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57-482: The company is best known for three of its films that survive today, albeit with missing footage: The Patchwork Girl of Oz , The Magic Cloak of Oz , and His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz . The studio was located on Santa Monica Boulevard between Gower Street and Lodi Street. The facility would later be used by Famous Players–Lasky (now called Paramount Pictures ) and National Film Corporation of America. It

114-548: A role in the emergence of the motif of the wicked stepmother. Linguist and folklorist Edward Vajda has proposed that these stories represent the remnant of a coming-of-age , rite of passage tale extant in Proto-Indo-European society . Psychologist Bruno Bettelheim argues that the main motif revolves around dependence, oral greed, and destructive desires that children must learn to overcome, after they arrive home "purged of their oral fixations". Others have stressed

171-594: A smiling Princess Ozma staring into the camera, portrayed by Vivian Reed . The Patchwork Girl of Oz was released in early September, The Magic Cloak of Oz ready by late September, and His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz was screened in October but did not get distribution. The Alliance program released a fourth feature, The Last Egyptian , from an exotic orientalist adventure novel that Baum had written but declined authorship credit for commercial reasons, in early December. The studio claimed to be going strong well into

228-492: A variant from Flanders , The Sugar-Candy House , siblings Jan and Jannette get lost in the woods and sight a hut made of confectionery in the distance. When they approach, a giant wolf named Garon jumps out of the window and chases them to a river bank. Sister and brother ask a pair of ducks to help them cross the river and escape the wolf. Garon threatens the ducks to carry him over, to no avail; he then tries to cross by swimming. He sinks and surfaces three times, but disappears in

285-403: Is " Finette Cendron ", published by Marie-Catherine d'Aulnoy in 1697, which depicts an impoverished king and queen deliberately losing their three daughters three times in the wilderness. The cleverest of the girls, Finette, initially manages to bring them home with a trail of thread, and then a trail of ashes, but her peas are eaten by pigeons during the third journey. The little girls then go to

342-550: Is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812 as part of Grimms' Fairy Tales (KHM 15). It is also known as Little Step Brother and Little Step Sister . Hansel and Gretel are siblings who are abandoned in a forest and fall into the hands of a witch who lives in a bread , cake , and sugar house. The witch, who has cannibalistic intentions, intends to fatten Hansel before eventually eating him. However, Gretel saves her brother by pushing

399-410: Is an evil witch who had built the bread house to lure them inside so she can cook and eat them . The next morning, the witch locks Hansel in a stable and enslaves Gretel. The witch feeds Hansel regularly to fatten him up, but serves Gretel nothing but crab shells. The witch then tries to touch Hansel's finger to see how fat he has become, but he cleverly offers a thin bone he found in the cage. As

456-453: Is delighted to see them safe and sound. With the witch's wealth , the children and their father all live happily ever after. Folklorists Iona and Peter Opie indicate that "Hansel and Gretel" belongs to a group of European tales especially popular in the Baltic regions, about children outwitting ogres into whose hands they have involuntarily fallen. "Hansel and Gretel" is the prototype for

513-500: Is known that fairy tale/fantasy films were produced more frequently by 1917. The four feature films were considered lost for many years. By the 1980s, all three fairy tale films were made available on home video. All of the feature films have been released on both DVD and VHS with the exception of The Last Egyptian . The Museum of Modern Art owns a worn copy that was used in Bill Morrison 's Decasia , but it remains unreleased and

570-464: Is no doubt that the Grimms' Hänsel und Gretel was pieced together, it was, however, pieced together from traditional elements," and its previous narrators themselves had been "piecing this little tale together with other traditional motifs for centuries." For instance, the duck helping the children cross the river may be the remnant of an old traditional motif in the folktale complex that was reintroduced by

627-524: Is not part of their screening repertoire. The shorts remain lost. In L. Frank Baum's pseudonymous novel, Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West , the series' principals are introduced to a filmmaker named Otis Werner, who is clearly a send-up of Otis Turner , who made some earlier Oz films, mostly without Baum's input. The nieces decide to establish their own film company for children, and Uncle John name-drops " Hans Andersen , Frank Baum, and Lewis Carroll " as among those whose fairy tales had already been adapted to

