61-617: Pérotin ( fl. c. 1200 ) was a composer associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high medieval music . He is credited with developing the polyphonic practices of his predecessor Léonin , with the introduction of three and four-part harmonies. Other than a brief mention by music theorist Johannes de Garlandia in his De Mensurabili Musica , virtually all information on Pérotin's life comes from Anonymous IV ,
122-453: A pseudonymous English student who probably studied in Paris. Anonymous IV names seven titles from a Magnus Liber —including Viderunt omnes , Sederunt principes and Alleluia Nativitas —that have been identified with surviving works and gives him the title Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus the Master), meaning he was licensed to teach. It is assumed that Perotinus was French and named Pérotin,
183-416: A defining characteristic of thirteenth century musical genres. In organum purum the tenor part was drawn out into long pedal points , while the upper part or duplum contrasted with it in a much freer rhythm, consisting of melisms (melismatic or several notes per syllable , compared to syllabic, a single note per syllable). In the second, discantus , style, the tenor was allowed to be melismatic, and
244-528: A diminutive of Peter , but attempts to match him with persons in contemporary documents remain speculative. Pérotin, about whom little is known, most likely lived around the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century and is presumed to have been French. The closest thing to a contemporary account of his life comes from two much later reporters: a brief mention attributed to the music theorist Johannes de Garlandia ( fl. c. 1270–1320 ) in his De Mensurabili Musica , and four mentions in
305-417: A kind of luxurious and lascivious singing, full of ostentation, which with female modulation astonishes and enervates the souls of the hearers. When you hear the soft harmonies of the various singers, some taking high and others low parts, some singing in advance, some following in the rear, others with pauses and interludes, you would think yourself listening to a concert of sirens rather than men, and wonder at
366-417: A kind of luxurious and lascivious singing, full of ostentation, which with female modulation astonishes and enervates the souls of the hearers. When you hear the soft harmonies of the various singers, some taking high and others low parts, some singing in advance, some following in the rear, others with pauses and interludes, you would think yourself listening to a concert of sirens rather than men, and wonder at
427-543: A second voice was added. The chant was called the tenor ( cantus firmus or vox principalis ), which literally “holds” (Latin: tenere ) the melody. The tenor is based on an existing plainsong melody from the liturgical repertoire (such as the Alleluia , Verse or Gradual , from the Mass , or a Responsory or Benedicamus from the Office ). This quotation of plainchant melody is
488-571: Is kept in the limits of moderation, it drives away care from the soul and the solicitudes of life, confers joy and peace and exultation in God, and transports the soul to the society of angels. Notre Dame school The Notre-Dame school or the Notre-Dame school of polyphony refers to the group of composers working at or near the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, along with
549-499: The Magnus Liber Organi , he provides a few tantalizing bits of information on the music and the principles involved in its composition. Pérotin is the first composer of organum quadruplum —four-voice polyphony —at least the first composer whose music has survived, since complete survivals of notated music from this time are scarce. Léonin, Pérotin and the other anonymous composers whose music has survived are representatives of
610-439: The Magnus Liber Organi , he provides a few tantalizing bits of information on the music and the principles involved in its composition. Pérotin is the first composer of organum quadruplum —four-voice polyphony —at least the first composer whose music has survived, since complete survivals of notated music from this time are scarce. Léonin, Pérotin and the other anonymous composers whose music has survived are representatives of
671-577: The Bishop of Paris , Odo ( Eudes de Sully ) (1196–1208), in 1198 and 1199. Rebuked by Peter of Capua , the papal legate of the time, the bishop sought to reform the rituals around the Christmas season, forbidding the boistrous costumed performances that existed at the time, in particular, the Feast of Fools . His preference was for elaborate music in its stead, calling for performance in organa triplo vel quadruplo for
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#1733085095762732-587: The University of Paris during the years of Léonin but before Pérotin, was one of the latter. He attended many services at the Notre-Dame Choir School. In his Policraticus he offers a first-hand description of what was happening to music in the High Middle Ages , writing: Bad taste has, however, degraded even religious worship, bringing into the presence of God, into the recesses of the sanctuary
793-411: The University of Paris during the years of Léonin but before Pérotin, was one of the latter. He attended many services at the Notre-Dame Choir School. In his Policraticus he offers a first-hand description of what was happening to music in the High Middle Ages , writing: Bad taste has, however, degraded even religious worship, bringing into the presence of God, into the recesses of the sanctuary
