meets at the Batasang Pambansa in Quezon City , which also hosts joint sessions . The Senate

672-528: The Cabinet and all executive departments , led by the president . The president and vice president are directly elected separately by national popular vote for a term of six years. While the vice president may be re-elected unlimited number of times (but not consecutively ), the president is barred from seeking re-election. The incumbent president and vice president are Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte , respectively, who were elected in 2022 . The president of

720-728: The Manila Municipal Council qualified to elect a representative, it was tasked to select a delegate. Three of its representatives, the governor-general and the Archbishop of Manila selected Ventura de los Reyes as Manila's delegate to the Cortes. De los Reyes arrived in Cadiz in December 1811. However, with Napoleon I 's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo , his brother Joseph Bonaparte was removed from

768-743: The People Power Revolution , the bicameral Congress was restored. The House of Representatives inherited the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate returned to the Congress Building. In May 1997, the Senate moved to the newly constructed building owned by the GSIS on land reclaimed from Manila Bay in Pasay ; the Congress Building was eventually transformed into the National Museum of Fine Arts . The Senate will eventually move into

816-741: The Philippine Revolution that aimed to overthrow Spanish rule. Proclaiming independence on June 12, 1898, President Emilio Aguinaldo then ordered the convening of a revolutionary congress at Malolos . The Malolos Congress , among other things, approved the Malolos Constitution . With the approval of the Treaty of Paris , the Spanish ceded the Philippines to the United States. The revolutionaries, attempting to prevent American conquest, launched

864-601: The Philippine–American War , but were defeated when Aguinaldo was captured in 1901. When the Philippines was under American colonial rule, the legislative body was the Philippine Commission which existed from 1900 to 1907. The President of the United States appointed the members of the Philippine Commission . Furthermore, two Filipinos served as Resident Commissioners to the House of Representatives of

912-638: The Commonwealth Congress convened at the Old Japanese Schoolhouse in Sampaloc . Congress met at the school auditorium, with the Senate convening on evenings and the House of Representatives meeting every morning. The Senate subsequently moved to the Manila City Hall , with the House staying in the schoolhouse. The two chambers of Congress returned to the reconstructed Legislative Building, now

960-482: The Congress Building in 1950. In 1973, when President Marcos ruled by decree, Congress was padlocked. Marcos built a new seat of a unicameral parliament in Quezon City , which would eventually be the Batasang Pambansa Complex . The parliament that will eventually be named as the Batasang Pambansa (National Legislature), first met at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in 1978. With the overthrow of Marcos after

1008-402: The Cortes. While colonies such as the Philippines were selecting their delegates, substitutes were named so that the Cortes could convene. The substitutes, and first delegates for the Philippines were Pedro Pérez de Tagle and José Manuel Couto. Neither had any connection to the colony. By July 1810, Governor General Manuel González de Aguilar received the instruction to hold an election. As only

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1056-532: The House. The House of Representatives also has the power to impeach certain officials. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The current speaker is Martin Romualdez . Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a chief justice as its head and 14 associate justices , occupies

1104-643: The Philippines establishes three independent constitutional commissions: the Civil Service Commission , the Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . The Civil Service Commission is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government. It is responsible for strengthening employment and a conducive work environment in the civil service sector and overseeing the Civil Service Exam,

1152-457: The Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines —the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber. Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the president. Judicial power is vested in the courts, with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body. The Executive Branch of government comprise

1200-446: The Philippines is the country's chief executive, serving as the head of state and head of government . The president heads all executive departments . The heads of the departments, which make up the cabinet , are appointed by the president subject to the approval of the Commission on Appointments . The president also supervises all local government units. The president may also give executive issuances , grant pardons , and exercise

1248-444: The Philippines is the upper house of Congress. Senators are elected for a term of six years; they can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. Once a bill is approved by the House of Representatives, it is passed onto the Senate. A bill must first be approved by the Senate in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law. Only the Senate can concur with treaties and try impeachment cases. The Senate

1296-519: The Philippines on July 4, 1946, Republic Act No. 6 was enacted providing that on the date of the proclamation of the Republic of the Philippines , the existing Congress would be known as the First Congress of the Republic . Successive Congresses were elected until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law on September 23, 1972. Marcos then ruled by decree. As early as 1970, Marcos had convened

1344-621: The Spanish colonization of the Philippines, municipal governments, or Cabildos were established. One such example was the Cabildo in Manila, established in 1571. While the Philippines was under colonial rule as part of the Spanish East Indies , the colony had no representation in the Spanish Cortes . Only in 1809, when the colony was made an integral part of Spain, did it gain representation in

1392-512: The Spanish throne, and the Cádiz Constitution was replaced by the Cortes on May 24, 1816, with a more conservative constitution that removed Philippine representation on the Cortes, among other things. Restoration of Philippine representation to the Cortes was one of the grievances by the Ilustrados , the educated class during the late 19th century. The Illustrados' campaign transformed into

1440-709: The US-instituted Philippine Legislature convened at the Ayuntamiento in Intramuros, Manila from 1907 until 1926, when it transferred to the Legislative Building just outside Intramuros. In the Legislative Building, the Senate occupied the upper floors while the House of Representatives used the lower floors. With the Legislative Building destroyed during the Battle of Manila of 1945 ,