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684-777: Is notable for kickstarting the adaptions depicting the witch's house being made of gingerbread and candy instead of plain bread. A contemporary reimagining of the story, Mátti Kovler 's musical fairytale Ami & Tami, was produced in Israel and the United States and subsequently released as a symphonic album. Several writers have drawn inspiration from the tale, such as Robert Coover in "The Gingerbread House" ( Pricksongs and Descants , 1969), Anne Sexton in Transformations (1971), Garrison Keillor in "My Stepmother, Myself" in "Happy to Be Here" (1982), and Emma Donoghue in "A Tale of

741-547: Is quite impossible to disentangle the two tales". ATU 327C ("The Devil [Witch] Carries the Hero Home in a Sack") depicts a witch or an ogre catching a boy in a sack. As the villain's daughter is preparing to kill him, the boy asks her to show him how he should arrange himself; when she does so, he kills her. Later on, he kills the witch and goes back home with her treasure. In ATU 327D ("The Kiddlekaddlekar"), children are discovered by an ogre in his house. He intends to hang them, but

798-515: Is turned into a small statue which women find irresistible. The plot omits the Glass Cat, the Shaggy Man, Dorothy, Mr. Yoop, The Lazy Quadling, and the phonograph, but also adds Mewel, a donkey, and "The Lonesome Zoop", both slapstick animals, as well as Jinjur, Jesseva and Danx, and Jesseva's friends. The film was followed by The Magic Cloak of Oz and His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz . Much of

855-522: The Cottage" ( Kissing the Witch , 1997). Adam Gidwitz 's 2010 children's book A Tale Dark & Grimm and its sequels In a Glass Grimmly (2012), and The Grimm Conclusion (2013) are loosely based on the tale and show the siblings meeting characters from other fairy tales. Terry Pratchett mentions gingerbread cottages in several of his books, mainly where a witch had turned wicked and 'started to cackle', with

912-630: The French " The Lost Children ", published by Antoinette Bon in 1887, or the Moravian "Old Gruel", edited by Maria Kosch in 1899. Structural comparisons can also be made with other tales of ATU 327 type ("The Children and the Ogre"), which is not a simple fairy tale type but rather a "folktale complex with interconnected subdivisions" depicting a child (or children) falling under the power of an ogre, then escaping by their clever tricks. In ATU 327B ("The Brothers and

969-450: The Grimms in later editions. Hansel and Gretel are the young children of a poor woodcutter . When a famine settles over the land, the woodcutter's second wife tells him to take the children into the woods and leave them there to fend for themselves . The woodcutter opposes the plan, but his wife repeats her demands until he reluctantly agrees. They are unaware that in the children's bedroom, Hansel and Gretel have overheard them. After

1026-415: The Ogre"), a group of siblings come to an ogre's house who intends to kill them in their beds, but the youngest of the children exchanges the visitors with the ogre's offspring, and the villain kills his own children by mistake. They are chased by the ogre, but the siblings eventually manage to come back home safely. Stith Thompson points the great similarity of the tales types ATU 327A and ATU 327B that "it

1083-501: The Woods , an adaptation of the Hansel and Gretel story made by Chester Franklin and Sidney Franklin , also from 1917. The Babes in the Woods has been released on videocassette ; Like Babes in the Woods is a lost film . The studio was rented out to others, and was eventually demolished. Unlike the case with The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), Baum invested none of his own money in

1140-489: The brothers heard the story in 1809 from the family of Wilhelm's friend and future wife, Dortchen Wild, and partly from other sources. A handwritten note in the Grimms' personal copy of the first edition reveals that in 1813 Wild contributed to the children's verse answer to the witch, "The wind, the wind,/ The heavenly child," which rhymes in German: "Der Wind, der Wind,/ Das himmlische Kind." According to folklorist Jack Zipes ,

1197-525: The child, he pushes her into the oven. The witch then returns home and eats her own daughter. She eventually tries to fell the tree in which the boy is hiding, but birds fly away with him. The initial episode, which depicts children deliberately lost in the forest by their unloving parents, can be compared with many previous stories: Montanus's "The Little Earth-Cow" (1557), Basile 's "Ninnillo and Nennella" (1635), Madame d'Aulnoy's "Finette Cendron" (1697), or Perrault 's " Hop-o'-My-Thumb " (1697). The motif of

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1254-406: The children follow a dove to a clearing in the woods, and discover a cottage with bread walls, a cake roof, and sugar windows. Hungry and tired, the children begin to eat the house, when the door opens and the elderly woman that lives there emerges and takes the children inside, giving them delicious food to eat and soft beds to sleep in. What the children do not know is that their kind hostess

