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49-432: Not to be confused with Porridge . P-Orridge is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Genesis P-Orridge (1950–2020), English artist, musician and writer Paula P-Orridge (born 1963), English musician, writer and entrepreneur [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname P-Orridge . If an internal link intending to refer to

98-576: A 100 g (3.5 oz) reference amount, cooked porridge provides 71 Calories and contains 26% of the Daily Value (DV) for manganese , with no other micronutrients in significant content (table). A 2014 review found that daily intake of at least 3 grams of oat beta-glucan lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 5–10% in people with normal or elevated blood cholesterol levels. Beta-glucan lowers cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol production, although cholesterol reduction

147-423: A 12 to 14 h fast and that LDL-C cannot be calculated if plasma triglyceride is >4.52 mmol/L (400 mg/dL). Even at triglyceride levels 2.5 to 4.5 mmol/L, this formula is considered inaccurate. If both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels are elevated then a modified formula, with quantities in mg/dL, may be used This formula provides an approximation with fair accuracy for most people, assuming

196-494: A higher proportion of cholesterol esters. When a cell requires additional cholesterol (beyond its current internal HMGCoA production pathway), it synthesizes the necessary LDL receptors as well as PCSK9 , a proprotein convertase that marks the LDL receptor for degradation. LDL receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane and diffuse freely until they associate with clathrin -coated pits. When LDL receptors bind LDL particles in

245-529: A higher risk for coronary heart disease . This is thought to be because the smaller particles are more easily able to penetrate the endothelium of arterial walls . Pattern I , for intermediate , indicates that most LDL particles are very close in size to the normal gaps in the endothelium (26 nm). According to one study, sizes 19.0–20.5 nm were designated as pattern B and LDL sizes 20.6–22 nm were designated as pattern A. Other studies have shown no such correlation at all. Some evidence suggests

294-522: A lesser extent size, have shown slightly stronger correlations with atherosclerotic progression and cardiovascular events than obtained using chemical measures of the amount of cholesterol carried by the LDL particles. It is possible that the LDL cholesterol concentration can be low, yet LDL particle number high and cardiovascular events rates are high. Correspondingly, it is possible that LDL cholesterol concentration can be relatively high, yet LDL particle number low and cardiovascular events are also low. In

343-425: A protein that has 4536 amino acid residues and a mass of 514 kDa ), along with 80 to 100 additional ancillary proteins. Each LDL has a highly hydrophobic core consisting of polyunsaturated fatty acid known as linoleate and hundreds to thousands (about 1500 commonly cited as an average) of esterified and unesterified cholesterol molecules. This core also carries varying numbers of triglycerides and other fats and

392-483: A single apolipoprotein B for LDL and the larger particles). A single LDL particle is about 220–275 angstroms in diameter, typically transporting 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules per particle, and varying in size according to the number and mix of fat molecules contained within. The lipids carried include all fat molecules with cholesterol , phospholipids , and triglycerides dominant; amounts of each vary considerably. A good clinical interpretation of blood lipid levels

441-429: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P-Orridge&oldid=1229497738 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Porridge Porridge

490-404: Is a food made by heating or boiling ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain , in milk or water. It is often cooked or served with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruit, or syrup to make a sweet cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat, or vegetables to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl, depending on its consistency. Oat porridge, or oatmeal ,

539-423: Is a general term for LDL particles with oxidatively modified structural components. As a result, from free radical attack, both lipid and protein parts of LDL can be oxidized in the vascular wall. Besides the oxidative reactions taking place in vascular wall, oxidized lipids in LDL can also be derived from oxidized dietary lipids. Oxidized LDL is known to associate with the development of atherosclerosis , and it

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588-515: Is also known as frumenty ), barley , corn, triticale and buckwheat . Many types of porridge have their own names, such as congee (rice), polenta (maize) and poi (from Taro ). Porridge can be eaten for any meal of the day. Porridge is eaten in many cultures around the world as a common snack or breakfast. Unenriched porridge (as oatmeal), cooked by boiling or microwave, is 84% water, and contains 12% carbohydrates , including 2% dietary fiber and 2% each of protein and fat (table). In

637-454: Is always one-fifth of the triglyceride concentration. Another formulae addresses this issue by using an adjustable factor or by using a regression equation. There are few studies which have compared the LDL-C values derived from this formula and values obtained by direct enzymatic method. Direct enzymatic method are found to be accurate and it has to be the test of choice in clinical situations. In

686-554: Is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people". Oats were introduced to Scotland in about 600 AD; traces of barley porridge have been found in pots excavated in the Outer Hebrides which have been dated to 2,500 years ago. Historically, porridge was a staple food in much of Northern Europe and Russia. It was often made from barley , though other grains and yellow peas could be used, depending on local conditions. It

