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41-541: He is the estranged-husband of the Princess Iron Fan and father of Red Boy . He is a demon king originally-based in the "Palm leaf Cave/ Grotto " (棕櫚葉洞; Zōnglǘyèdòng ), up on "Jade Cloud Mountain" (玉雲山' Yùyúnshān ), with his wife, before betraying his wife for a younger demoness, Princess Jade-Countenance , a female Huli jing , of the "Sky-Scraping Cave" ( 摩雲洞 ; Móyún-dòng ) on "Accumulated-Thunder Mountain" ( 積雷山 ; Jīléi-shān / 积雷山 ; Jīléi-shān ). Bull King

82-516: A Wind-Calming Pill from the immortal, Huaguang successfully captured Princess Iron Fan and married her. Due to the story of their marriage, Princess Iron Fan is worshipped alongside Huaguang Dadi in the Huaguang Great Emperor Temple  [ zh ] in Fu'ao Village  [ zh ] , Nangan Township . Her origins are unclear, but some legends depicted her as a Taoist goddess and

123-558: A dispute with the Queen Mother of the West because the Queen Mother of the West brought her own wine. As a result, she rose up against the scene and turned against the heaven. Wade%E2%80%93Giles Wade–Giles ( / ˌ w eɪ d ˈ dʒ aɪ l z / WAYD JYLZE ) is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese . It developed from the system produced by Thomas Francis Wade during

164-751: A giant white bull, and attempts to charge towards his opponents. Heavenly forces, including Devaraja Li , his third son, Prince Nezha and the Four Heavenly Kings all show up, with orders from the Buddha and the Jade Emperor to capture the Bull Demon King. When Prince Nezha fails to vanquish Bull Demon King after repeatedly beheading him (as the Bull Demon King also knew the arts of the 72 Transformations; 七十二變化 / 地煞 / 地煞數; Qīshí'Èr Bianhua , lit. "72 Terrestrial Killers"), he attaches one of his flaming wheels to

205-543: A later chapter when the protagonists arrive at the Flaming Mountains along their journey. Sun Wukong disguises himself as Bull Demon King to deceive Princess Iron Fan and takes away her Banana Leaf Fan. The real Bull Demon King visits Princess Iron Fan, who then realises she has been tricked. Bull Demon King disguises himself as Zhu Bajie to trick Sun Wukong and retrieve the fan. In the ensuing fight against Sun Wukong and Zhu Bajie , Bull Demon King reveals his true form,

246-544: A number of cities with Kuomintang mayors. However, the current Tsai Ing-wen administration and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) along with the majority of the people in Taiwan, both native and overseas, use spelling and transcribe their legal names based on the Wade–Giles system, as well as the other aforementioned systems. The tables below show the Wade–Giles representation of each Chinese sound (in bold type), together with

287-607: A scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at the University of Cambridge . Wade published Yü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi ( 語言自邇集 ; 语言自迩集 ) in 1867, the first textbook on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin in English, which became the basis for the system later known as Wade–Giles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists,

328-458: A syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized , even if it is part of a proper noun . The use of apostrophe-like characters, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Taiwanese people write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See also Chinese names .) Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn,

369-483: A syllable on its own, Wade–Giles writes ê or o depending on the character. In all other circumstances, it writes ê . What is pronounced in Peking dialect as [wo] is usually written as o in Wade–Giles, except for wo , shuo (e.g. "說" shuo ) and the three syllables of kuo , kʻuo , and huo (as in 過, 霍, etc.), which contrast with ko , kʻo , and ho that correspond to Pīnyīn ge , ke , and he . This

410-400: A syllable on its own, it is written ê or o depending on the character. Wade–Giles writes [-wo] as -uo after kʻ , k , h and sh , otherwise as -o : kʻuo , kuo , huo , shuo , bo , tso . After chʻ , it is written chʻo or chʻuo depending on the character. For -ih and -ŭ , see below . Giles's A Chinese–English Dictionary also includes