1311-424: The children stay in the woods until night falls and the moonlight reveals the white pebbles shining in the dark. The children then safely follow the trail back home, much to their stepmother's rage. Once again, provisions become scarce and the stepmother angrily orders her husband to take the children further into the woods and leave them there. Hansel attempts to gather more pebbles, but finds his stepmother has locked

1368-474: The domain of a malevolent supernatural figure and escape from it. Folklorist Joseph Jacobs , commenting on his reconstructed proto-form of the tale ("Johnnie and Grizzle"), noticed the "contamination" of the tale with the story of " The Master Maid ", later classified as ATU 313. ATU 327A tales are also often combined with stories of ATU 450 ("Little Brother and Sister"), in which children run away from an abusive stepmother. According to folklorist Jack Zipes,

1425-422: The door. The following morning, the children's stepmother gives them smaller pieces of bread, before she and their father take them back into the woods. As the family treks, Hansel leaves a trail of bread crumbs for him and Gretel to follow back home. However, after they are once again abandoned, the children find that the birds have eaten the crumbs and they are lost in the woods. After three days of wandering,

1482-405: The fairy tales of the type Aarne–Thompson–Uther (ATU) 327A. In particular, Gretel's pretense of not understanding how to test the oven ("Show Me How") is characteristic of 327A, although it also appears traditionally in other sub-types of ATU 327. As argued by Stith Thompson , the simplicity of the tale may explain its spread into several traditions all over the world. A closely similar version

1539-637: The film was shot on the grounds of the Panama–California Exposition in San Diego. Other scenes were presumably filmed at The Oz Film Manufacturing Company 's studio facilities in Los Angeles, located on Santa Monica Boulevard. Notable cast members, one uncredited, were future producer/director Hal Roach and comedian Harold Lloyd . The two of them, after meeting on this film, worked together for several years. Baum cast acrobat Pierre Couderc in

1596-505: The films, at a time when improvising stock cues from the repertoire was common. James A. Crosby was the studio cinematographer , and Will H. White was the technical director. The records do not show who was responsible for film editing . Among the major players at the company were Violet MacMillan , Frank Moore , Pierre Couderc , Juanita Hansen , Mai Wells, Raymond Russell , Todd Wright, Vivian Reed , and J. Charles Haydon , with animals portrayed by Fred Woodward , who had appeared in

1653-408: The forest to borrow a light from her sister, who turns out to be Baba Yaga , a cannibalistic witch. Besides highlighting the endangerment of children (as well as their own cleverness), the tales have in common a preoccupation with eating and with hurting children: The mother or stepmother wants to avoid hunger, and the witch lures children to eat her house of candy so that she can then eat them. In

1710-459: The gingerbread house being a stage in a person's increasing levels of insanity. In The Light Fantastic , the wizard Rincewind and Twoflower are led by a gnome into one such building after the death of the witch and warned to be careful of the doormat, as it is made of candy floss. In 2014, Neil Gaiman wrote an expanded retelling of "Hansel and Gretel", with illustrations by Lorenzo Mattotti . Hansel and Gretel's trail of breadcrumbs inspired

1767-463: The girl pretends not to understand how to do it, so the ogre hangs himself to show her. He promises his kiddlekaddlekar (a magic cart) and treasure in exchange for his liberation; they set him free, but the ogre chases them. The children eventually manage to kill him and escape safely. In ATU 327F ("The Witch and the Fisher Boy"), a witch lures a boy and catches him. When the witch's daughter tries to bake

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1824-416: The husband at the end of the story. In the 1810 pre-publication manuscript, the children were called "Little Brother" and "Little Sister", then named Hänsel and Gretel in the first edition (1812). Wilhelm Grimm also adulterated the text with Alsatian dialects, "re-appropriated" from August Stöber 's Alsatian version (1842) in order to give the tale a more "folksy" tone. Goldberg notes that although "there

1881-534: The mansion of a hag , who lives with her husband the ogre . Finette heats the oven and asks the ogre to test it with his tongue, so that he falls in and is incinerated. Thereafter, Finette cuts off the hag's head. The sisters remain in the ogre's house, and the rest of the tale relates the story of Cinderella . In the Russian Vasilisa the Beautiful , the stepmother likewise sends her hated stepdaughter into