735-519: Is greater in people with higher total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in their blood. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration issued a final ruling in 2015 stating that food companies can make health claims on food labels for products containing soluble fiber from whole oats (oat bran, oat flour and rolled oats), noting that 3.0 grams of soluble fiber daily from these foods may reduce

784-612: Is one of the most common types of porridge. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge and congee is a savoury variation of porridge of Asian origin. The term "porridge" is used in British English (Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) specifically for oatmeal. This is a hot mixture of oatmeal or oats slowly cooked with water or milk. It is typically eaten for breakfast by itself or with other ingredients, including salt, sugar, fruit, milk, cream, or butter. Other grains used for porridge include rice, wheat (cracked wheat porridge

833-402: Is surrounded by a shell of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol, as well as the single copy of Apo B-100. LDL particles are approximately 22 nm (0.00000087 in.) to 27.5 nm in diameter and have a mass of about 3 million daltons. Since LDL particles contain a variable and changing number of fatty acid molecules, there is a distribution of LDL particle mass and size. Determining

882-672: Is that LDL-C values are commonly discordant with both direct measurements of LDL particles and actual rates of atherosclerosis progression. Direct LDL measurements are also available and better reveal individual issues but are less often promoted or done due to slightly higher costs and being available from only a couple of laboratories in the United States . In 2008, the ADA and ACC recognized direct LDL particle measurement by NMR as superior for assessing individual risk of cardiovascular events. Chemical measures of lipid concentration have long been

931-495: Is that high LDL, in combination with a high amount of triglycerides, which indicates a high likelihood of the LDL being oxidised, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases . Each native LDL particle enables emulsification, i.e. surrounding the fatty acids being carried, enabling these fats to move around the body within the water outside cells. Each particle contains a single apolipoprotein B-100 molecule ( Apo B-100 ,

980-465: Is that the NMR methodology (developed, automated & greatly reduced in costs while improving accuracy as pioneered by Jim Otvos and associates) results in a 22-25% reduction in cardiovascular events within one year, contrary to the longstanding claims by many in the medical industry that the superiority over existing methods was weak, even by statements of some proponents. Since the later 1990s, because of

1029-420: Is therefore widely studied as a potential risk factor of cardiovascular diseases . Atherogenicity of oxidized LDL has been explained by lack of recognition of oxidation-modified LDL structures by the LDL receptors, preventing the normal metabolism of LDL particles and leading eventually to development of atherosclerotic plaques. Of the lipid material contained in LDL, various lipid oxidation products are known as

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1078-606: The abdominal cavity ( visceral body fat ). Visceral fat, which is more metabolically active than subcutaneous fat, has been found to produce many enzymatic signals, e.g. resistin , which increase insulin resistance and circulating VLDL particle concentrations, thus both increasing LDL particle concentrations and accelerating the development of diabetes mellitus. In 2021, scientists demonstrated that CRISPR gene editing can decrease blood levels of LDL cholesterol in Macaca fascicularis monkeys for months by 60% via knockout of PCSK9 in

1127-436: The 2004 updated American Heart Association, NIH and NCEP recommendations are for LDL levels to be lowered to less than 70 mg/dL. This low level of less than 70 mg/dL was recommended for primary prevention of 'very-high risk patients' and in secondary prevention as a 'reasonable further reduction'. This position was disputed. Statin drugs involved in such clinical trials have numerous physiological effects beyond simply

1176-575: The British prison system during the 19th century and early 20th century, and so "doing porridge" became a slang term for a sentence in prison. Low-density lipoprotein Lipoproteins transfer lipids ( fats ) around the body in the extracellular fluid , making fats available to body cells for receptor-mediated endocytosis . Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins , typically 80–100 proteins per particle (organized by

1225-778: The US, the American Heart Association , NIH , and NCEP provide a set of guidelines for fasting LDL-Cholesterol levels, estimated or measured, and risk for heart disease. As of about 2005, these guidelines were: Over time, with more clinical research, these recommended levels keep being reduced because LDL reduction, including to abnormally low levels, was the most effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular death rates in one large double blind , randomized clinical trial of men with hypercholesterolemia ; far more effective than coronary angioplasty/stenting or bypass surgery. For instance, for people with known atherosclerosis diseases,

1274-603: The accurate approach. A study was conducted measuring the effects of guideline changes on LDL cholesterol reporting and control for diabetes visits in the US from 1995 to 2004. It was found that although LDL cholesterol reporting and control for diabetes and coronary heart disease visits improved continuously between 1995 and 2004, neither the 1998 ADA guidelines nor the 2001 ATP III guidelines increased LDL cholesterol control for diabetes relative to coronary heart disease. There are several competing methods for measurement of lipoprotein particle concentrations and size. The evidence