854-499: The harmony . The degree to which he did this has been debated due to the phrase abbreviavit eundem by Anonymous IV. Usually translated as abbreviate, it has been surmised that he shortened the Magnus liber by replacing organum purum with discant clausulae or simply replacing existing clausulae with shorter ones. Some 154 clausulae have been attributed to Pérotin but many other clausulae are elaborate compositions that would actually expand
915-415: The organum duplum , the "florid" and " discant " ( discantus ). The former was more typical of Léonin, the latter of Pérotin, though this indirect attribution has been challenged. Anonymous IV described Léonin as optimus organista (the best composer of organa ) but Pérotin, who revised the former's Magnus liber organi (Great Organum Book), as optimus discantor referring to his discant composition., In
976-749: The " rhythmic modes ". This marked the beginning of notation capable of showing relative durations of notes within and between parts. The earliest motets are the Notre-Dame motets, written by composers such as Leonin and Perotin during the 13th century. These motets were polyphonic, with a different text in each voice, and employed the rhythmic modes. An example of a Notre-Dame motet is Salve, salus hominum/O radians stella/nostrum by Perotin, composed between 1180 and 1238. With polyphony , musicians were able to achieve musical feats perceived by many as beautiful, and by others, distasteful. John of Salisbury (1120–1180), philosopher and Bishop of Chartres , who taught at
1037-696: The " rhythmic modes ". This marked the beginning of notation capable of showing relative durations of notes within and between parts. The earliest motets are the Notre-Dame motets, written by composers such as Leonin and Perotin during the 13th century. These motets were polyphonic, with a different text in each voice, and employed the rhythmic modes. An example of a Notre-Dame motet is Salve, salus hominum/O radians stella/nostrum by Perotin, composed between 1180 and 1238. With polyphony , musicians were able to achieve musical feats perceived by many as beautiful, and by others, distasteful. John of Salisbury (1120–1180), philosopher and Bishop of Chartres , who taught at
1098-410: The 1160s. Although often linked to the construction of the cathedral itself, construction commenced in 1163 and the altar consecrated in 1182. However, there was evidence of musical creativity there from the early twelfth century. Léonin's work was distinguished by two distinctive organum styles, purum and discantus . This early polyphonic organa was still firmly based on Gregorian chant, to which
1159-459: The Abbey of St Martial, Limoges , replacing the monodic (monophonic) Gregorian chant with polyphony (more than one voice singing at a time). This was the beginning of polyphonic European church music. Organum at its roots involves simple doubling ( organum duplum or organum purum ) of a chant at intervals of a fourth or fifth, above or below. This school also marked a transition from music that
1220-456: The Chancellor). Philip, also a canon there, held that title at the cathedral from 1218 till his death in 1236, suggesting a possible later date for Pérotin's setting of the former's Beata viscera (ca. 1220), or at least a terminus ante quem . Others believe this poem was written much earlier, and hence place Pérotin's death as no later than 1205, the bishop's edicts implying that Pérotin's work
1281-580: The Master). The title, employed also by Johannes de Garlandia, means that Perotinus, like Léonin , earned the degree magister artium , almost certainly in Paris, and that he was licensed to teach. However, only Anonymous IV employed the epithet Perotinus Magnus (Perotinus the Great). The name Perotinus, the Latin diminutive of Petrus, is assumed to be derived from the French name Pérotin, diminutive of Pierre. However "Petrus"
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#17330850957621342-641: The Responsory and Benedicamus and other settings. The bishop's edicts are quite specific, and suggest that Pérotin's organum quadruplum Viderunt omnes was written for Christmas 1198, and his other organum quadruplum Sederunt Principes was composed for Saint Stephen's Day 1199, for the dedication of a new wing of the Notre Dame Cathedral. If written after this, they could not have been written till late 1200 or 1201, since for most of 1200 France lay under an interdict of Pope Innocent III which suppressed
1403-411: The addition of further parts, the compositions became known as motets , the most important form of polyphony of the period. Pérotin's two Graduals for the Christmas season represent the highest point of his style, with a large scale tonal design in which the massive pedal points sustain the swings between consecutive harmonies, and an intricate interplay among the three upper voices. Pérotin also furthered
1464-463: The best quadrupla, such as Viderunt and Sederunt , with an abundance of striking musical embellishments [ colores armonicae artis ]; likewise, the noblest tripla, such as Alleluia, Posui adiutorium and [Alleluia] , Nativitas etc. He also made three-voice conductus, such as Salvatoris hodie , and two-voice conductus, such as Dum sigillum summi Patris , and also, among many others, monophonic conductus, such as Beata viscera etc. The book, that is,