1938-406: The name change. Each of these films depicted Violet's interaction with animals (played by Woodward), and magical opportunities to do things she is otherwise not allowed to do, such as visit a country circus prohibited to her because of her gender . George Cochrane produced a film in 1917 based on these materials titled Like Babes in the Woods . This film should not be confused with The Babes in

1995-425: The next year, but released only short subjects, and the held-up His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz , retitled The New Wizard of Oz to capitalize on the popularity of the stage play well-remembered from the previous decade. Lost from the company are a series of four short subjects titled Violet's Dreams , which starred Violet MacMillan and Fred Woodward. This was the whole of the company's new output in 1915 prior to

2052-424: The parents have gone to bed, Hansel sneaks out of the house and gathers as many shiny white pebbles as he can, then returns to his room, reassuring Gretel that God will not forsake them. The next day, the children's stepmother gives them small pieces of bread before she and their father take them into the woods. As the family walks deeper, Hansel leaves a trail of white pebbles. After their parents abandon them,

2109-555: The picture fared poorly, Paramount refused to take on the additional productions. The remaining films were finally accepted onto the Alliance program. The Magic Cloak of Oz was not released until 1917. The prints currently circulating are based on two two-reelers of a British release, known as The Magic Cloak and The Witch Queen , and are missing a reel of material. The ident for the Oz Film Manufacturing Company showed

2166-601: The production, for example in The Baum Bugle , Christmas 1972. The original film was screened at the 2013 Winkie Convention of the International Wizard of Oz Club with the original Gottschalk score played live by Joe Cascone on piano from Gottschalk's original manuscripts. Hansel and Gretel " Hansel and Gretel " ( / ˈ h æ n s əl , ˈ h ɛ n - ...   ˈ ɡ r ɛ t əl / ; German : Hänsel und Gretel [ˈhɛnzl̩ ʔʊnt ˈɡʁeːtl̩] )

2223-497: The same woman. Zipes also argues that the importance of the tale in the European oral and literary tradition may be explained by the theme of child abandonment and abuse. Due to famines and lack of birth control , it was common in medieval Europe to abandon unwanted children in front of churches or in the forest. The death of the mother during childbirth sometimes led to tensions after remarriage, and Zipes proposes that it may have played

2280-452: The satisfying psychological effects of the children vanquishing the witch or realizing the death of their wicked stepmother. The fairy tale has spawned a multitude of adaptations for the stage, with one of the most notable being Engelbert Humperdinck 's opera Hänsel und Gretel . It is primarily based upon the Grimm's version, although it omits the deliberate abandonment of the children, and

2337-422: The screen. The novel was written during the midst of the company's existence and published before the company's fall, and ends before the girls actually do establish such a company. The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914 film) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) is a silent film made by L. Frank Baum 's The Oz Film Manufacturing Company . It was based on the 1913 book The Patchwork Girl of Oz . The film

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2394-455: The stage version of The Wizard of Oz in 1902. A newcomer on the second project, Mildred Harris , would become more famous for her marriage to Charles Chaplin . Another member of the company was Richard Rosson , whose younger brother, Harold Rosson , would go on to shoot The Wizard of Oz (1939). The Patchwork Girl of Oz was accepted onto the Paramount distribution program, but when

2451-433: The story, which progressively gained in length, psychological motivation, and visual imagery, but also became more Christian in tone, shifting the blame for abandonment from a mother to a stepmother associated with the witch. In the original edition of the tale, the woodcutter's wife is the children's biological mother, but she was also called "stepmother" from the 4th edition (1840). The Brothers Grimm indeed introduced

2508-402: The tale celebrates the symbolic order of the patriarchal home, seen as a haven protected from the dangerous characters that threaten the lives of children outside, while it systematically denigrates the adult female characters, which are seemingly intertwined between each other. The death of the mother or stepmother soon after the children kill the witch suggests that they may be metaphorically

2565-517: The tale emerged in the Late Middle Ages Germany (1250–1500). Shortly after this period, close written variants like Martin Montanus' Garten Gesellschaft (1590) began to appear. Scholar Christine Goldberg argues that the episode of the paths marked with stones and crumbs, already found in the French " Finette Cendron " and " Hop-o'-My-Thumb " (1697), represents "an elaboration of the motif of

2622-509: The thread that Ariadne gives Theseus to use to get out of the Minoan labyrinth ". A house made of confectionery is also found in a 14th-century manuscript about the Land of Cockayne . From the pre-publication manuscript of 1810 ( Das Brüderchen und das Schwesterchen ) to the sixth edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen ( Grimm's Fairy Tales ) in 1850, the Brothers Grimm made several alterations to

