Sea snails are slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs , usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone . They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs , which are distinguished from snails primarily by the absence of a visible shell .
21-588: Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails , bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa . Families within the superfamily Oxynooidea: This Heterobranchia -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sea snail Determining whether some gastropods should be called sea snails is not always easy. Some species that live in brackish water (such as certain neritids ) can be listed as either freshwater snails or marine snails, and some species that live at or just above
42-424: A fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole . In modern clothing and fashion design , buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell . Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags. Buttons may be sewn onto garments and similar items exclusively for purposes of ornamentation . In
63-399: A thick layer of nacre and have been used as a source of mother of pearl . Historically, the button industry relied on these species for a number of years. The shells of sea snails are used for protection by many kinds of hermit crabs . A hermit crab carries the shell by grasping the central columella of the shell using claspers on the tip of its abdomen. Button A button is
84-713: The Catacomb culture , Russia (2500-1950 BC), at the Tomb of the Eagles , Scotland (2200-1800 BC), and at Bronze Age sites in China (c. 2000–1500 BC) and Ancient Rome . Buttons made from seashell were used by the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BC. Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and were pierced so that they could be attached to clothing with thread. Ian McNeil (1990) holds that "the button
105-890: The Smithsonian Institution . Hammond Turner & Sons, a button-making company in Birmingham , hosts an online museum with an image gallery and historical button-related articles, including an 1852 article on button-making by Charles Dickens . In the US, large button collections are on public display at the Waterbury Button Museum of Waterbury, Connecticut , the Keep Homestead Museum of Monson, Massachusetts , which also hosts an extensive button archive, and in Gurnee, Illinois, at The Button Room. Classic clothing has
126-1005: The applied visual arts , with buttonmakers using techniques from jewellery making , ceramics , sculpture , painting , printmaking , metalworking , weaving and others. The following are just a few of the construction and decoration techniques that have been used in button-making: The size of the button depends on its use. Shirt buttons are generally small, and spaced close together, whereas coat buttons are larger and spaced further apart. Buttons are commonly measured in lignes (also called lines and abbreviated L ), with 40 lines equal to 1 inch. For example, some standard sizes of buttons are 16 lignes (10.16 mm, standard buttons of men's shirts ) and 32 lignes (20.32 mm, typical button on suit jackets ). Some museums and art galleries hold culturally, historically, politically, and/or artistically significant buttons in their collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum has many buttons, particularly in its jewellery collection , as does
147-474: The applied arts and craft , a button can be an example of folk art , studio craft , or even a miniature work of art . In archaeology , a button can be a significant artifact . Buttons and button-like objects used as ornaments or seals rather than fasteners have been discovered in the Indus Valley civilization during its Kot Diji phase (c. 2800–2600 BC). Buttons as apparel have been found at sites of
168-400: The high tide level (for example, species in the genus Truncatella ) are sometimes considered to be sea snails and sometimes listed as land snails . Sea snails are a very large and diverse group of animals. Most snails that live in salt water respire using a gill or gills; a few species, though, have a lung, are intertidal , and are active only at low tide when they can move around in
189-596: The North American Busycon species and the North Atlantic Buccinum undatum ) and periwinkles including Littorina littorea . The shells of sea snails are often found washed up on beaches . Because many are attractive and durable, they have been used to make necklaces and other jewelry since prehistoric times. The shells of a few species of large sea snails within the Vetigastropoda have
210-482: The US government made an extensive survey of the international button market, which listed buttons made of vegetable ivory , metal , glass , galalith , silk , linen , cotton-covered crochet , lead , snap fasteners , enamel , rubber , buckhorn , wood , horn , bone , leather , paper , pressed cardboard , mother-of-pearl , celluloid , porcelain , composition , tin , zinc , xylonite , stone , cloth-covered wooden forms, and papier-mâché . Vegetable ivory
231-407: The air. These air-breathing species include false limpets in the family Siphonariidae and another group of false limpets in the family Trimusculidae . Many, but not all, sea snails have an operculum . The shells of most species of sea snails are spirally coiled. Some, though, have conical shells, and these are often referred to by the common name of limpets . In one unusual family ( Juliidae ),