451-530: A younger brother named Shan Cheng. When Huaguang Dadi (the protagonist of Journey to the South ) stole the Golden Pagoda from her mother, Princess Iron Fan disguised herself and carried her iron fan, long spear, and sharp knife to seek revenge. In their first battle, the princess defeated Huaguang. Later, Huaguang coincidentally encountered an immortal who revealed his connection with Princess Iron Fan. After obtaining

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492-561: Is a character from the 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West . She is one of the most popular Journey to the West villains, alongside her husband the Bull Demon King , her son the Red Boy , and Baigujing . In Journey to the West , Princess Iron Fan she made the villagers living near Flaming Mountains yield to her and offer her tribute like a goddess. She is also addressed as Rākṣasī ( 羅剎 女; Luóchànǚ ). The statues of

533-462: Is a major antagonist of the novel Journey to the West by Wu Cheng'en , and its multiple adaptations. He can be considered the main antagonist in the remake of Journey to the West , despite his limited appearances. He also appears as the main villain in the 2014 film The Monkey King and as the main antagonist in Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West . He is one of

574-522: Is because characters like 羅, 多, etc. (Wade–Giles: lo , to ; Pīnyīn: luó , duō ) did not originally carry the medial [w] . Peking dialect does not have phonemic contrast between o and -uo / wo (except in interjections when used alone) and a medial [w] is usually inserted in front of -o to form [wo] . Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write [wo] as ㄛ -o after ㄅ b , ㄆ p , ㄇ m and ㄈ f , and as ㄨㄛ -uo after all other initials. Tones are indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after

615-557: Is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ, Legge romanization , Simplified Wade , and EFEO Chinese transcription use the letter ⟨h⟩ instead of an apostrophe-like character to indicate aspiration. (This is similar to the obsolete IPA convention before the revisions of the 1970s ). The convention of an apostrophe-like character or ⟨h⟩ to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such as McCune–Reischauer for Korean and ISO 11940 for Thai . People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore

656-594: The Flaming Mountains Scenic Area in Xinjiang and have become a popular tourist destination. A statue of the Bull Demon King has been erected at Baima Mountain in Chongqing . Princess Iron Fan Princess Iron Fan ( traditional Chinese : 鐵扇公主 ; simplified Chinese : 铁扇公主 ; pinyin : Tiěshàn Gōngzhǔ ; Wade–Giles : T‘ie -shan Kung -chu ; Jyutping : Tit3sin3 Gung1zyu2 )

697-549: The unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using a character resembling an apostrophe . Thomas Wade and others used the spiritus asper (ʽ or ʻ), borrowed from the polytonic orthography of the Ancient Greek language. Herbert Giles and others used a left (opening) curved single quotation mark (‘) for the same purpose. A third group used a plain apostrophe ('). The backtick , and visually similar characters, are sometimes seen in various electronic documents using

738-408: The Bull Demon King's horns--horrifically burning him and causing him great pain--whilst Devaraja Li uses an "imp-reflecting mirror" (照妖镜; Zhàoyāojìng ) to prevent the Bull Demon King from shapeshifting and escaping. After the Bull Demon King is captured, they bring him to Heaven to let the Jade Emperor decide his fate. The statues of the Bull Demon King and Princess Iron Fan have been established at

779-503: The Flaming Mountains (the volcano that was created inadvertently by Wukong when he burst out of the aforementioned Laozi's Eight Trigrams Crucible / Brazier 500 years earlier). The palm-leaf fan is also described as being able to create giant whirlwinds; if a man is bodily fanned by it, he will "drift for eighty-four thousand miles before the cold wind subsides", and they're the subject of gravity again. The only know thing immune to

820-456: The Palm Leaf Fan (芭蕉扇; Bājiāoshàn ), one of 5 sacred treasures of Daode Tianzun /Laozi), is extremely large and has magical properties; the novel describes the palm-leaf fan a spiritual treasure 'begotten' of Heaven and Earth at the back of Mount Kunlun at the time when chaos divided. It is a finest leaf of the "supreme yin ", and that is why it can extinguish all fires, including the fires on