2679-568: The title role because he was unable to find a woman with the level of acrobatic training to do the role. The film was a commercial failure, a fact which caused distribution problems for the other Oz Film titles that followed it. This contributed to the failing of The Oz Film Manufacturing Company . The film is one of three made by the Oz Film company that have not been lost. Some versions contain uncredited narration by Jacqueline Lovell . The International Wizard of Oz Club has extensive information on

2736-506: The trail that fails to lead the protagonists back home is also common to "Ninnillo and Nennella", "Finette Cendron" and "Hop-o'-My-Thumb", and the Brothers Grimm identified the latter as a parallel story. Finally, ATU 327 tales share a similar structure with ATU 313 (" Sweetheart Roland ", " Foundling-Bird ", "Okerlo") in that one or more protagonists (specifically children in ATU 327) come into

2793-489: The venture and was not financially affected by the studio's failure, though it is probable it impacted his health, which took a turn for the worse not long after the failure. Frank Joslyn Baum , Baum's eldest son and sometime attorney, who handled East Coast distribution from an office in Times Square , took over the company and renamed it Dramatic Feature Films , which made one feature and one short, probably from scripts by

2850-538: The water on the fourth try. The story seems to contain the "child/wind" rhyming scheme of the German tale. In a French fairy tale, La Cabane au Toit de Fromage ("The Hut with the Roof made of Cheese"), the brother is the hero who deceives the witch and locks her up in the oven. In the first Puerto Rican variant of "The Orphaned Children", the brother pushes the witch into the oven. Other folk tales of ATU 327A type include

2907-428: The witch into her own oven, killing her, and escaping with the witch's treasure. Set in medieval Germany , "Hansel and Gretel" has been adapted into various media, including the opera Hänsel und Gretel by Engelbert Humperdinck , which was first performed in 1893. Although Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm credited "various tales from Hesse " (the region where they lived) as their source, scholars have argued that

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2964-428: The witch's eyes are too weak to notice the deception, she is fooled into thinking Hansel is still too thin for her to eat. After four weeks of this, the witch grows impatient and decides to eat Hansel anyway. She prepares the oven for Hansel, but decides she is hungry enough to eat Gretel, too. She coaxes Gretel to the open oven and asks her to lean over in front of it to see if the fire is hot enough. Gretel, sensing

3021-636: The witch's intent, pretends she does not understand what the witch means. Frustrated, the witch demonstrates, and Gretel instantly shoves her into the hot oven, slams and bolts the door shut, leaving the witch to burn to death. Gretel frees Hansel from the stable and the pair discover boxes full of pearls and precious stones . Putting the jewels into their pockets, the children set off for home. A white duck (or swan in some versions) ferries them across an expanse of water, and at home they find only their father; his wife had died from an unknown cause. The children's father had spent all his days missing them, and

3078-416: The word "stepmother", but retained "mother" in some passages. Even their final version in the 7th edition (1857) remains unclear about her role, for it refers to the woodcutter's wife twice as "the mother" and once as "the stepmother". The sequence where the duck helps them across the river is also a later addition. In some later versions, the mother died from unknown causes, left the family, or remained with

3135-493: The younger Baum. Although ads announced the release of the feature film, The Gray Nun of Belgium , it does not appear to actually have been released. While some speculate that Baum would have allied himself with United Artists had he been able to sustain the company, there is no evidence for this, nor evidence that he had ever met UA's founding members, Charles Chaplin, Mary Pickford , Douglas Fairbanks , and D. W. Griffith , though Gottschalk went on to work with all of them. It

3192-466: Was considered state-of-the-art at the time. It was used almost exclusively for interior shots. Exterior shots were done outdoors rather than simulated in the studio. In some scenes, it is evident that some 'interior' scenes were also filmed outdoors. J. Farrell MacDonald directed all of the film productions and acted in some of them. L. Frank Baum wrote all the scripts, and Louis F. Gottschalk wrote complete original scores that were sent out with

3249-439: Was written and produced by L. Frank Baum and directed by J. Farrell MacDonald . It makes almost no use of the dialogue from the book in the intertitles . While there are a number of modest special effects, the movie relies largely on dancing (or rather cavorting), slapstick, and costuming. The Patchwork Girl uses acrobatics regularly. Dr. Pipt's daughter is added for love interest, as well as an additional plot thread: her boyfriend

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