1488-598: The United States from 1907 to 1935, then only one from 1935 to 1946. The Resident Commissioners had a voice in the House, but did not have voting rights. The Philippine Bill of 1902 mandated the creation of a bicameral or a two-chamber Philippine Legislature with the Philippine Commission as the Upper House and the Philippine Assembly as the Lower House. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in 1907. Through

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1536-689: The creation of two autonomous regions, one in the Cordilleras of Luzon and another in Muslim Mindanao ; at present, only the latter exists, with the former remaining an administrative division. The Bangsamoro is an autonomous region located in Mindanao. Established in 2019, the region replaced the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . The region has a regional parliamentary system separate from

1584-484: The district and party-list representatives . At the time of the ratification of the constitution, there were 200 districts, leaving 50 seats for party-list representatives. The district congressmen represent a particular congressional district of the country. All provinces in the country are composed of at least one congressional district. Several cities also have their own congressional districts, with some having two or more representatives. From 200 districts in 1987,

1632-499: The free and orderly conduct of elections. The Commission on Audit is responsible for examining, auditing , and settling all revenues and expenditures of public funds and properties used by the government or its attached agencies. The three branches of the Philippine government are independently monitored by the Office of the Ombudsman ( Filipino : Tanodbayan ). The ombudsman is given

1680-460: The highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines. The sitting chief justice is Alexander Gesmundo , the 27th to serve in that position. Other types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the following: Article 9 of the Constitution of

1728-442: The highest to the lowest division: Regions are the highest administrative division in the Philippines, primarily used to coordinate planning and organize national services. Administrative regions are not local government units themselves but instead consist of several local government units. Meanwhile, autonomous regions are regions that have control over their governance, culture, and economy. The 1987 Constitution only allows for

1776-549: The increase of districts also means that the seats for party-list representatives increase as well, as the 1:4 ratio has to be respected. The Constitution provides that Congress shall convene for its regular session every year beginning on the 4th Monday of July. A regular session can last until thirty days before the opening of its next regular session in the succeeding year. The president may, however, call special sessions which are usually held between regular legislative sessions to handle emergencies or urgent matters. During

1824-574: The leadership of then- Speaker Sergio Osmeña and then-Majority Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon , the Rules of the 59th United States Congress were substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. In 1916, the Jones Law changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished, and a new bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and

1872-406: The legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Philippines is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system . The powers of the three branches are vested by the Constitution of

1920-761: The main office of the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) in Pasay , while the House of Representatives sits at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City . The two are around 25 kilometers (16 mi) apart. The Barasoain Church in Malolos , Bulacan served as a meeting place of unicameral congress of the First Philippine Republic . After the Americans defeated the First Republic,

1968-478: The mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes, especially graft and corruption . The ombudsman is assisted by six deputies: the overall deputy, the deputy for Luzon, the deputy for Visayas, the deputy for Mindanao, the deputy for the armed forces, and the special prosecutor. The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions , often lumped together as local government units (LGUs). They are, from

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2016-577: The national presidential system. Its executive branch is led by the regional chief minister , the Council of Leaders , and the Bangsamoro Cabinet . Its legislative branch is the unicameral Bangsamoro Parliament . The region also has its own judiciary system that applies Sharia . Congress of the Philippines The Congress of the Philippines ( Filipino : Kongreso ng Pilipinas )

2064-452: The number of districts have increased to 253. Every new Congress has seen an increase in the number of districts. The party-list congressmen represent the minority sectors of the population. This enables these minority groups to be represented in the Congress, when they would otherwise not be represented properly through district representation. Party-list representatives represent labor unions , rights groups, and other organizations. With

2112-405: The power of eminent domain . Aside from having the power to veto any bill, the president also sets the legislative agenda for Congress. The vice president of the Philippines , the deputy chief executive, is the first in line for succession if the president resigns, is removed after impeachment, is permanently incapacitated, or dies. The vice president is usually, though not always, a member of

2160-530: The president's cabinet and may be appointed without the approval of the Commission of Appointments. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress. The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines . The Congress

2208-598: The project was likely to be unjustifiably lengthy and expensive. Another factor was that the Hummingbird was an unlicensed copy of the MBB/Eurocopter Bo 105C and Eurocopter planned to raise lawsuits regarding the project. Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Government of the Philippines The government of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas ) has three interdependent branches:

2256-471: The winners of the 2019 and 2022 Senate elections . The House of Representatives is composed of the winners of the 2022 House of Representatives elections . In both chambers, the majority bloc is composed of members generally supportive of the incumbent presidency of Bongbong Marcos , while the minority blocs are those opposed. In the House of Representatives, there is an independent minority bloc, and 4 vacant seats. In both chambers, membership in committees

2304-575: Was created. Those elected in 1941 would not serve until 1945, as World War II erupted. The invading Japanese set up the Second Philippine Republic and convened its own National Assembly . With the Japanese defeat in 1945, the Commonwealth and its Congress was restored. The same setup continued until the Americans granted independence on July 4, 1946. Upon the inauguration of the Republic of

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