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#1733092627229252-426: The button on the left side for women and on the right side for men. The reasons for this are unclear, but the choice for men's clothing is usually attributed to the need to draw weapons from the left to right; the weapon would then not catch on opening of the clothing. For women's clothing the common reason given is that in times when upper-class women's clothing was quite elaborate, servants were needed for dressing, and
273-513: The first buttonholes, with the legionary's loculus closed through the insertion of a metallic buckle, or button into a leather slit. A similar mechanism would later feature in early medieval footwear. Buttons appeared as a means to close cuffs in the Byzantine Empire and to fasten the necks of Egyptian tunics by no later than the 5th century. Since at least the seventeenth century, when box-like metal buttons were constructed especially for
294-588: The growth layers of mollusks you can predict the size the mollusk shell can reach. The following cladogram is an overview of the main clades of living gastropods based on the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), with taxa that contain saltwater or brackish water species marked in boldface (some of the highlighted taxa consist entirely of marine species, but some of them also contain freshwater or land species.) A number of species of sea snails are harvested in aquaculture and used by humans for food, including abalone , conch , limpets , whelks (such as
315-539: The history of the material composition of buttons reflects the timeline of materials technology . Buttons can be individually crafted by artisans , craftspeople or artists from raw materials or found objects (for example fossils ), or a combination of both. Alternatively, they can be the product of low-tech cottage industry or be mass-produced in high-tech factories . Buttons made by artists are art objects , known to button collectors as "studio buttons" (or simply "studios", from studio craft ). In 1918,
336-1140: The left placement of the buttons was more convenient for right-handed maids. Some Jews reverse this , following statements in the Torah that favor dressing first on the right side, or from the Kabbalah, in which the right side denotes goodness. The mainly American tradition of politically significant clothing buttons appears to have begun with the first presidential inauguration of George Washington in 1789. Known to collectors as "Washington Inaugurals", they were made of copper , brass or Sheffield plate , in large sizes for coats and smaller sizes for breeches. Made in twenty-two patterns and hand-stamped, they are now extremely valuable cultural artifacts . Between about 1840 and 1916, clothing buttons were used in American political campaigns , and still exist in collections today. Initially, these buttons were predominantly made of brass (though horn and rubber buttons with stamped or moulded designs also exist) and had loop shanks. Around 1860
357-572: The purpose, buttons have been one of the items in which drug smugglers have attempted to hide and transport illegal substances. At least one modern smuggler has tried to use this method. Also making use of the storage possibilities of metal buttons, during the World Wars , British and U.S. military locket buttons were made, containing miniature working compasses . Because buttons have been manufactured from almost every possible material, both natural and synthetic , and combinations of both,
378-464: The shell of the snail has become two hinged plates closely resembling those of a bivalve ; this family is sometimes called the "bivalved gastropods". Their shells are found in a variety of shapes and sizes, but are normally very small. Those living species of sea snails range in size from Syrinx aruanus , the largest living shelled gastropod species at 91 cm (36 in), to minute species whose shells are less than 1 mm at adult size. Because
399-410: The shells of sea snails are strong and durable in many cases, as a group they are well represented in the fossil record . The shells of snails are complex and grow at different speeds. The speed of growth is affected by a few variables such as the temperature of the water, depth of the water, food present for the snail, as well as isotopic oxygen levels. By looking at the composition of aragonite in
420-460: Was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley . It is made of a curved shell and is about 5000 years old." Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty left behind ornate wig covers, fabricated through sewing buttons formed of precious metals onto strips of backing material. Leatherwork from the Roman Empire incorporates some of
441-502: Was said to be the most popular for suits and shirts, and papier-mâché far and away the commonest sort of shoe button. Nowadays, hard plastic, seashell, metals, and wood are the most common materials used in button-making; the others tending to be used only in premium or antique apparel, or found in collections . Over 60% of the world's button supply comes from Qiaotou, Yongjia County , China . Historically, fashions in buttons have also reflected trends in applied aesthetics and
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