861-582: The Princess Iron Fan and Bull Demon King have been established at the Flaming Mountains Scenic Area in Xinjiang and have become a popular tourist destination. Princess Iron Fan is a beautiful demoness, married to the Bull Demon King and mother to the Red Boy. She was living in " Palmleaf Cave/ Grotto " (棕櫚葉洞; Zōnglǘyèdòng ), up on "Jade Cloud Mountain" (玉雲山; Yùyúnshān (or "Emerald Cloud Mountain" (翠云山; Cuìyúnshān ))), awaiting her husband's return, but

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902-642: The Roc Demon King ( 鵬魔王 ; Péng Mówáng ), the Lion Spirit King ( 獅狔王 ; Shīnǐ Wáng ), the Macaque Spirit King ( 獼猴王 ; Míhóu Wáng ) and the Snub-nosed monkey Spirit King ( 禺狨王 ; Yúróng Wáng ). He is ranked the most senior of the seven, and styles himself "Great Sage Who Pacifies Heaven" ( 平天大聖 ). He later meets and marries Princess Iron Fan and they have a son, Red Boy . He appears again in

943-515: The ancestor of the wind gods who was entrusted by the heavenly court, and all the wind gods were under her jurisdiction. She is said to be the mentor of Meng Po , the goddess of forgetfulness. In Yuan zaju tradition, she is the sister of Lishan Laomu (Old Mother of the Li Mountain) and was originally a friend of the Queen Mother of the West , Pilanpo and belonged to Taoism. She once had

984-634: The apostrophe-like characters are kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap: Like Yale and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II , Wade–Giles renders the two types of syllabic consonant ( simplified Chinese : 空韵 ; traditional Chinese : 空韻 ; Wade–Giles: kʻung -yün ; Hànyǔ Pīnyīn : kōngyùn ) differently: These finals are both written as -ih in Tongyòng Pinyin , as -i in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (hence distinguishable only by

1025-550: The corresponding IPA phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in Bopomofo and Hanyu Pinyin . Instead of ts , tsʻ and s , Wade–Giles writes tz , tzʻ and ss before ŭ (see below ). Wade–Giles writes -uei after kʻ and k , otherwise -ui : kʻuei , kuei , hui , shui , chʻui . It writes [-ɤ] as -o after kʻ , k and h , otherwise as -ê : kʻo , ko , ho , shê , chʻê . When [ɤ] forms

1066-549: The fan's winds is a 'Wind-Arresting elixir' (定风珠/定风丹; Dìngfēngzhū / Dìngfēngdān ), a bead of which was loaned to Sun Wukong from the Boddhisatva , Lingji, who had originally gotten it from Tathāgata Buddha. Beside the Banana Leaf Fan, Princess Iron Fan also wields a pair of blue-bladed treasure swords. Princess Iron Fan used this ability to extort favours from the residents near the mountains: by fanning only once each time,

1107-408: The finals -io (in yo , chio , chʻio , hsio , lio and nio ) and -üo (in chüo , chʻüo , hsüo , lüo and nüo ), both of which are pronounced -üeh in modern Standard Chinese : yüeh , chüeh , chʻüeh , hsüeh , lüeh and nüeh . Wade–Giles writes the syllable [i] as i or yi depending on the character. A feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of

1148-420: The fire would only be extinguished for a year before starting again. When Sun Wukong and his fellow pilgrims came to the region, they encountered an extremely hostile range of volcanic mountains that they could only pass if the volcanoes became inactive. Sun Wukong wanted to borrow her fan to subdue the Flaming Mountains, but she turned him down as the monkey had been on bad terms with her husband before, which

1189-561: The fire, Sun Wukong returned, pretending to be her husband through shape shifting and obtained the real fan. Soon afterwards, the real husband came home; angry at what had happened, he pretended to be Zhu Bajie also through shape shifting and offered to carry the big fan. Lost in the moment of victory, Sun Wukong carelessly believed the Bull King and handed over the fan. Later, the Jade Emperor sent his heavenly troops to help Sun Wukong defeat Bull Demon King and Princess Iron Fan for good, and she