1525-530: The books of Magister Perotinus, were in use in the choir of the Paris cathedral of the Blessed Virgin up to the time of Magister Robertus de Sabilone, and from his time up to the present day. There have been many speculative attempts to identify Pérotin with members of the Notre Dame administration, but these have not generally been accepted. Of the several people with that name ( Petrus ) that have been suggested,
1586-521: The celebration of church services. Hans Tischler dates the revision of the Magnus Liber to around 1180/90. Between the accounts of Anonymous IV, the episcopal edicts and the arrangements in the Magnus liber , the key compositions appear to be corroborated and assigned to this period. Pérotin composed music to at least five of the poems of the Chancellor of the cathedral, Philippe le Chancelier (Philip
1647-441: The commonest are Petrus Cantor (died 1197), who was a theologian, and another Petrus who was Succentor at Notre Dame ca. 1207–1238. Of these two, Petrus Succentor has been suggested as more probable, in part on chronological grounds, and partly because of the succentor's role in overseeing the celebration of the liturgy in the cathedral (whose choir was dedicated 1182), but this is purely speculative, resting on an assumption that
1708-471: The composer held some important rank in the cathedral hierarchy. Pérotin is considered to be the most important member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony , a group of composers working at or near the cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, creators of the ars antiqua style. The dates of Pérotin's life and works have long been a subject of debate, but are generally thought to be from about 1155/60 (or earlier) to around 1200/05 (or later), based on
1769-490: The compositions in the Liber , and these stylistically resemble his known works which are on a much grander scale than those of his predecessor, and hence do not represent "abbreviation". An alternative rendering of abbreviavit is to write down, suggesting that he actually prepared a new edition using his better developed system of rhythmic notation, including mensural notation , as mentioned by Anonymous IV. Two styles emerged from
1830-566: The contemporary practice: Johannes de Garlandia , Franco of Cologne , and Anonymous IV. However, they were all writing more than two generations after the music was written, and may have been imposing their current practice, which was quickly evolving, on music which was conceived differently. In much music of the Notre-Dame School the lowest voices sing long note values while the upper voice or voices sing highly ornamented lines, which often use repeating patterns of long and short notes known as
1891-506: The contemporary practice: Johannes de Garlandia , Franco of Cologne , and Anonymous IV. However, they were all writing more than two generations after the music was written, and may have been imposing their current practice, which was quickly evolving, on music which was conceived differently. In much music of the Notre-Dame School the lowest voices sing long note values while the upper voice or voices sing highly ornamented lines, which often use repeating patterns of long and short notes known as
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1952-425: The contributions of Léonin, who prepared two-part choral settings ( organa ) for all the major liturgical festivals. This period in musical history has been described as a paradigm shift of lasting consequence in musical notation and rhythmic composition, with the development of the organum , clausula , conductus and motet. The innovative nature of the Notre Dame style stands in contrast to its predecessor, that of
2013-508: The development of musical notation, moving it further from improvisation. Despite this, we know nothing of how these works came about. In addition to his own compositions, as noted by Anonymous IV, Pérotin set about revising the Magnus liber organi . Léonin's added duplum required skill, and had to be sung fast with up to 40 notes to one of the underlying chant, as a result of which the actual text progressed very slowly. Pérotin shortened these passages, while adding further voice parts to enrich
2074-400: The ends of the earth have seen ' ), believed to be Pérotin's, as most likely did the original Liber . However, the manuscripts and fragments that survive date well into the thirteenth century, meaning that they are preserved in a form notated by musicians working several generations following Léonin and Pérotin. This collection of music constitutes the earliest known record of polyphony to have
2135-484: The era of European music history known as the ars antiqua . The motet was first developed during this period out of the clausula , which is one of the most frequently encountered types of composition in the Magnus Liber Organi . While music with notation has survived, in substantial quantity, the interpretation of this music, especially with regard to rhythm, remains controversial. Three music theorists describe
2196-423: The era of European music history known as the ars antiqua . The motet was first developed during this period out of the clausula , which is one of the most frequently encountered types of composition in the Magnus Liber Organi . While music with notation has survived, in substantial quantity, the interpretation of this music, especially with regard to rhythm, remains controversial. Three music theorists describe