1323-427: The blood was drawn after fasting for about 14 hours or longer, but does not reveal the actual LDL particle concentration because the percentage of fat molecules within the LDL particles which are cholesterol varies, as much as 8:1 variation. There are several formulas published addressing the inaccuracy in LDL-C estimation. The inaccuracy is based on the assumption that VLDL-C (Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol)

1372-415: The bloodstream, the clathrin-coated pits are endocytosed into the cell. Vesicles containing LDL receptors bound to LDL are delivered to the endosome . In the presence of low pH , such as that found in the endosome, LDL receptors undergo a conformation change, releasing LDL. LDL is then shipped to the lysosome , where cholesterol esters in the LDL are hydrolysed . LDL receptors are typically returned to

1421-552: The cholesterol production pathway, and is present in every animal cell. LDL-C is not a measurement of actual LDL particles. LDL-C is only an estimate (not measured from the individual's blood sample) of how much cholesterol is being transported by all LDL particles, which is either a smaller concentration of large particles or a high concentration of small particles. LDL particles carry many fat molecules (typically 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules per LDL particle); this includes cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and others. Thus even if

1470-507: The correlation between Pattern B and coronary heart disease is stronger than the correspondence between the LDL number measured in the standard lipid profile test. Tests to measure these LDL subtype patterns have been more expensive and not widely available, so the common lipid profile test is used more often. There has also been noted a correspondence between higher triglyceride levels and higher levels of smaller, denser LDL particles and alternately lower triglyceride levels and higher levels of

1519-402: The development of NMR measurements, it has been possible to clinically measure lipoprotein particles at lower cost [under $ 80 US (including shipping) & is decreasing; versus the previous costs of >$ 400 to >$ 5,000] and higher accuracy. There are two other assays for LDL particles, however, like LDL-C, most only estimate LDL particle concentrations. Direct LDL particle measurement by NMR

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1568-447: The form of partially hydrogenated oils) has been banned in the US since 2021. However, trans fat can still be found in red meat and dairy products as it is produced in small amounts by ruminants such as sheep and cows. LDL cholesterol can also be lowered by increasing consumption of soluble fiber and plant-based foods. Another lifestyle approach to reduce LDL cholesterol has been minimizing total body fat, in particular fat stored inside

1617-476: The hundreds to thousands of cholesterol molecules within an average LDL particle were measured, this does not reflect the other fat molecules or even the number of LDL particles. LDL cholesterol can be lowered by through dietary intervention by limiting foods with saturated fat and avoiding foods with trans fat . Saturated fats are found in meat products (including poultry), full-fat dairy, eggs, and refined tropical oils like coconut and palm. Added trans fat (in

1666-400: The larger, less dense ("buoyant") LDL. With continued research, decreasing cost, greater availability and wider acceptance of other lipoprotein subclass analysis assay methods, including NMR spectroscopy , research studies have continued to show a stronger correlation between human clinically obvious cardiovascular events and quantitatively measured particle concentrations. Oxidized LDL

1715-405: The largest size being "jumbo"). The larger the pieces of oat used, the more textured the resulting porridge. It is said that, because of their size and shape, the body breaks steel-cut oats down more slowly than rolled oats, reducing spikes in blood sugar and making the eater feel full longer. The US Consumer Reports Web site found that the more cooking required, the stronger the oat flavor and

1764-622: The less mushy the texture. Oats are a good source of dietary fibre; health benefits are claimed for oat bran in particular, which is part of the grain. The oats are cooked in milk, water or a mixture of the two. Scottish traditionalists allow only oats, water and salt. There are techniques suggested by cooks, such as presoaking, but a comparative test found little difference in the end result. Various flavourings can be used and may vary widely by taste and locality. Demerara sugar , golden syrup , Greek yoghurt and honey are common. Cold milk or single cream may be used. Historically, porridge

1813-568: The most-used clinical measurement, not because they have the best correlation with individual outcome, but because these lab methods are less expensive and more widely available. The lipid profile does not measure LDL particles. It only estimates them using the Friedewald equation by subtracting the amount of cholesterol associated with other particles, such as HDL and VLDL, assuming a prolonged fasting state, etc.: There are limitations to this method, most notably that samples must be obtained after

1862-666: The people participating and being tracked in the MESA trial , a medical research study sponsored by the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The lowest incidence of atherosclerotic events over time occurs within the <20% group, with increased rates for the higher groups. Multiple other measures, including particle sizes, small LDL particle concentrations, large total and HDL particle concentrations, along with estimations of insulin resistance pattern and standard cholesterol lipid measurements (for comparison of