1230-525: The initial from [i] as in li ), and as -y in Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Simplified Wade . They are typically omitted in Zhùyīn (Bōpōmōfō) . Final o in Wade–Giles has two pronunciations in modern Peking dialect: [wo] and [ɤ] . What is pronounced in vernacular Peking dialect as a close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] is written usually as ê , but sometimes as o , depending on historical pronunciation (at

1271-740: The mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert Giles 's A Chinese–English Dictionary (1892). The romanization systems in common use until the late 19th century were based on the Nanjing dialect , but Wade–Giles was based on the Beijing dialect and was the system of transcription familiar in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century. Both of these kinds of transcription were used in postal romanizations (romanized place-names standardized for postal uses). In mainland China , Wade–Giles has been mostly replaced by Hanyu Pinyin , which

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1312-579: The most popular Journey to the West villains, alongside his wife Princess Iron Fan, his son the Red Boy, the Six-Eared Macaque , and the Baigujing . He was possibly influenced by Ox-Head , one of the guardians of hell in Chinese mythology . In the early chapters of the novel, he becomes sworn brothers with Sun Wukong and five other demon kings, the Saurian Demon King ( 蛟魔王 ; Jiāo Mówáng ),

1353-667: The spiritus asper, sometimes omitting them when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch. Partly because of the popular omission of apostrophe-like characters, the four sounds represented in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn by j , q , zh , and ch often all become ch , including in many proper names. However, if

1394-465: The syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīn qiàn (fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalent chʻien . ( s ; t ; lit ) Wade–Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or closing (right) single quotation marks as appropriate). If

1435-466: The system. Examples using the spiritus asper: p , pʻ , t , tʻ , k , kʻ , ch , chʻ . The use of this character preserves b , d , g , and j for the romanization of Chinese varieties containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and Min Nan (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization)

1476-437: The time Wade–Giles was developed). Specifically, after velar initials k , kʻ and h (and a historical ng , which had been dropped by the time Wade–Giles was developed), o is used; for example, "哥" is ko (Pīnyīn gē ) and "刻" is kʻo (Pīnyīn kè ). In Peking dialect, o after velars (and what used to be ng ) have shifted to [ɤ] , thus they are written as ge , ke , he and e in Pīnyīn. When [ɤ] forms

1517-403: Was also angry at him for his affair with a fox-spirit woman , Princess Jade Face . The Bull Demon King described his wife as an "immortal female with excellence in spiritual practice (female Xian )" and that she had "practiced self-cultivation since her youth". She possessed the magical-treasure, the Banana Leaf Fan (香蕉叶扇; Xiāngjiāoyèshàn ). The fan, made from banana leaves (not dissimilar to

1558-460: Was forced to give them the real fan. After using the fan to extinguish the fire on the Flaming Mountain, Sun Wukong forgave the princess and returned the fan to her. The princess continued her spiritual practice, and eventually achieved success. According to Journey to the South  [ zh ] , Princess Iron Fan is depicted as a goddess. She is the daughter of Yuhuan Shengmu and has

1599-582: Was further refined in 1892 by Herbert Giles (in A Chinese–English Dictionary ), a British diplomat in China, and his son Lionel Giles , a curator at the British Museum. Taiwan used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (1986), and Tongyong Pinyin (2000). The Kuomintang (KMT) has previously promoted pinyin with Ma Ying-jeou 's successful presidential bid in 2008 and in

1640-454: Was further soured when Wukong assisted Guanyin in subduing his son Red Boy . Sun Wukong, however, craftily transformed into a fly and flew into her mouth, down her throat, and into her soft belly. Once inside, Sun Wukong kicked and punched Princess Iron Fan's guts until she was in so much pain that she gave him a fan. However, the fan turned out to be a fake fan which intensified the flames instead of putting them out. Having barely escaped from

1681-469: Was officially adopted in 1958, with exceptions for the romanized forms of some of the most commonly used names of locations and persons, and other proper nouns. The romanized name for most locations, persons and other proper nouns in Taiwan is based on the Wade–Giles derived romanized form, for example Kaohsiung , the Matsu Islands and Chiang Ching-kuo . Wade–Giles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade ,

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