2257-403: The evolution of French choral writing during this time (see Works ), in particular, his apparent absence from the flowering of the French motet that occurred after 1210. Pérotin was one of very few composers of his day whose name has been preserved, and can be reliably attached to individual compositions, most of which have been transcribed. Anonymous IV called him Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus
2318-412: The mid thirteenth century. Associated with the Notre Dame school, was Johannes de Garlandia, whose De mensurabili provided a theoretical basis, for Notre Dame polyphony is essentially musica mensurabilis , music that is measured in time. In his treatise, he defines three forms of polyphony, organum in speciali , copula, and discant, which are defined by the relationship of the voices to each other and by
2379-420: The music they produced. The only composers whose names have come down to us from this time are Léonin and Pérotin . Both were mentioned by an anonymous English student, known as Anonymous IV , who was either working or studying at Notre-Dame later in the 13th century. In addition to naming the two composers as "the best composers of organum," and specifying that they compiled the big book of organum known as
2440-420: The music they produced. The only composers whose names have come down to us from this time are Léonin and Pérotin . Both were mentioned by an anonymous English student, known as Anonymous IV , who was either working or studying at Notre-Dame later in the 13th century. In addition to naming the two composers as "the best composers of organum," and specifying that they compiled the big book of organum known as
2501-427: The notation that evolved laid the foundations of musical practice for centuries. The surviving manuscripts from the thirteenth century together with the contemporaneous treatises on musical theory constitute the musical era of ars antiqua . The Notre Dame repertory spread throughout Europe. In Paris polyphony was being performed in the late 1190s but later sources imply that some of the compositions date back as far as
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2562-404: The notes were quicker and more regular with the upper part becoming equally rhythmic. These more rhythmic sections were known as clausulae (puncta). Another innovation was the standardization of note forms, and Léonin's new square notes were quickly adopted. Although he developed the discantus style, Léonin's strength was as a writer of organum purum . The singing of organa fell into disuse by
2623-515: The organum style the upper voices are highly mobile over a tenor voice moving in long unmeasured notes. The discant style has the tenor moving in measured notes, but still more slowly than the upper voices. The third style has all voices moving note on note, and is largely limited to conductus . The surviving sources all commence with a four-voice organal setting of the Christmas Gradual, Viderunt omnes fines terrae ( lit. ' All
2684-436: The original discant organum duplum , the second voice follows the cantus firmus , note on note but at an interval, usually a fourth above. By contrast, in the florid organum, the upper or vox organalis voice wove shorter notes around the longer notes of the lower tenor chant. Anonymous IV mentions a number of compositions which he attributes to Pérotin, including the four-voice Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes , and
2745-435: The powers of voices … whatever is most tuneful among birds, could not equal. Such is the facility of running up and down the scale; so wonderful the shortening or multiplying of notes, the repetition of the phrases, or their emphatic utterance: the treble and shrill notes are so mingled with tenor and bass, that the ears lost their power of judging. When this goes to excess it is more fitted to excite lust than devotion; but if it
2806-435: The powers of voices … whatever is most tuneful among birds, could not equal. Such is the facility of running up and down the scale; so wonderful the shortening or multiplying of notes, the repetition of the phrases, or their emphatic utterance: the treble and shrill notes are so mingled with tenor and bass, that the ears lost their power of judging. When this goes to excess it is more fitted to excite lust than devotion; but if it
2867-589: The rhythmic flow of each voice. Léonin compiled his compositions into a book, the Magnus liber organi (Great Organum Book), around 1160. Pérotin's works are preserved in this compilation of early polyphonic church music, which was in the collection of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. The Magnus liber also contains the work of his successors. In addition to two-part organa, this book contains three- and four-part compositions in four distinct forms: organa , clausulae , conducti and motets, and three distinct styles. In
2928-490: The stability and circulation achieved earlier by monophonic Gregorian chant. Louis VII was succeeded by his son Philip II in 1179 and his reign was marked by integration and revision of the cultural shifts that had transpired under his father. It was during this time that the compositions of Pérotin first appeared, and a shift towards a more predominant discantus style. Pérotin is best known for his composition of both liturgical organa and non-liturgical conducti in which
2989-484: The three-part organa in the Magnus Liber to Pérotin, which is unlikely. Nevertheless, two of the only three known four-part organa can be attributed to him. Key: Anonymous IV (A), Johannes de Garlandia (G), Tischler (Ti), Thurston (Th), Husmann (H) . Numbers refer to folios in the F manuscript of the Magnus liber . Pérotin has been described as the first modern composer in the Western tradition, radically transforming