1911-407: The plasma data with the estimation methods discussed above) are also routinely provided. (Per 2004 United States Government Minimum Guidelines ) The mevalonate pathway serves as the basis for the biosynthesis of many molecules, including cholesterol. The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase ( HMG CoA reductase ) is an essential component and performs the first of 37 steps within

1960-745: The plasma membrane, where they repeat this cycle. If LDL receptors bind to PCSK9, however, transport of LDL receptors is redirected to the lysosome, where they are degraded. LDL interferes with the quorum sensing system that upregulates genes required for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection. The mechanism of antagonism entails binding apolipoprotein B to a S. aureus autoinducer pheromone, preventing signaling through its receptor. Mice deficient in apolipoprotein B are more susceptible to invasive bacterial infection. LDL can be grouped based on its size: large low density LDL particles are described as pattern A , and small high density LDL particles are pattern B . Pattern B has been associated by some with

2009-416: The reduction of LDL levels. From longitudinal population studies following progression of atherosclerosis-related behaviors from early childhood into adulthood, the usual LDL in childhood, before the development of fatty streaks , is about 35 mg/dL. However, all the above values refer to chemical measures of lipid/cholesterol concentration within LDL, not measured low-density lipoprotein concentrations,

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2058-524: The resource poor settings, the option of using the formula has to be considered. However, the concentration of LDL particles, and to a lesser extent their size, has a stronger and consistent correlation with individual clinical outcome than the amount of cholesterol within LDL particles, even if the LDL-C estimation is approximately correct. There is increasing evidence and recognition of the value of more targeted and accurate measurements of LDL particles. Specifically, LDL particle number (concentration), and to

2107-417: The risk of heart disease . To qualify for the health claim, the food that contains the oats must provide at least 0.75 grams of soluble fiber per serving. Oats for porridge may be whole ( groats ), cut into two or three pieces (called "pinhead", "steel-cut" or "coarse" oatmeal), ground into medium or fine oatmeal or steamed and rolled into flakes of varying sizes and thicknesses (called "rolled oats",

2156-499: The structure of LDL has been difficult for biochemists because of its heterogeneous structure. However, the structure of LDL at human body temperature in native condition, with a resolution of about 16 Angstroms using cryogenic electron microscopy , has been described in 2011. LDL particles are formed when triglycerides are removed from VLDL by the lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) and they become smaller and denser (i.e. fewer fat molecules with same protein transport shell), containing

2205-640: The total LDL particle concentrations, in nmol/L plasma, are typically subdivided by percentiles referenced to the 5,382 men and women, not on any lipid medications, who are participating in the MESA trial. LDL particle concentration can also be measured by measuring the concentration of the protein ApoB, based on the generally accepted principle that each LDL or VLDL particle carries one ApoB molecule. The LDL particle concentrations are typically categorized by percentiles, <20%, 20–50%, 50th–80th%, 80th–95% and >95% groups of

2254-604: The ultimate atherogenic species. Acting as a transporter of these injurious molecules is another mechanism by which LDL can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Blood tests commonly report LDL-C: the amount of cholesterol which is estimated to be contained with LDL particles, on average, using a formula, the Friedewald equation . In clinical context, mathematically calculated estimates of LDL-C are commonly used as an estimate of how much low density lipoproteins are driving progression of atherosclerosis. The problem with this approach

2303-591: Was a staple food in much of the world, including Europe, Africa and Asia, and it remains a staple food in many parts of the world, it becoming commonplace in agricultural societies that practice grain cultivation starting from the Neolithic period and onward. The dish has traditionally been closely associated with Scotland , possibly because oats can be successfully cultivated on marginal upland soils. In 1775, Dr. Samuel Johnson wrote that oats were "a grain which in England

2352-680: Was mentioned by the ADA and ACC, in a 28 March 2008 joint consensus statement, as having advantages for predicting individual risk of atherosclerosis disease events, but the statement noted that the test is less widely available, is more expensive [about $ 13.00 US (2015 without insurance coverage) from some labs which use the Vantera Analyzer ]. Debate continues that it is "...unclear whether LDL particle size measurements add value to measurement of LDL-particle concentration", though outcomes have always tracked LDL particle, not LDL-C, concentrations. Using NMR,

2401-504: Was primarily a savoury dish, with meats, root crops, vegetables and herbs added for flavor. Porridge could be cooked in a large metal kettle over hot coals or heated in a cheaper earthenware container by adding hot stones until boiling hot. Until leavened bread and baking ovens became commonplace in Europe, porridge was a typical means of preparing cereal crops for the table. Porridge was also commonly provided for breakfast for inmates in

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