3050-510: The three-part conductus Salvator hodie . The latter is placed in the Mass for the Circumcision in a 13th-century French manuscript. Of these, the best known works are his Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes . These have been described as representing the peak of musical development of the time. Most of Pérotin's works are in polyphonic form of discant, including the quadrupla and tripla . Here
3111-404: The three-voice Alleluia "Posui adiutorium" and Alleluia "Nativitas" . Johannes de Garlandia states that the Magnus Liber commences with Perotin's four-part organa, and makes specific reference to the notation in the three-part Alleluya, Posui adiutorium . Other works are attributed to him by later scholars, such as Heinrich Husmann , on stylistic grounds, all in the organum style, as well as
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#17330850957623172-415: The two-voice Dum sigillum summi Patris and the monophonic Beata viscera ( lit. ' O blessed womb ' ) in the conductus style. (The conductus sets a rhymed Latin poem called a sequence to a repeated melody, much like a contemporary hymn .) By tradition, the four-part pieces of the Notre Dame school have been attributed to Pérotin, leaving the two-part pieces to Léonin. The former include
3233-415: The upper voices move in discant, as rhythmic counterpoint above the sustained tenor notes. This is consistent with Anonymous IV's description of him as optimus discantor . However, like Léonin, he is likely to have composed in every musical genre and style known to Notre Dame polyphony. Pérotin's dates of activity have been approximated from some late 12th century edicts ( Statuta et donationes piae ) of
3294-477: The voices move note on note. He pioneered the styles of organum triplum and organum quadruplum (three and four-part polyphony) and his Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes et adversum me loquebantur ( lit. ' Princes sat and plotted against me ' ) Graduals for Christmas and the feast of St Stephen's Day (December 26) respectively are among only a few organa quadrupla known, early polyphony having been restricted to two-part compositions. With
3355-495: The work of his predecessors from a largely improvisatory technique to a distinct musical architecture. Pérotin's music has influenced modern minimalist composers such as Steve Reich , particularly in Reich's work Proverb . Notre Dame school The Notre-Dame school or the Notre-Dame school of polyphony refers to the group of composers working at or near the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, along with
3416-418: The works of a late 13c English student known as Anonymous IV . At one stage Anonymous IV was thought to be a pupil of Johannes de Garlandia, but this is unlikely, and the name is a misnomer , derived from the title of notes by Charles-Edmond-Henri de Coussemaker , Anonymus IV . These were probably notes taken by the student in lecture. including this paragraph: These rules were used in many older books; this
3477-470: Was essentially performance to a less ephemeral entity that was committed to parchment, preserved and transmitted to history. It is also the beginning of the idea of composers and compositions, the introduction of more than two voices and the treatment of vernacular texts. For the first time, rhythm became as important as pitch , to the extent that the music of this era came to be known as musica mensurabilis (music that can be measured). These developments and
3538-493: Was one of the most common names in the Ile de France during the High Middle Ages , making further identification difficult. The diminutive was presumably a mark of respect bestowed by his colleagues. The title Magnus was a mark of the esteem in which he was held, even long after his death. The reign of Louis VII (1137–1180) witnessed a period of cultural innovation, in which appeared the Notre Dame school of musical composition, and
3599-453: Was so during and after the time of Perotinus the Great. Nevertheless, they did not know how to distinguish these notes from those which will be presented shortly. This was so even since the time of Leo, because two ligated notes were put for the durational value of a brevis longa , and in a similar manner, three ligated notes were quite often used for a longa brevis, longa . People say Maître Leonin
3660-465: Was the best composer of Organum (optimus organista), he composed the Great Organum Book for the gradual and antiphonary in order to prolong the divine service. This book remained in use until the time of the great Perotin who abridged it and composed clausules and sections that were many in number and better because he was the best composer of descant (optimus discantor). This Magister Perotinus made
3721-687: Was well before this. Philip appears to have written a number of poems with the intention of them being set to music by Pérotin, and with him is given credit for the development of the motet. Anonymous IV identified seven works, that he presumably considered worthy of singling out, and these represent the only direct attribution. Subsequent authors have attributed works on stylistic and chronological grounds. These include Friedrich Ludwig (1910), Heinrich Husmann (1940), Hans Tischler (1950) and Ethel Thurston (1970). Husmann added an additional nine three-part organa , and five clausula to which Ludwig added numerous other clausula . Other authors have attributed all
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